similarity
float64 0.8
1
| en
stringlengths 0
1.74k
| zh
stringlengths 0
779
|
|---|---|---|
0.938 | 3 Ways to Calculate Uncertainty | 3种方法来计算不确定性 |
0.827 | Whenever you make a measurement while collecting data, you can assume that there's a "true value" that falls within the range of the measurements you made. To calculate the uncertainty of your measurements, you'll need to find the best estimate of your measurement and consider the results when you add or subtract the measurement of uncertainty. If you want to know how to calculate uncertainty, just follow these steps. | 无论何时计算数据，你都可以设想数据范围内有个“真值”。要计算不确定性，你需要找出数据最好的估计值（理想的“真值”），在计算不确定性范围的时候考虑所有的数据。想知道如何计算不确定性？下面可以教你。 |
0.886 | - Uncertainty via the one described here is only applicable for cases with Normal (Gaussian, bell-shaped) statistics. Other distributions require a different means of describing uncertainties. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
- Good science never discusses "facts" or "truth." Although the accurate measurement is very likely to fall within your range of uncertainty, there is no guarantee that this is so. Scientific measurement inherently accepts the possibility of being wrong. | - 好的科学是不会告诉你什么是“真理”，什么是“真相”的。虽然精确的测量值一般都会在误差范围内，但也是不一定的。科学测量本身就接受出错的可能性。
- 这里描述的不确定性只适用于常规（高斯，钟形曲线）统计学。其他的数据方法可能需要另外的描述不确定性的方法。 |
0.92 | State uncertainty in its proper form.
Let's say you're measuring a stick that falls near 4.2 cm, give or take one millimeter. This means that you know the stick falls almost on 4.2 cm, but that it could actually be just a bit smaller or larger than that measurement, with the error of one millimeter.
- State the uncertainty like this: 4.2 cm ± 0.1 cm. You can also rewrite this as 4.2 cm ± 1 mm, since 0.1 cm = 1 mm. | 用正确形式表示不确定性。现在你要测量长度接近4.
2 cm的木棍，误差范围为1毫米。表示你知道木棍长度接近 4.2 cm，可能真实测量值只是少一点，或者大一点，而这个误差就在1毫米范围内。 用以下方法表示：4.2 cm ± 0.1 cm，可以写成 4.2 cm ± 1 mm ，因为0.1 cm = 1 mm |
0.895 | Always round the experimental measurement to the same decimal place as the uncertainty.
Measurements that involve a calculation of uncertainty are typically rounded to one or two significant digits. The most important point is that you should round your experimental measurement to the same decimal place as the uncertainty to keep your measurements consistent.
- If your experimental measurement is 60 cm, then your uncertainty calculation should be rounded to a whole number as well. For example, the uncertainty for this measurement can be 60 cm ± 2 cm, but not 60 cm ± 2.2 cm.
- If your experimental measurement is 3.4 cm, then your uncertainty calculation should be rounded to .1 cm. For example, the uncertainty for this measurement can be 3.4 cm ± .1 cm, but not 3.4 cm ± 1 cm. | 总是把实验值的小数点化简到不确定范围值一致。一般范围值含有一个或两个有效数字。你要让测量值和范围值的有效数字保持一致，这是最重要的。 如果你实验测量值是60cm，则范围值也要简化为整数。比如60 cm ± 2 cm 而不是60 cm ± 2.
2 cm 如果你测量值是3.4 cm，则要简化为十分位小数，可以是3.4 cm ± .7 cm ，不能是3.4 cm ± 1 cm |
0.891 | Calculate uncertainty from a single measurement.
Let's say you're measuring the diameter of a round ball with a ruler. This is tricky because it'll be difficult to say exactly where the outer edges of the ball line up with the ruler since they are curved, not straight. Let's say the ruler can find the measurement to the nearest .1 cm -- this does not mean that you can measure the diameter to this level of precision.
- Study the edges of the ball and the ruler to get a sense of how reliably you can measure its diameter. In a standard ruler, the markings at .5 cm show up clearly -- but let's say you can get a little bit closer than that. If it looks like you can get about within .3 cm of an accurate measurement, then your uncertainty is .3 cm.
- Now, measure the diameter of the ball. Let's say you get about 7.6 cm. Just state the estimated measurement along with the uncertainty. The diameter of the ball is 7.6 cm ± .3 cm. | 给一个测量值计算不确定性。如用尺子量球的直径，因为球面是弯曲的所以不能量得很精确。我们假设最精确可以有0.
