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843636434_119115-119852 | On 18 August 2016 a low - key ceremony was held on the battlefield ; more than 1,000 Australian veterans and their families travelled to Vietnam to participate in the 50th anniversary commemoration . In Australia hundreds attended the Australian War Memorial and Vietnam Forces National Memorial in Canberra . Commemorations were also held at Sydney 's Cenotaph , Brisbane 's ANZAC Square , Melbourne 's Shrine of Remembrance and elsewhere . The events in Canberra included a four - gun salute and flyover by Vietnam - era aircraft , including Iroquois helicopters , Hercules and Caribou transports , and two B - 52 bombers . A Last Post Ceremony was held at the War Memorial , with a reading by Victoria Cross-recipient Mark Donaldson . | Battle of Long Tan |
813625590_92-345 | This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_346-695 | Annealing , in metallurgy and materials science , is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness , making it more workable . It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature , maintaining a suitable temperature , and then cooling . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_696-1387 | In annealing , atoms migrate in the crystal lattice and the number of dislocations decreases , leading to a change in ductility and hardness . As the material cools it recrystallizes . For many alloys , including carbon steel , the crystal grain size and phase composition , which ultimately determine the material properties , are dependent on the heating , and cooling rate . Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alter the metal structure , so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required . With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram , heat treatment can be used to adjust between harder and more brittle , to softer and more ductile . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_1388-1884 | In the cases of copper , steel , silver , and brass , this process is performed by heating the material ( generally until glowing ) for a while and then slowly letting it cool to room temperature in still air . Copper , silver and brass can be cooled slowly in air , or quickly by quenching in water , unlike ferrous metals , such as steel , which must be cooled slowly to anneal . In this fashion , the metal is softened and prepared for further work -- such as shaping , stamping , or forming . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_2222-2692 | Annealing occurs by the diffusion of atoms within a solid material , so that the material progresses towards its equilibrium state . Heat increases the rate of diffusion by providing the energy needed to break bonds . The movement of atoms has the effect of redistributing and eradicating the dislocations in metals and ( to a lesser extent ) in ceramics . This alteration to existing dislocations allows a metal object to deform more easily , increasing its ductility . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_2693-2897 | The amount of process - initiating Gibbs free energy in a deformed metal is also reduced by the annealing process . In practice and industry , this reduction of Gibbs free energy is termed stress relief . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_2898-3118 | The relief of internal stresses is a thermodynamically spontaneous process ; however , at room temperatures , it is a very slow process . The high temperatures at which annealing occurs serve to accelerate this process . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_3119-3500 | The reaction that facilitates returning the cold - worked metal to its stress - free state has many reaction pathways , mostly involving the elimination of lattice vacancy gradients within the body of the metal . The creation of lattice vacancies is governed by the Arrhenius equation , and the migration / diffusion of lattice vacancies are governed by Fick 's laws of diffusion . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_3501-3725 | In steel , there is a decarburation mechanism that can be described as three distinct events : the reaction at the steel surface , the interstitial diffusion of carbon atoms and the dissolution of carbides within the steel . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_3742-4684 | The three stages of the annealing process that proceed as the temperature of the material is increased are : recovery , recrystallization , and grain growth . The first stage is recovery , and it results in softening of the metal through removal of primarily linear defects called dislocations and the internal stresses they cause . Recovery occurs at the lower temperature stage of all annealing processes and before the appearance of new strain - free grains . The grain size and shape do not change . The second stage is recrystallization , where new strain - free grains nucleate and grow to replace those deformed by internal stresses . If annealing is allowed to continue once recrystallization has completed , then grain growth ( the third stage ) occurs . In grain growth , the microstructure starts to coarsen and may cause the metal to lose a substantial part of its original strength . This can however be regained with hardening . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_4717-5074 | The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal 's surface , resulting in scale . If scale must be avoided , annealing is carried out in a special atmosphere , such as with endothermic gas ( a mixture of carbon monoxide , hydrogen gas , and nitrogen gas ) . Annealing is also done in forming gas , a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_5075-5193 | The magnetic properties of mu - metal ( Espey cores ) are introduced by annealing the alloy in a hydrogen atmosphere . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_5223-6689 | Typically , large ovens are used for the annealing process . The inside of the oven is large enough to place the workpiece in a position to receive maximum exposure to the circulating heated air . For high volume process annealing , gas fired conveyor furnaces are often used . For large workpieces or high quantity parts , car - bottom furnaces are used so workers can easily move the parts in and out . Once the annealing process is successfully completed , workpieces are sometimes left in the oven so the parts cool in a controllable way . While some workpieces are left in the oven to cool in a controlled fashion , other materials and alloys are removed from the oven . Once removed from the oven , the workpieces are often quickly cooled off in a process known as quench hardening . Typical methods of quench hardening materials involve media such as air , water , oil , or salt . Salt is used as a medium for quenching usually in the form of brine ( salt water ) . Brine provides faster cooling rates than water . This is because when an object is quenched in water air bubbles form on the surface of the object reducing the surface area the water is in contact with . The salt in the brine reduces the formation of air bubbles on the object 's surface , meaning there is a larger surface area of the object in contact with the water , providing faster cooling rates . Quench hardening is generally applicable to some ferrous alloys , but not copper alloys . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_6737-7019 | In the semiconductor industry , silicon wafers are annealed , so that dopant atoms , usually boron , phosphorus or arsenic , can diffuse into substitutional positions in the crystal lattice , resulting in drastic changes in the electrical properties of the semiconducting material . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_7071-7485 | Steels and other iron -- carbon alloy phases Ferrite Austenite Cementite Graphite Martensite Microstructures Spheroidite Pearlite Bainite Ledeburite Tempered martensite Widmanstatten structures Classes Crucible steel Carbon steel Spring steel Alloy steel Maraging steel Stainless steel Weathering steel Tool steel Other iron - based materials Cast iron Gray iron White iron Ductile iron Malleable iron Wrought iron | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_7486-8305 | Normalization is an annealing process applied to ferrous alloys to give the material a uniform fine - grained structure and make it less brittle . It involves heating the steel to 20 - 50 ° C above its upper critical point , soaking it for a short period at that temperature and then allowing it to cool in air . Heating the steel just above its upper critical point creates austenitic grains ( much smaller than the previous ferritic grains ) , which during cooling , form new ferritic grains with a further refined grain size . The process produces a tougher , more ductile material , and eliminates columnar grains and dendritic segregation that sometimes occurs during casting . Normalizing improves machinability of a component and provides dimensional stability if subjected to further heat treatment processes . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_8333-8590 | Process annealing , also called intermediate annealing , subcritical annealing , or in - process annealing , is a heat treatment cycle that restores some of the ductility to a product being cold - worked so it can be cold - worked further without breaking . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_8591-9183 | The temperature range for process annealing ranges from 260 ° C ( 500 ° F ) to 760 ° C ( 1400 ° F ) , depending on the alloy in question . This process is mainly suited for low - carbon steel . The material is heated up to a temperature just below the lower critical temperature of steel . Cold - worked steel normally tends to possess increased hardness and decreased ductility , making it difficult to work . Process annealing tends to improve these characteristics . This is mainly carried out on cold - rolled steel like wire - drawn steel , Centrifugally cast ductile iron pipe etc . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_9239-11017 | A full anneal typically results in the second most ductile state a metal can assume for metal alloy . Its purpose is to originate a uniform and stable microstructure that most closely resembles the metal 's phase diagram equilibrium microstructure , thus letting the metal attain relatively low levels of hardness , yield strength and ultimate strength with high plasticity and toughness . To perform a full anneal on a steel for example , steel is heated to slightly above the austenitic temperature and held for sufficient time to allow the material to fully form austenite or austenite - cementite grain structure . The material is then allowed to cool very slowly so that the equilibrium microstructure is obtained . In most cases this means the material is allowed to furnace cool ( the furnace is turned off and the steel is let cool down inside ) but in some cases it 's air cooled . The cooling rate of the steel has to be sufficiently slow so as to not let the austenite transform into bainite or martensite , but rather have it completely transform to pearlite and ferrite or cementite . This means that steels that are very hardenable ( i.e. tend to form martensite under moderately low cooling rates ) have to be furnace cooled . The details of the process depend on the type of metal and the precise alloy involved . In any case the result is a more ductile material but a lower yield strength and a lower tensile strength . This process is also called LP annealing for lamellar pearlite in the steel industry as opposed to a process anneal , which does not specify a microstructure and only has the goal of softening the material . Often the material to be machined is annealed , and then subject to further heat treatment to achieve the final desired properties . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_11046-11203 | Short cycle annealing is used for turning normal ferrite into malleable ferrite . It consists of heating , cooling and then heating again from 4 to 8 hours . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_11231-11482 | Resistive heating can be used to efficiently anneal copper wire ; the heating system employs a controlled electrical short circuit . It can be advantageous because it does not require a temperature - regulated furnace like other methods of annealing . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_11483-12092 | The process consists of two conductive pulleys ( step pulleys ) , which the wire passes across after it is drawn . The two pulleys have an electrical potential across them , which causes the wire to form a short circuit . The Joule effect causes the temperature of the wire to rise to approximately 400 ° C . This temperature is affected by the rotational speed of the pulleys , the ambient temperature , and the voltage applied . Where t is the temperature of the wire , K is a constant , V is the voltage applied , r is the number of rotations of the pulleys per minute , and t is the ambient temperature : | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_12093-12180 | t = 1 r K V 2 + t a ( \ displaystyle t = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r ) ) KV ^ ( 2 ) + t_ ( a ) ) | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_12181-12270 | The constant K depends on the diameter of the pulleys and the resistivity of the copper . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
813625590_12271-12530 | Purely in terms of the temperature of the copper wire , an increase in the speed of the wire through the pulley system has the same effect as an increase in resistance . Therefore , the speed of the wire can be varied quadratically as the voltage is applied . | Annealing (metallurgy) |
839225200_78-338 | Bath and Body Works , LLC Industry Retail Founded August 3 , 1990 New Albany , Ohio , U.S. Headquarters Columbus , Ohio , U.S. Products Bath , beauty , fragrance , and candles Revenue US $ $2.285 billion ( FY ' 06 ) Parent L Brands Website bathandbodyworks.com | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_339-767 | Bath & Body Works , LLC is an American retailer under the L Brands ( formerly Limited Brands ) umbrella , along with Victoria 's Secret . It was founded in 1990 in New Albany , Ohio and has since expanded across the United States , Canada , Chile and Peru . In 1997 , it was the largest bath shop chain in the United States . It specializes in shower gels , lotions , fragrance mists , perfumes , candles , and home fragrances . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_868-1158 | Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany , Ohio . The company 's first store opened in a Cambridge , Massachusetts mall in September 1990 . In 1997 , a secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was launched . The division has since been renamed White Barn Candle Company . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_1159-1462 | Bath & Body Works launched both a seasonal catalog and a website in 2006 . In November 2006 , the company launched its first television commercial advertisement . Net sales as of January 28 , 2006 were $2.3 billion , significantly higher than all other L Brands companies other than Victoria 's Secret . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_1463-1722 | In July 2008 , the company announced that it was opening six locations in Canada . With the company acquiring Canadian - based La Senza , they felt it was the opportunity to move into a growing Canadian market , with The Body Shop being its main competition . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_1723-1894 | Bath & Body Works operates more than 1,600 stores . In October 2010 , it opened its first stores outside of North America in Kuwait , by the franchise giant M.H. Alshaya . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_1913-2197 | Bath and Body Works stocks a wide range of bath and beauty products in the United States . The retail store has products ranging from candles to hand soaps . The products are a part of one of the brand 's main segments , body care , hand soaps and hand sanitizers and home fragrance . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_2217-3058 | The body care segment has multiple collections within it . These collections include Signature collection , Retired fragrances , C.O. Bigelow , Aromatherapy and Travel Body Care . The Signature collection includes shower gels , body lotions , body creams , fragrance mists and body scrubs , with items that are tailored to both men and women . This collection includes the fragrance sugar plum dream and vanilla bean , which are Bath and Body Works ' best seller . It also includes a fragrance titled A Thousand Wishes , which won a consumer 's choice award in 2015 . C.O. Bigelow has products for both men and women . Majority of these products also provide a luxury feel . Products include , shave foam and cream , mentha body ( body buffer , body wash , body lotion , bar soap and lip care ) , C.O. Bigelow lemon and C.O. Bigelow Barber . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_3059-3476 | The Aromatherapy collection has body care items such as body lotions , shower gels , massage oils and body mists . The fragrances included in this collection are used to enhance psychological well - being . This collection has aromatherapy fragrances for stress which include , eucalyptus spearmint , eucalyptus tea . The sleep fragrance is lavender cedarwood . The energy fragrances are orange ginger and happiness . | Bath & Body Works |
839225200_3477-3682 | The Travel Body Care items are 3 - ounce bottles of body lotion , shower gel , fine fragrance mists and body creams . Aromatherapy collection also have limited products in the Travel Body Care collection . | Bath & Body Works |
861757688_106-804 | Boston African American National Historic Site The African Meeting House in Boston , built by African Americans in 1806 Show map of Boston Show map of Massachusetts Show map of the US Show all Location Boston , Massachusetts , United States Nearest city Boston , Massachusetts Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 36 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.36000 ° N 71.06472 ° W / 42.36000 ; - 71.06472 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 36 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.36000 ° N 71.06472 ° W / 42.36000 ; - 71.06472 Area 0.18 acres ( 0.073 ha ) Established October 10 , 1980 Visitors 327,921 ( in 2011 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Boston African American National Historic Site | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_805-1151 | The Boston African American National Historic Site , in the heart of Boston , Massachusetts 's Beacon Hill neighborhood , interprets 15 pre-Civil War structures relating to the history of Boston 's 19th - century African - American community . These include the 1806 African Meeting House , the oldest standing black church in the United States . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_1373-1878 | The historical site is located on Beacon Hill , a neighborhood just north of Boston Common . The site was designated in 1980 to `` preserve and commemorate original buildings that housed the nineteenth - century free African - American community on Beacon Hill . '' That year President Jimmy Carter signed bills authorizing this and the Martin Luther King , Jr . National Historic Site , as well as one to establish the National Afro - American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce , Ohio . He said : | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_1879-2124 | The two bills that I will sign today represent a three - pronged effort to preserve a vital , but long neglected , part of American heritage ; the history and culture of Americans of African ancestry and their role in the history of our nation . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_2125-2720 | Boston 's first African residents arrived as slaves in 1638 with early colonists . Over time , more of their descendants were born free to white mothers ; in other cases slaveholders freed slaves for service . After the American Revolutionary War , Massachusetts effectively abolished slavery by the terms of its new constitution . By the 1790 census , no slaves were recorded in Massachusetts . African Americans became activists in the abolition movement , also working to gain racial equality and educational parity with whites . They engaged in political processes to meet their objectives . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_2721-3154 | Before the Civil War , more than one half of the 2,000 African Americans in Boston lived on the north slope of Beacon Hill ; blacks also lived in the West End north of Cambridge Street , and in the North End . These areas gradually were occupied by new groups of immigrants after African Americans moved to southern areas of Boston . ( The North End became a center of Italian immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . ) | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_3155-3255 | The historic site is one of 20 National Park Foundation sites featuring African - American history . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_3320-3681 | The historic buildings along today 's Black Heritage Trail were the homes , businesses , schools and churches of a thriving black community that organized , from the nation 's earliest years , to sustain those who faced local discrimination and national slavery , struggling toward the equality and freedom promised in America 's documents of national liberty . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_3682-3774 | Historical sites along the 1.6 mile ( 2.5 km ) Black Heritage Trail in Beacon Hill include : | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_3775-6092 | Robert Gould Shaw / 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment Memorial -- commemorates the first African - American regiment of the United States Colored Troops during the Civil War and the officer who led the 54th Regiment until his death at the Battle of Fort Wagner in SC . African Meeting House -- built in 1806 , the oldest standing African - American church in the country is operated as part of the Museum of African American History Abiel Smith School -- built in 1834 , now adapted and operated as the Museum of African American History Charles Street Meeting House -- built in 1807 , the church had segregated seating . In the 1830s some of the members formed the First Baptist Free Church , which became Tremont Temple . It was considered to be one of the first integrated churches in America . John Coburn House -- home of John Coburn , an African - American abolitionist , soldier and recruiter , who aided people on the Underground Railroad . Lewis and Harriet Hayden House -- Lewis Hayden was an escaped slave , abolitionist leader , recruiter for the 54th regiment during the Civil War . Afterward , he became a Grand Master of the Prince Hall Masons and was elected as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives . Active with the Underground Railroad , Hayden protected escaped slaves in his home , including Ellen and William Craft . George Middleton House -- One of the oldest standing homes in Beacon Hill . Middleton led the black militia , Bucks of America , during the Revolutionary War . He helped found the Free African Society and served as Grand Master of the Prince Hall African Masonic Lodge . Phillips School -- one Boston 's first integrated schools Smith Court Residences -- The five Smith Court homes typify those of black Bostonians in the 1800s . Two notable residents of 3 Smith Court are William Cooper Nell and James Scott , both involved in the abolitionist cause . Nell was an author and considered one of the nation 's first black historians . John J. Smith House -- Smith was an abolitionist leader who helped fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad . He recruited for the all - black 5th Cavalry during the Civil War . Afterward he was elected as a three - term member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives . Smith lived in this house from 1878 -- 1893 . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_6093-6267 | Most sites on the trail are still used as residences and are not open to the public , except the African Meeting House , Abiel Smith School , and the 54th Regiment Memorial . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_6268-6588 | Park rangers provide free , two - hour guided tours of the trail during the summer ; off - season tours are available by reservation . A self - guided trail map and information is available online , at the Boston African American Historic Site , the Boston National Historic Site center , and at the Abiel Smith School . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_6619-6979 | Staff collaborated on the Freedom Rising : The 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation and African Military Service in the Civil War on May 2 -- 4 , 2013 . The multi-day and multi-location program in Boston included historian Henry Louis Gates and actor Danny Glover , with exhibits at Harvard University and the Museum of African American History . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_7030-12267 | Black Boston Highlights ( 1638 -- 1909 ) Year Image Event 1638 First enslaved Africans brought to Boston aboard the slave ship Desire . 1641 Massachusetts enacted Body of Liberties defining legal slavery in the colony . 1770 In 1770 , Crispus Attucks , an escaped slave , was the first colonist killed in Boston Massacre . He was a national symbol of black men , like the black Revolutionary War soldiers , who helped bring a free nation into being . 1783 Slavery abolished in 1783 in Massachusetts . Quock Walker , an escaped slave , sued for his liberty in 1783 . With his victory , Massachusetts abolished slavery , declaring it incompatible with the state constitution . 1790 When the first federal census was recorded in 1790 , Massachusetts was the only state in the Union to record no slaves . 1798 First private black school in Primus Hall 's home . 1800 Free black population nears 1,100 . 1806 African Meeting House opened as First African Baptist Church . Establishment of the African Baptist Church drew many blacks to hear the church 's minister , Thomas Paul . The meeting house hosted a school , community groups , musical performances , and antislavery meetings ... 1808 Hall house school moved to African Meeting House 1826 Massachusetts General Colored Association , a black abolitionist group , founded in African Meeting House . It was one of Black Bostonians ' organizations , like the African Society and Prince Hall Masons , that publicly opposed racial discrimination and slavery over the next decades . Prince Hall denounced the ill treatment of blacks in Boston , Maria Stewart called black men to greater exertions on behalf of their race , William C. Nell spearheaded the successful movement for school integration , Lewis Hayden defied southern slave catchers , and Frederick Douglass inspired black men to enlist in the Civil War to end slavery . 1829 David Walker published The Appeal , an essay urging slaves to fight for their freedom . 1831 William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator ( anti-slavery newspaper ) , promoting interracial anti-slavery alliances and the protection of fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad . 1832 Garrison formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society at the African Meeting House . 1835 The Abiel Smith School , the first dedicated for black children , opens 1849 -- 1850 Sarah Roberts unsuccessfully challenged segregation in Boston public schools . 1850 The Fugitive Slave Act required states ( even free ones ) enforce the return of fugitive slaves to their owners . Antislavery protests followed passage of this law , and black and white Bostonians joined in direct actions to protect and some times rescue fugitives seeking shelter in the city . The slavery trial of Anthony Burns in Boston galvanized Northern opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law . After the trial , U.S. marshals and a company of marines were required to escort Burns to a ship to take him back to Virginia and slavery . See also Shadrach Minkins . 1855 Boston integrated public schools ; Abiel Smith School closed . 1861 Civil War started . 1863 Emancipation Proclamation signed . Responding to pressure from black and white abolitionists and the need to bolster the Union forces , President Lincoln admitted African - American soldiers to the Union forces . 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry formed , the first all - black regiment raised in the North . Black Bostonians formed the core of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment . On July 18 , 1863 , the 54th regiment led an assault on Fort Wagner in an attempt to capture Confederate - held Charleston , S.C. In this hard - fought battle , Col. Robert Gould Shaw and many of his soldiers were killed . Sgt . William Carney of New Bedford was wounded while saving the flag from capture . 1865 Civil War ended ; 13th Amendment abolished slavery . After the Civil War , many freed African Americans moved north . Boston 's black population increased from fewer than 2,500 in 1860 to nearly 12,000 by 1900 . Most newcomers came from the Southeast . During Reconstruction , some were relocated by the Freedmen 's Bureau for training and employment as domestic servants . The newcomers expanded black residential areas , settling in Boston 's South End and Roxbury . Gradually long - time black residents of Beacon Hill moved their businesses and homes to that area . 1897 Robert Gould Shaw Memorial honoring 54th Massachusetts Regiment was dedicated in Boston Common . 1898 The Black congregation of the African Meeting House moved to Roxbury ; the meeting house became a Jewish synagogue , representing new immigrants . By 1930 the South End and Roxbury were home to most of Boston 's 21,000 African Americans . 1900 Sgt . William H. Carney , veteran of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment , received Medal of Honor for rescuing the flag during Battle of Fort Wagner , S.C. in 1863 . He was the nation 's first black Medal of Honor recipient . 1901 William Monroe Trotter ( a descendant of Elizabeth Hemings , a slave of Thomas Jefferson ) founded the African - American newspaper , The Boston Guardian . 1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) founded , attracting many black and white Bostonians . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_12301-12513 | African American population in 19th century Boston Year Number Percent of population 1820 1,690 3.90 1830 1,875 3.05 1840 2,427 2.60 1850 1,999 1.46 1860 2,261 1.27 1870 3,496 1.40 1880 5,873 1.62 1890 8,125 1.81 | Boston African American National Historic Site |
861757688_12514-12778 | While the black population increased markedly during this period , extensive immigration from Europe overshadowed that growth , with new immigrants from Ireland , Italy , the Russian and Austro - Hungarian empires , and other parts of eastern and southern Europe . | Boston African American National Historic Site |