1cm的误差——这不代表直径是这个范围的。 看看球的边，看看如何精确量出它的直径。标准尺可以测到.5 cm，不过假设你可以测得更精确，比如可以测到 .3 cm 内的误差，那不确定性就是 .3 cm。 现在测量直径。假设得到7.6 cm，只要告知估计值和不确定性，比如直径是 7.6 cm ± .3 cm。 |
0.896 | Calculate uncertainty of a single measurement of multiple objects.
Let's say you're measuring a stack of 10 CD cases that are all the same length. Let's say you want to find the measurement of the thickness of just one CD case. This measurement will be so small that your percentage of uncertainty will be a bit high. But when you measure 10 CD cases stacked together, you can just divide the result and its uncertainty by the number of CD cases to find the thickness of one CD case.
- Let's say that you can't get much closer than to .2 cm of measurements by using a ruler. So, your uncertainty is ± .2 cm.
- Let's say you measured that all of the CD cases stacked together are of a thickness of 22 cm.
- Now, just divide the measurement and uncertainty by 10, the number of CD cases. 22 cm/10 = 2.2 cm and .2 cm/10 = .02 cm. This means that the thickness of one CD case is 2.20 cm ± .02 cm. | 计算好几个物品的一个测量值的不确定性。假设有10 个CD盒，边长都相同，假设你想找出一个CD盒的厚度，因为很薄，所以误差率应该会比较大。不过如果你同时测量10个CD盒叠起来的厚度，就直接除以10就可以得到平均厚度了。 假设不确定性不会超过 .
2 cm ，因此不确定性就设为 ± .2 cm 假设测量所有的CD盒，厚度合起来是22 cm。 把所有数据除以10（盒数），22 cm/10 = 2.2 cm ，2 cm/10 = .02 cm 。表示一个CD盒的厚度是2.20 cm ± .02 cm。
多次取样测量。要增加数据真实性，无论测量长度还是通过一定距离的时间，如果多取几个数据，会增加数据说服力。找多个测量值的平均，可以让你计算不确定性的时候让数据更精确。 |
0.881 | Calculate the Uncertainty of Multiple Measurements | 计算多个测量值的不确定性 |
0.893 | Take several measurements.
Let's say you want to calculate how long it takes a ball to drop to the floor from the height of a table. To get the best results, you'll have to measure the ball falling off the table top at least a few times -- let's say five. Then, you'll have to find the average of the five measured times and then add or subtract the standard deviation from that number to get the best results.
- Let's say you measured the five following times: 0.43 s, 0.52 s, 0.35 s, 0.29 s, and 0.49 s. | 多取样测量。假设要计算一个球从桌子高度掉落到地板需要多长时间，要测量有说服力的数据，你需要至少测好几次时间，比如五次。然后求平均，再加、减不确定范围，得到最佳数据。 假设你测量得到了 0.
43 s 、0.52 s、 0.35 s 、0.29 s、 0.49 s。 |
0.86 | Find the average of the measurements.
Now, find the average by adding up the five different measurements and dividing the result by 5, the amount of measurements. 0.43 s + 0.52 s + 0.35 s + 0.29 s + 0.49 s = 2.08 s. Now, divide 2.08 by 5. 2.08/5 = 0.42 s. The average time is 0.42 s. | 得出平均值。把所有五个数加起来除以5。 0.
43 s + 0.52 s + 0.35 s + 0.29 s + 0.49 s = 2.08 s ， 2.08 除以 5： 2.08/5 = 0.42 s ，平均时间为 0.42 s |
0.904 | Find the variance of these measurements.
To do this, first, find the difference between each of the five measurements and the average. To do this, just subtract the measurement from 0.42 s. Here are the five differences:
- 0.43 s - .42 s = 0.01 s
- 0.52 s - 0.42 s = 0.1 s
- 0.35 s - 0.42 s = -0.07 s
- 0.29 s - 0.42 s = -0.13 s
- 0.49 s - 0.42 s = 0.07 s
- Now, add up the squares of these differences: (0.01 s)
- Find the average of these added squares by dividing the result by 5. 0.037 s/5 = 0.0074 s. | 求得方差。你先要找出每个数据和0.
42 s这个平均值的差。相减即可得出，如下： 0.43 s - .42 s = 0.01 s 0.52 s - 0.42 s = 0.1 s 0.35 s - 0.42 s = -0.07 s 0.29 s - 0.42 s = -0.13 s 0.49 s - 0.42 s = 0.07 s 加起来所有的平方值：(0.01 s) 把上述答案除以5，得到平均值。 0.037 s/5 = 0.0074 s |
0.89 | Find the standard deviation.
To find the standard deviation, simply find the square root of the variance. The square root of 0.0074 s = 0.09 s, so the standard deviation is 0.09 s. | 找出标准差。标准差即方差的平方根。 0.
0074 s 的平方根= 0.09 s，因此标准差是 0.09 s |
0.843 | State the final measurement.
To do this, simply state the average of the measurements along with the added and subtracted standard deviation. Since the average of the measurements is .42 s and the standard deviation is .09 s, the final measurement is .42 s ± .09 s. | 表示最终答案。直接告知标准差和加减误差范围（标准差）。因为平均测量值是.
42 s ，标准差.09 s ，最终测量理想值是 .42 s ± .09 s |
0.825 | Add uncertain measurements.
To add uncertain measurements, simply add the measurements and add their uncertainties: (5 cm ± .2 cm) + (3 cm ± .1 cm) = (5 cm + 3 cm) ± (.2 cm +. 1 cm) = 8 cm ± .3 cm | 不确定性的加法。直接把测量值相减，然后误差范围相加。 (5 cm ± .
2 cm) + (3 cm ± .1 cm) = (5 cm + 3 cm) ± (.2 cm +. 1 cm) = 8 cm ± .3 cm |
0.844 | Subtract uncertain measurements.
To subtract uncertain measurements, simply subtract the measurements while still adding their uncertainties: (10 cm ± .4 cm) - (3 cm ± .2 cm) = (10 cm - 3 cm) ± (.4 cm +. 2 cm) = 7 cm ± .6 cm | 不确定性的减法。直接把测量值相减，和误差范围分别相加即可。 (10 cm ± .
4 cm) - (3 cm ± .2 cm) = (10 cm - 3 cm) ± (.4 cm +. 2 cm) = 7 cm ± .6 cm |
0.831 | Increase an uncertain measurement exponentially.
To increase an uncertain measurement exponentially, simply raise the measurement to the designated power, and then multiply the relative uncertainty by that power: (2.0 cm ± 1.0 cm) (2.0 cm) 8.0 cm | 不确定性的指数增加。要让不确定性指数增加，计算测量值指数增加值，然后让误差范围乘以次数。 (2.
0 cm ± 1.0 cm) (2.0 cm) 8.0 cm ± 3 cm |
0.845 | 4 Ways to Calculate Velocity | 4种方法来求出速度 |
0.819 | How to Calculate Voltage Across a Resistor (with Pictures) | 如何计算电阻两端的电压（包含图片） |
0.853 | Before you can calculate the voltage across a resistor, you'll first have to determine what kind of circuit you are using. If you need a review of the basic terms or a little help understanding circuits, start with the first section. Otherwise, jump ahead to the type of circuit you have to solve. | 计算电阻两端的电压之前，你应该先确定自己使用的是哪种电路。如果你想回顾或学习一下关于电路的基本知识，可以从第一节开始阅读。否则，你可以直接跳到题目涉及的电路种类。 |
0.892 | - If you have a complicated circuit that involves resistors in series
*and*
resistors in parallel, pick two nearby resistors. Find the total resistance across them using the rules for resistors in parallel or in series, as appropriate. Now you can treat them as a single resistor. Keep doing this until you have a simple circuit with resistors
*either*
in parallel
*or*
in series.
- The voltage across a resistor is often called a "voltage drop." Thanks Helpful 5 Not Helpful 0
- Understand the terminology:
- Circuit – composed of elements (e.g. resistors, capacitors, and inductors) connected by wires and wherein current can pass through
- Resistors – elements that can reduce or resist current
- Current – flow of charge into wires; unit: Ampere, A
- Voltage – work done per unit charge; unit: Voltage, V
- Resistance – measurement of the opposition of an element to electric current; unit: Ohm, Ω | - 如果面对一条同时涉及串联电阻和并联电阻的复杂电路，请挑出两个相邻的电阻。根据需要，使用并联电阻规律或串联电阻规律，计算它们的总阻值。然后，你可以将它们视为单个电阻。重复这一步骤，直至电路变成只有并联电阻或串联电阻的简单电路。
- 电阻两端的电压通常被称为“压降”。
- 理解术语： 电路-由电线连接的电阻、电容或电感器等元件组成，电流可以从中通过 电阻-能够降低或阻碍电流的元件 电流-通过电线的电荷流量；单位：安培，安 电压-单位电荷所做的功；单位：伏特，伏 阻值-衡量元件对电流阻碍作用强弱的数值；单位：欧姆，欧 |
0.875 | Whether you need to mail a package or pass you next test, finding the volume of a box is easy. Volume is the measure of how big an object is in three dimensions, so the volume of a box measure how much room there is inside of the box. To find it, you need to make a few simple measurements of length, width, and height, and then multiply them. | 无论是你想邮寄包裹，还是希望通过下次几何考试，计算出盒子的体积并不困难。体积用来衡量一个物件在三维空间中所占的大小，因此，一个盒子的体积就是测量盒子内部有多少空间。想要计算它，你需要简单地测量盒子的长宽高，然后将它们相乘。 |
0.875 | How to Calculate Wavelength: 11 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何计算波长: 7 步骤（包含图片） |
0.876 | - The most difficult part is understanding the difference between weight and mass as people tend to use the words 'weight' and 'mass' interchangeably. They use kilograms for weight, when they should use Newton, or at least kilogramforce. Even your doctor may discuss your weight, when he meant to discuss your mass.