841853340_114-359 | The History of Catholic Education in The United States extends from the early colonial era in Louisiana and Maryland to the parochial school system set up in most parishes in the 19th century , to hundreds of colleges , all down to the present . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_885-1130 | Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_1131-1433 | There was a small Catholic population in the English colonies , chiefly in Maryland . It supported local schools , often under Jesuit auspices . The small Catholic Spanish communities in New Mexico and California , which joined the United States in 1848 , had little in the way of organized schooling . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_1434-2461 | Much more important were schools of New Orleans , under Spanish and French control until 1803 . Well - to - do families sent their children to private Catholic schools run by Ursulines and other orders of nuns . The Sisters of the Holy Family brought literacy and training in job skills to both free and enslaved black girls . The earliest continually operating school for girls in the United States is Ursuline Academy in New Orleans . It was founded in 1727 by the Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula . The Academy graduated the first female pharmacist , and the first woman to contribute a book of literary merit . It contained the first convent . It was the first free school and first retreat center for ladies , and first classes for female African - American slaves , free women of color , and Native Americans . In the Gulf Coast and Mississippi Valley , Ursulines provided the first center of social welfare in the Mississippi Valley , first boarding school in Louisiana and the first school of music in New Orleans . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_2489-3310 | As the nation was mostly Protestant in the 19th century , there was anti-Catholic sentiment related to heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s , and a feeling that Catholic children should be educated in public schools to become American . In the 1880s most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools , which affected also Lutherans and other denominations that operated schools . By 1890 the Irish , who controlled the Church in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups looked to parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_3311-3888 | The main impetus was fear that exposure to Protestant teachers in the public schools , and Protestant fellow students , would lead to a loss of faith . Protestants reacted by strong opposition to any public funding of parochial schools . The Catholics nevertheless built their elementary schools , parish by parish , using very low paid sisters as teachers . In 1904 , Catholic educators formed an organization to coordinate their efforts on a national scale : the Catholic Educational Association which later changed its name to the National Catholic Educational Association . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_3889-4605 | In the classrooms , the highest priorities were piety , orthodoxy , and strict discipline . Knowledge of the subject matter was a minor concern , and in the late 19th century few of the teachers in parochial schools had gone beyond the 8th grade themselves . The sisters came from numerous denominations , and there was no effort to provide joint teachers training programs . The bishops were indifferent . Finally around 1911 , led by the Catholic University in Washington , Catholic colleges began summer institutes to train the sisters in pedagogical techniques . Long past World War II , the Catholic schools were noted for inferior conditions compared to the public schools , and fewer well - trained teachers . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_4606-5105 | The number of schools and students grew apace with the taxpayer - funded public schools . In 1900 , the Church supported 3,500 parochial schools , usually under the control of the local parish . By 1920 , the number of elementary schools had reached 6,551 , enrolling 1.8 million pupils taught by 42,000 teachers , the great majority of whom were nuns . Secondary education likewise boomed . In 1900 , there were only about 100 Catholic high schools , but by 1920 more than 1,500 were in operation . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_5106-5472 | For more than two generations , enrollment climbed steadily . By the mid-1960s , enrollment in Catholic parochial schools had reached an all - time high of 4.5 million elementary school pupils , with about 1 million students in Catholic high schools . The enrollments steadily declined as Catholics moved to the suburbs , where the children attended public schools . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_5473-5684 | A major transition took place in the 1970s as most of the teaching nuns left their orders . Many schools closed , others replaced the nuns with much better paid lay teachers and started charging higher tuition . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_5725-6209 | Polish Americans arrived in large numbers , 1890 - 1914 , concentrating in industrial and mining districts in the Northeast and Great Lakes areas . They often sent their children to parochial schools and encouraged their young women to become nuns and teachers . In 1932 close to 300,000 Polish Americans were enrolled in over 600 Polish grade schools in the United States . Very few of the Polish Americans who graduated from grade school at the time pursued high school or college . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_6210-6465 | In Chicago , 35,862 students ( 60 percent of the Polish population ) attended Polish parochial schools in 1920 . Nearly every Polish parish in the American Catholic Church had a school , whereas in Italian parishes , it was typically one in ten parishes . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_6569-7213 | In 1922 , the voters of Oregon passed an initiative amending Oregon Law Section 5259 , the Compulsory Education Act . The law unofficially became known as the Oregon School Law . The citizens ' initiative was primarily aimed at eliminating parochial schools , including Catholic schools . The law caused outraged Catholics to organize locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools . In Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) , the United States Supreme Court declared the Oregon 's Compulsory Education Act unconstitutional in a ruling that has been called `` the Magna Carta of the parochial school system . '' | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_7274-7748 | In 1875 , Republican President Ulysses S. Grant called for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public funds for `` sectarian '' schools . He said he feared a future with `` patriotism and intelligence on one side and superstition , ambition and greed on the other '' which he identified with the Catholic Church . Grant called for public schools that would be `` unmixed with atheistic , pagan or sectarian teaching . '' | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_7749-8205 | A leading republican , Senator James G. Blaine of Maine had proposed such an amendment to the Constitution in 1874 . The amendment was turned down by Congress in 1875 and never became federal law . However , it would be used as a model for so - called `` Blaine Amendments '' incorporated into 34 state constitutions over the next three decades . These amendments prohibited the use of public funds to fund parochial schools and are still in effect today . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_8490-8966 | The University of Notre Dame , founded in northern Indiana in 1842 , was modernized in 1919 - 22 under Rev. James Burns . He brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and starting the abandonment of the traditional scholastic and classical emphasis . By contrast , the Jesuit colleges , bastions of academic conservatism , were reluctant to move to a system of electives . Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_8967-9512 | The university was still a small operation best known for football when Rev Theodore Hesburgh took over and served as president for 35 years ( 1952 -- 87 ) . In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million , and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million , and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million . Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600 , faculty more than doubled 389 to 950 , and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500 . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_9708-10315 | The Society of Mary ( the Marianists ) had operated a boys ' school in San Antonio Texas since 1852 . In 1927 , as St. Mary 's College it began conferring bachelor 's degrees . The school became coeducational in 1963 . St. Mary 's University is now a nationally recognized liberal arts institution with a diverse student population of nearly 4,000 of all faiths and backgrounds . St. Mary 's University School of Law , opened in 1927 in the Bexar County Courthouse as the San Antonio School of Law , became a school of St. Mary 's University in 1934 . It is the oldest Catholic law school in the Southwest . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_10474-10709 | The proposal to create a national Catholic university in America reflected the rising size and influence of the nation 's Catholic population and also an ambitious vision of the Church 's role in American life during the 19th century . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_10710-11669 | In 1882 Bishop John Lancaster Spalding went to Rome to obtain Pope Leo XIII 's support for the University and persuaded family friend Mary Gwendoline Caldwell to pledge $300,000 to establish it . On March 7 , 1889 , the Pope issued the encyclical `` Magni Nobis '' , granting the university its charter and establishing its mission as the instruction of Catholicism and human nature together at the graduate level . By developing new leaders and new knowledge , the University would strengthen and enrich Catholicism in the United States . Many of the founders of the CUA held a vision that included both a sense of the Church 's special role in United States and also a conviction that scientific and humanistic research , informed by the Faith , would only strengthen the Church . They sought to develop an institution like a national university that would promote the Faith in a context of religious freedom , spiritual pluralism , and intellectual rigor . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_11670-12105 | When the University first opened for classes in the fall of 1888 , the curriculum consisted of lectures in mental and moral philosophy , English literature , the Sacred Scriptures , and the various branches of theology . At the end of the second term , lectures on canon law were added and the first students were graduated in 1889 . In 1904 , an undergraduate program was added and it quickly established a reputation for excellence . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_12133-12626 | The Catholics founded numerous colleges for women . The first was the College of Notre Dame of Maryland , which opened elementary and secondary schools in Baltimore in 1873 and a four - year college in 1895 . It added graduate programs in the 1980s that accepted men and is now Notre Dame of Maryland University . Another 42 women 's colleges opened by 1925 ; by 1955 , there were 116 Catholic colleges for women . Most -- but not all most of them -- went co-ed , merged or closed after 1970 . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
841853340_12645-12973 | The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities was founded in 1899 and continues to facilitate the exchange of information and methods . Vigorous debate in recent decades has focused on how to balance Catholic and academic roles , with conservatives arguing that bishops should exert more control to guarantee orthodoxy . | History of Catholic education in the United States |
816476781_188-863 | Hurricane Katrina Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Katrina at peak intensity in the Gulf of Mexico on August 28 , 2005 Formed August 23 , 2005 Dissipated August 31 , 2005 ( Extratropical after August 30 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) Lowest pressure 902 mbar ( hPa ) ; 26.64 inHg Fatalities 1,245 -- 1,836 total Damage $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) ( Second - costliest tropical cyclone on record ) Areas affected Bahamas , South Florida , Central Florida , Cuba , Louisiana ( especially Greater New Orleans ) , Mississippi , Alabama , Florida Panhandle , most of eastern North America Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_864-1547 | Hurricane Katrina 2005 Atlantic hurricane season General Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparedness Impact Economic effects Political effects Criticism of government response Social effects Effects by region Effects on Florida Effects on Mississippi Effects on New Orleans Levee failures New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Superdome Tulane University Infrastructure repairs Reconstruction Relief Disaster relief International response Analysis Global warming Media coverage External links Media related to Hurricane Katrina at Wikimedia Commons News related to Katrina stories at Wikinews Works related to Katrina sources at Wikisource | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_1548-1891 | Hurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly tropical cyclone that was one of the costliest natural disasters and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States . As Katrina made landfall , its front right quadrant , which held the strongest winds , slammed into Gulfport , Mississippi , devastating it . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_1892-2150 | This hurricane was the costliest US disaster until 2017 , when Hurricane Harvey hit the United States Gulf Coast . It was the eleventh named storm , the fifth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_2151-2893 | The storm originated over the Bahamas on August 23 from the interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina . The cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25 . After very briefly weakening to a tropical storm , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly deepen . The storm strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico , but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on August 29 , in southeast Louisiana . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_2894-3737 | The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas , much of it due to the storm surge and levee failure . Severe property damage occurred in coastal areas , such as Mississippi beachfront towns where boats and casino barges rammed buildings , pushing cars and houses inland ; water reached 6 -- 12 miles ( 10 -- 19 km ) from the beach . The storm was the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone , behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Overall , at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods , making it the deadliest United States hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Total property damage was estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) , roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_3738-4999 | Over fifty breaches in New Orleans 's hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29 , 2005 . Eventually 80 % of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded , and the floodwaters lingered for weeks . According to a modeling exercise conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) , two - thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure . All of the major studies concluded that the USACE , the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965 , was responsible . This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money . In January 2008 , Judge Stanwood Duval , U.S. District Court , ruled that despite the Corps ' role in the flooding , the agency could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . Exactly ten years after Katrina , J. David Rogers , lead author of a new report in the official journal of the World Water Council concluded that the flooding during Katrina `` could have been prevented had the corps retained an external review board to double - check its flood - wall designs . '' | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_5000-5704 | There was also an investigation of the responses from federal , state and local governments , resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown , and of New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass . Many other government officials were criticized for their responses , especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin , Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco , and President George W. Bush . Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) , and National Weather Service ( NWS ) were commended for their actions . The NHC provided accurate hurricane forecasts with sufficient lead time . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_6652-7796 | Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23 , 2005 , as the result of an interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . The storm strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24 . The tropical storm moved towards Florida , and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25 . The storm weakened over land , but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico , and it continued strengthening over open waters . On August 27 , the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale , becoming the third major hurricane of the season . An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification , but caused the storm to nearly double in size . The storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf , growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours . This rapid growth was due to the storm 's movement over the `` unusually warm '' waters of the Loop Current . Katrina | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_7837-9415 | Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day , with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar ( 26.6 inHg ) . The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time , only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season ; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time . However , this record was later broken by Hurricane Rita . The hurricane subsequently weakened , and Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana . At landfall , hurricane - force winds extended outward 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the center and the storm 's central pressure was 920 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound , it made its third landfall near the Louisiana -- Mississippi border with 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) sustained winds , still at Category 3 intensity . Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi , finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland near Meridian , Mississippi . It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville , Tennessee , but its remnants were last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 , when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary . The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_9778-10392 | The United States Coast Guard began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists . On August 27 , it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation . Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center , in Mobile , staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida . All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29 . Air crews , many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane , began a round - the - clock rescue effort in New Orleans , and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_10393-11665 | President of the United States George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana , Alabama and Mississippi on August 27 . `` On Sunday , August 28 , President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans . '' However , during the testimony by former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) chief Michael Brown before a U.S. House subcommittee on September 26 , Representative Stephen Buyer ( R - IN ) inquired as to why President Bush 's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included the coastal parishes of Orleans , Jefferson , and Plaquemines . The declaration actually did not include any of Louisiana 's coastal parishes , whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi and Alabama . Brown testified that this was because Louisiana Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid , a decision that he found `` shocking . '' After the hearing , Blanco released a copy of her letter , which showed she had requested assistance for `` all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans '' as well specifically naming 14 parishes , including Jefferson , Orleans , St. Bernard and Plaquemines . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_11666-11915 | Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama . About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order . National | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_11964-13035 | On the afternoon of August 26 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast . The National Weather Service 's New Orleans / Baton Rouge office issued a vividly worded bulletin on August 28 predicting that the area would be `` uninhabitable for weeks '' after `` devastating damage '' caused by Katrina , which at that time rivaled the intensity of Hurricane Camille . During video conferences involving the president later that day and on August 29 , NHC director Max Mayfield expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city 's levees and flood walls . In one conference , he stated , `` I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not , but that 's obviously a very , very great concern . '' Additionally , the National Hurricane Center issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches throughout the duration of Katrina : | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_13036-15993 | Summary of tropical cyclone warnings and watches associated with Hurricane Katrina ( hide ) Date Time Warning type Areas August 23 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Central and northwest Bahamas August 24 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Vero Beach , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Florida City , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Lake Okeechobee August 25 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Florida City to Englewood , Florida , including Florida Bay 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas 21 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Jupiter Inlet , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Jupiter Inlet to Florida Keys and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida Tropical Storm Watch Longboat Key to Anclote Key , Florida 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas August 26 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Jupiter Inlet to Vero Beach , Florida 05 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Deerfield Beach to Florida City , Florida Hurricane Warning discontinued Deerfield Beach to Jupiter , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee Tropical Storm Warning Florida Keys including Florida Bay and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Florida City to Longboat Key and all the Florida Keys and Florida Bay 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida August 27 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Key West , Florida Hurricane Watch Morgan City to Pearl River , Louisiana 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warnings discontinued All Hurricane Watch Intracoastal