- The gravitational acceleration g can also be expressed in N/kg. 1 N/kg = 1 m/s Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
- An astronaut with a mass of 100 kg will weigh 983.2 N on the North Pole, and 162.0 N on the moon. On a neutron star, he'll weigh even more, but he probably won't notice. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0 | - 最困难的部分是理解重量和质量之间的区别，因为人们倾向于混淆'重量'和'质量'。在应该使用牛顿，或者至少是kilogramforce（千克力）时，他们往往使用公斤。即使你的医生可能会讨论你的体重，但其实他是为了讨论你的质量。
- 天平可以衡量质量（kg），磅秤是通过弹簧的收缩与舒张来衡量重量（kgf）。
- 重力加速度g也可以表示为N/kg。1 N/kg = 1 m/s
- 质量为100公斤的宇航员，在北极重达983.2N，在月亮上则为162.0N。在中子星上，他会更重，但他很可能不会注意到。
- kgf用起来很方便，但牛顿仍是首选单位，原因在于当你知道牛顿值时，很多其他量更容易计算出来。 |
0.84 | 4 Ways to Calculate Wind Load | 3种方法来计算风荷载 |
0.848 | - Know that wind velocity varies at various distances from the ground. Wind speed increases with structural height and is most unpredictable closer to the ground, because it is affected by interacting with things on the ground. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- Be aware that this unpredictability can make it difficult to make accurate wind calculations. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0 | - 要知道，风速会随距离地面高度的变化而变化。它随结构高度的增加而增加，在离地面较近处的风速是最难预测的，因为它会受地面物体相互作用的影响。
- 注意，这种不可预测性会让风力计算很难得到精确的结果。 |
0.823 | 7 Ways to Calculate Your Grade | 6种方法来计算你的成绩 |
0.886 | Calculating your grade for your classes is a very good skill to have. It allows you to keep track of your progress and lets you know if you need to work harder for that grade you want. Read below to learn how to calculate your grade, project a future grade, or determine how well you have to score to raise your grade to a certain level. | 给自己计算成绩，确定在班级中的排名，是个很有用的技能。计算了成绩以后，你就可以观察到自己的进步，也能知道在哪些方面还要再继续加把劲了。读下面这篇文章，看看怎么计算成绩、规划未来，以及如何把你的成绩提高到一定水平吧。 |
0.918 | Determine if you are using weighted assignments.
Your teacher may be using a weighted grading system. This means that your work will still have points, but those points will be worth different amounts based on what category it falls into. Common categories include homework, tests, quizzes, final exam, and participation.
- Each category will be worth a certain percentage of your grade. To get a good grade, you will need to score all or a majority of the points in each category. However, scoring fewer points in a category which is only worth a small percentage of your grade will not affect your grade as much as if the category was worth a large percentage.
- For ease of calculating, we will assume that each category is worth a number of point equal to its percentage weight (For example, a category worth 20% will be worth 20 points). This should make the total number of “points” for the class equal 100, which should make it significantly easier to calculate your grade.
- Different teachers will prioritize different things in their class, based on their philosophy of teaching and what they believe is most important. For example, some teachers will most heavily weight the final exam, whereas others will most heavily weight participation. | 确定你是在一个加权制内。
你的老师可能在使用一个加权计算方法。这就意味着你的作业仍时有分数的，但是这些分数会由于标准不同值不同的量。普通的分类包括作业、考试、参与程度、随堂小测验、期末考试。
- 每个项目都会在你的成绩中占一定比重。为了得一个好成绩，你要得到每个项目内所有或者是绝大多数的分数。但是在某个占比例极小的项目内分数极低也并不会像那些占比例高的项目那样影响最终成绩。
- 每次计算成绩时，每个项目值的分数由它所占比例决定（比如说，占20%的项目其实值20分）。这就使得全班人的总分变为100分，计算你的成绩时也会变得更加容易。
- 每个老师基于自己的教学理念和看重的东西，在自己的课上重点是不一样的。比如说，有些老师会看重期末考试，而另一些看重课堂参与程度。
计算你每一项的成绩。运用前面所说的方法，计算出每个项目的所占的分数。 如果你想要算出你在班上的成绩如何，你就得预估一下你在还没做的任务中将表现如何。 |
0.89 | Convert your percentages to a letter grade.
You may wish to convert the percentages you have calculated to a letter grade. Alternatively, you may wish to know the percentage of a particular assignment where your teacher provided only the letter grade. The letter grading scale varies greatly depending on where you are going to school, but this is the most commonly used scale in the United States:
- A = 93 - 100%
- A- = 90 - 92%
- B+ = 87 - 89%
- B = 83 - 86%
- B- = 80 - 82%
- C+ = 77 - 79%
- C = 73 - 76%
- C- = 70 - 72%
- D+ = 67 - 69%
- D = 63 - 66%
- D- = 60 - 62%
- F = 0 - 59% | 把百分之转化为分级评分制。
你可能会希望把你的成绩从百分制转化为分级评分制。相应的，你也会想知道老师提供的分级评分成绩所对应的百分制成绩。是否采用分级评分主要取决于你上的是哪所学校。
- A = 93 - 100%
- A- = 90 - 92%
- B+ = 87 - 89%
- B = 83 - 86%
- B- = 80 - 82%
- C+ = 77 - 79%
- C = 73 - 76%
- C- = 70 - 72%
- D+ = 67 - 69%
- D = 63 - 66%
- D- = 60 - 62%
- F = 0 - 59% |
0.885 | Calculate your GPA.
Your GPA (or grade point average) is used to determine your performance level across all of your classes. Your high school GPA is often used to determine which colleges you can get into and your college GPA will determine your graduate school entrance.
- Your GPA is calculated by assigning a certain number of points, based on the grade you earned for a class versus how many credits that class was worth, and dividing the resulting total point count by the total number of credit hours. The points assigned for a 1 credit class are listed below (for classes above one credit, multiply the number of points by the number of credits).
- A = 4
- A- = 3.7
- B+ = 3.3
- B = 3
- B- = 2.7
- C+ = 2.3
- C = 2
- C- = 1.7
- D+ = 1.3
- D = 1
- D- = .7
- F = 0 | 计算你的绩点。你的绩点（或者平均成绩）是用来确定你在班上的表现。你的高中绩点常常用来决定你将上哪所大学，你的大学绩点被用来确定你的研究生学校。 你的绩点基于你选的课占几个学分，以及这些课分别得了几分来计算，最后把总成绩除以总学分。一学分课程的分数计算方法如下（对那些超过一学分的课，将成绩和学分相乘） A = 4 A- = 3.
7 B+ = 3.3 B = 3 B- = 2.7 C+ = 2.3 C = 2 C- = 1.7 D+ = 1.3 D = 1 D- = .7 F = 0 |
0.878 | How to Calculate Z Scores: 15 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何计算Z分数: 15 步骤 |
0.934 | A Z score allows you to take any given sample within a set of data and to determine how many standard deviations above or below the mean it is. | Z分数可以让你在一组数据中取任意给定的样本，同时确定它高于或低于均值多少个标准差。 |
0.813 | Subtract the mean from each of the numbers in your sample.
This will give you an idea of how much each number in your sample differs from the mean.
- In our sample of tree heights (7, 8, 8, 7.5, and 9 feet) the mean was 7.9.
- 7 - 7.9 = -0.9, 8 - 7.9 = 0.1, 8 - 7.9 = 0.1, 7.5 - 7.9 = -0.4, and 9 - 7.9 = 1.1.