City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border August 28 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Morgan City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border , including Lake Pontchartrain Tropical Storm Warning Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Intracoastal City to Morgan City , Louisiana Hurricane Watch Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Destin to Indian Pass , Florida , and Intracoastal City to Cameron , Louisiana August 29 15 : 00 UTC Hurricane Watches discontinued All 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Pearl River , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border Tropical Storm and Hurricane Warning discontinued Cameron to Pearl River , Louisiana , and Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida August 30 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_16017-17229 | In Florida , Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina 's landfall . By the following day , Florida 's Emergency Operations Center was activated in Tallahassee to monitor the progress of the hurricane . Before Katrina moved ashore , schools and businesses were closed in the Miami area . Cruise ships altered their paths due to seaports in southeastern Florida closing . Officials in Miami - Dade County advised residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate . To the north in Broward County , residents east of the Intracoastal Waterway or in mobile homes were advised to leave their homes . Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in Palm Beach County , and for residents in mobile homes south of Lantana Road . Additionally , a mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in Martin County . Shelters were opened across the region . Officials closed the Miami International Airport , Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport , Key West International Airport , and Florida Keys Marathon Airport due to the storm . In Monroe and Collier counties , schools were closed , and a shelter was opened in Immokalee . Radar | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_17285-18196 | On August 28 , Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared a state of emergency for the approaching Hurricane Katrina . On the same day , he requested President Bush to declare `` expedited major disaster declaration '' for six counties of south Alabama , which was quickly approved . Three - hundred and fifty national guardsmen were called on duty by August 30 . The state of Mississippi activated its National Guard on August 26 in preparation for the storm 's landfall . Additionally , the state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day , and local governments began issuing evacuation orders . By 6 : 00 pm CDT on August 28 , 11 counties and cities issued evacuation orders , a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning . Moreover , 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities , with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_18197-18418 | By Sunday , August 28 , most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down , including all freight and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station . Louisiana | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_18588-19642 | In Louisiana , the state 's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases , starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds . Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas ( including New Orleans ) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds . Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long . Louisiana 's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C ( Part II , Section II , Paragraph D ) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations . Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent upon public transportation , not enough bus drivers were available to drive them as Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_19643-20541 | By August 26 , the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered . Many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles ( 240 km ) westward from the Florida Panhandle , putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities ; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17 % , with strike probability rising to 29 % by August 28 . This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level . Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane 's right - front quadrant ( containing the strongest winds ) was forecast to be 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) , while the levees offered protection to 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) , emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city , causing major flooding . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_20542-21312 | At a news conference at 10 am on August 28 , shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm , New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first - ever mandatory evacuation of the city , calling Katrina `` a storm that most of us have long feared . '' The city government also established several `` refuges of last resort '' for citizens who could not leave the city , including the massive Louisiana Superdome , which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore . Some estimates claimed that 80 % of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated , leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_21423-21616 | Deaths by state Alabama Florida 14 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana 986 -- 1,577 * Mississippi 238 Ohio Total 1,245 -- 1,836 Missing 10 -- 66 * Includes out - of - state evacuees counted by Louisiana | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_21617-22310 | On August 29 , Katrina 's storm surge caused 53 breaches to various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area , submerging 80 % of the city . A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two - thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city 's floodwalls . The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama , making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes , the second costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States , and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane . The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 U.S. dollars ) . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_22311-23327 | The death toll from Katrina is uncertain , with reports differing by hundreds . According to the National Hurricane Center , 1,836 fatalities can be attributed to the storm : 1 in Kentucky , 2 each in Alabama , Georgia , and Ohio , 14 in Florida , 238 in Mississippi , and 1,577 in Louisiana . However , 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana , and many of the deaths are indirect , but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities . A 2008 report by the Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal indicates that 966 deaths can be directly attributed to the storm in Louisiana , including out of state evacuees , and another 20 indirectly ( such as firearm related deaths and gas poisoning ) . Due to uncertain causes of death with 454 evacuees , an upper - bound of 1,440 is noted in the paper . A follow - up study by the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana . | Hurricane Katrina |
816476781_23328-23824 | Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles ( 230,000 km ) of the United States , an area almost as large as the United Kingdom . The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity . On September 3 , 2005 , Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as `` probably the worst catastrophe , or set of catastrophes , '' in the country 's history , referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans . | Hurricane Katrina |
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