- Do these calculations again to check your math. It is extremely important that you have the right figures for this step. | 把你刚做的减法算出的所有结果都做平方运算。
你需要所有这些数字才能计算样本方差。
- 记住，在本例样本中，我们从每个数据点（7、8、8、7.5和9）中减去平均值7.9，得到以下结果：-0.9、0.1、0.1、-0.4和1.1。
- 将这些数字做平方运算：(-0.9)^2 = 0.81，(0.1)^2 = 0.01，(0.1)^2 = 0.01，(-0.4)^2 = 0.16和(1.1)^2 = 1.21。
- 这些数字的平方是：0.81，0.01，0.01，0.16和1.21。
- 在进行下一步之前检查一下计算结果。 |
0.871 | Find your variance figure.
You will need this to find the standard deviation for your sample.
- Variance is how spread out your data is from the mean or mathematical average.
- Standard deviation is a figure that represents how spread out your data is in your sample.
- In our sample of tree heights, the variance was 0.55. | 求出方差数据。你需要方差来计算样本的标准差。 方差是指数据相对于均值或算术平均值的离散程度。 标准差是一个数字，表示样本中数据的离散程度。 在树高样本中，方差是0.
55。 |
0.803 | Take the square root of the variance.
This figure is the standard deviation.
- In our sample of tree heights, the variance was 0.55.
- √0.55 = 0.741619848709566. You will often get a very large decimal figure when you calculate this step. It is ok to round to the second or third decimal place for your standard deviation figure. In this case, you could use 0.74.
- Using a rounded figure, the standard deviation in our sample of tree heights is 0.74 | 求方差的平方根。这个数字就是标准差。 在树高样本中，方差是0.
55。 √0.55 = 0.741619848709566。在计算这一步时，通常会得到一个小数位数特别多的数字。可以将标准差四舍五入到小数点后二位或后三位。在本例中，可以得出0.74。 使用四舍五入后的数字，本例中树高样本的标准差是0.74。
再次检查一下均值、方差和标准差。这样可以确保你得出正确的标准差结果。 写下计算过程中所有采用的步骤。 这样如果出错了，你就能知道哪里出了错。 如果你在检查过程中得到不同的平均值、方差和标准差，仔细检查计算步骤，并重复计算。 |
0.927 | Calculating Z Scores | 计算Z分数 |
0.926 | Use the following format to find a z-score:
z = X - μ / σ. This formula allows you to calculate a z-score for any data point in your sample.
- Remember, a z-score is a measure of how many standard deviations a data point is away from the mean.
- In the formula X represents the figure you want to examine. For example, if you wanted to find out how many standard deviations 7.5 was from the mean in our example of tree heights, you would plug in 7.5 for X in the equation.
- In the formula, μ stands for the mean. In our sample of tree heights the mean was 7.9.
- In the formula, σ stands for the standard deviation. In our sample of tree heights the standard deviation was 0.74. | 使用以下格式找到Z分数：z = X - μ / σ。这个公式可以计算样本中的任何数据点的Z分数。 记住，Z分数用来衡量一个数据点与均值相差多少个标准差。 在公式中，X表示要检查的数据。举个例子，如果你想知道7.
5与树高的均值相差多少个标准差，你可以把7.5代入方程中的X。 在这个公式中，μ代表均值。在本例的树高样本中，均值是7.9。 在这个公式中，σ代表标准差。在本例的树高样本中，标准差是0.74。 |
0.906 | Start the formula by subtracting the mean from the data point you want to examine.
This will start out the calculations for a z-score.
- For example, in our sample of tree heights we want to find out how many standard deviations 7.5 is from the mean of 7.9.
- Therefore, you would perform the following: 7.5 - 7.9.
- 7.5 - 7.9 = -0.4.
- Double check that you have the correct mean and subtraction figure before you proceed. | 从要检查的数据点中减去平均值，再开始计算公式。这样就会开始计算Z分数。 例如，在树高样本中我们想求出7.
5与均值7.9相差多少个标准差。 因此，你需要执行以下操作：7.5 - 7.9。 7.5 - 7.9 = -0.4。 在进行下一步之前，仔细检查均值和减法得出的结果是否正确。 |
0.937 | Divide the subtraction figure you just completed by the standard deviation.
This calculation will provide you with your z-score.
- In our sample of tree heights, we want the z-score for the data point 7.5.
- We already subtracted the mean from 7.5, and came up with a figure of -0.4.
- Remember, the standard deviation from our sample of tree heights was 0.74.
- - 0.4 / 0.74 = - 0.54
- Therefore the z-score in this case is -0.54.
- This z-score means that 7.5 is -0.54 standard deviations away from the mean in our sample of tree heights.
- Z-scores can be both positive and negative numbers.
- A negative z-score indicates that the data point is less than the mean, and a positive z-score indicates the data point in question is larger than the mean. | 将刚做的减法得出的数据除以标准差。这样就可以算出Z分数。 在本例的树高样本中，我们要想求数据点7.
5的Z分数。 我们已经用7.5减去均值，并得到-0.4。 记住，树高样本的标准差是0.74。 - 0.4 / 0.74 = - 0.54 所以本例的Z分数为-0.54。 这个Z分数表示7.5与树高样本的均值相差-0.54个标准差。 Z分数既可以是正数，也可以是负数。 Z分数为负表示数据点小于均值，Z分数为正表示数据点大于均值。 |
0.805 | The diagonal of a square is the line stretching from one corner of the square to the opposite corner. To find the diagonal of a square, you can use the formula , where equals one side length of the square. Sometimes, however, you might be asked to find the length of the diagonal given another value, such as the perimeter or area of the square. In these instances it is necessary to use different formulas first, so that you can determine the side length before using the diagonal formula. | 正方形的对角线是连接两个对角的线段。要算出其对角线长度，你可以用公式
d
=
s
2
{\displaystyle d=s{\sqrt {2}}}
，其中的
s
{\displaystyle s}
表示正方形一条边的边长。但是，有时题目只会给出正方形的周长、面积等其他值，让你根据这些值来求对角线长度。在这些情况下，你必须先用其他公式来算出边长，然后再使用对角线公式。 |
0.817 | 4 Ways to Calculate a Discount | 3种方法来计算折扣 |
0.888 | Calculating a discount is one of the most useful math skills you can learn. You can apply it to tips at a restaurant, sales in stores, and setting rates for your own services. The basic way to calculate a discount is to multiply the original price by the decimal form of the percentage. To calculate the sale price of an item, subtract the discount from the original price.using a calculator, or you can round the price and estimate the discount in your head. | 计算折扣可能是学校所教的最有用的数学技能之一。在计算餐厅小费、商品优惠价，以及为你自己的服务设定费率时，你都得用到这项技能。计算折扣的基本方法是将原始价格乘以百分比的小数形式。然后从原来的标价中减去折扣就是商品的最终卖价。你可以使用计算器，也可以把价格四舍五入，然后心算出折扣。 |
0.936 | - You can also calculate the sale price automatically, instead of subtracting the discount from the original price. Subtract the discount percentage from 100. For example, if your discount is 30 percent, your remaining price will be 70 percent of its original price. Then, use the same methods to calculate 70 percent of the original price to find your new price.
- Download a dedicated discount calculator on your smartphone. Search for “discount calculator” in Google Play or the App Store. Then, open it and click the button to set the percentage discount and type in your item price. Press “Calculate” to find your discount. | - 在智能手机上下载专用折扣计算器。在谷歌商店或应用商店中搜索"折扣计算器"。打开后选择百分比折扣，输入商品的价格。按下"计算"键就能得到折扣后的价格了。
- 除了从原始价格中减去折扣这个方法，你还可以直接计算卖价。用100减去折扣百分数。例如，如果折扣为 30%，则剩余价格是原价的 70%。然后，使用相同的方法计算原始价格的 70%就能得到最终卖价了。 |
0.859 | Calculating the Discount and Sale Price | 计算折扣和卖价 |
0.83 | Convert
** the percentage discount to a decimal.
** To do this, think of the percent number with a decimal to the right of the last digit. Move the decimal point two places to the left to get the converted decimal. sign on a calculator.
- For example, you might want to calculate the sale price of a pair of shoes that is regularly $69.95. If the shoes are 25% off, you need to convert 25% to a decimal by thinking . | 把百分数折扣转换成小数。转换的方法就是想象百分数最后一个数字后边有一个小数点，把小数点往左移动两位就能得到小数。 % {\displaystyle \%} 符号。 比如，你想计算原价为$69.
95的鞋打折后卖多少钱。如果鞋子的折扣为25%，你就这么想： 25 % = 25.00 % = .25 {\displaystyle 25\%=25.00\%=.25} ，得到25%对应的小数。 |
0.822 | Multiply the original price by the decimal.
You can multiply the decimal by hand, or use a calculator. This will tell you the discount, or what value is being taken off the original price.
- For example, to find the 25% discount on a pair of $69.95 shoes, you would calculate . | 把原价和小数相乘。这一步可以心算，也可以使用计算器。算出的结果就是折扣，或者说从原价减去的部分。要想算出原价$69.
95 的鞋25%折扣后能少多少钱，你需要计算 69.95 × .25 = 17.49 {\displaystyle 69.95\times .25=17.49} 。 |
0.841 | Subtract
** the discount from the original price.
** To subtract decimals, line up the decimal points and subtract as you would whole numbers. Be careful to drop the decimal point down into your answer. You can also use a calculator. The difference will be the sale price of the item.
- For example, if a pair of shoes that are originally $69.95 have a discount of $17.49, calculate the sale price by subtracting:. So, the shoes are on sale for $52.46. | 用原价减去折扣。两个小数相减时，将小数点对齐，剩下的就和做整数减法一样。注意最后小数点也要往下移到答案上。除了在纸上计算，你也可以使用计算器。两者的差就是商品的销售价格。比如，一双鞋原来卖$69.
95 ，因为打折优惠了$17.49，于是最终销售价格就是： 69.95 − 17.49 = 52.46 {\displaystyle 69.95-17.49=52.46} 。所以，这双鞋打折后卖$52.46。 |
0.861 | Estimating the Discount and Sale Price | 估算折扣和销售价格 |
0.853 | Calculate 10 percent of the rounded price.
To mentally calculate 10% of a price, think of the price written as dollars and cents with a decimal point. Then, move the decimal point one place to the left. This will show you the number that is equal to 10%.
- For example, to calculate 10% of $50, think . So, 5 is 10% of 50. | 算出四舍五入后商品价格的10%。如果心算，方法如下：把价格看成美元和美分的形式，中间用小数点隔开。把小数点往左移动一位就能得到价格的10%。如需计算$50的10%，想象 $ 50 = $ 50.
00 = $ 5.00 {\displaystyle \$50=\$50.00=\$5.00} 。所以，5就是50的10%。 |
0.837 | Calculate the exact sale price.
A television is originally priced at $154.88. It now has a 40% discount.
- Convert the percentage discount to a decimal by moving the decimal two places to the left: .
- Multiply the original price by the decimal: .
- Subtract the discount from the original price: . So, the sale price of the television is $92.93. | 计算确切的销售价格。一台收音机原来的标价是$154.
88。现在购买可享受40%的折扣。 通过将小数点往左移动两位，把百分比折扣转换成小数： 40 % = 40.0 % = .40 {\displaystyle 40\%=40.0\%=.40} . 用原来的价格乘以这个小数： 154.88 × .40 = 61.95 {\displaystyle 154.88\times .40=61.95} . 从原价里剪去折扣： 154.88 − 61.95 = 92.93 {\displaystyle 154.88-61.95=92.93} 。所以收音机的卖价为$92.93。 |
0.839 | Find the exact sale price of a camera that is 15% off.
The original price is $449.95.
- Convert the percentage discount to a decimal by moving the decimal two places to the left: .
- Multiply the original price by the decimal: .
- Subtract the discount from the original price: . So, the sale price of the camera is $382.46. | 找到折扣为15%的照相机实际上卖多少钱。照相机的标价是$449.
95。 通过将小数点往左移动两位，把百分比折扣转换成小数： 15 % = 15.0 % = .15 {\displaystyle 15\%=15.0\%=.15} . 用原来的价格乘以这个小数： 449.95 × .15 = 67.49 {\displaystyle 449.95\times .15=67.49} . 从原价里减去折扣： 449.95 − 67.49 = 382.46 {\displaystyle 449.95-67.49=382.46} 。所以，照相机最后的卖价是$382.46。 |
0.932 | Estimate the sale price.
A tablet is regularly $199.99. On sale, it is 45% off.
- Round the original price to the nearest ten. Since $199.99 is only 1 cent away from $200, you would round up.
- Calculate 10% of the rounded price. Moving the decimal one place to the left, you should see that 10% of $200.00 is $20.00.
- Determine the number of tens in the percent off. Since , you know that there are 4 tens in 45%.
- Multiply 10% of the rounded price by the appropriate factor. Since the percentage off is 45%, you would multiply 10% of the rounded price by 4:
- Calculate 5% of the rounded price. This is half of 10%, which is $20. So half of $20 is $10.
- Add the remaining 5% to the discount. 40% is $80, and 5% is $10, so 45% is $90.
- Subtract the discount from the rounded price: . So the estimated sale price is $110. | 估算卖价。
一台平板电脑通常标价$199.99。打折的时候有45%的优惠。
- 把最初的价格四舍五入到10位。因为$199.99 和$200只差一美分，所以就看成200。
- 计算四舍五入后价格的10%。把小数点往左移动一位就能算出$200.00的10%是$20.00。
- 算出百分折扣的数字部分里有多少个10。因为，所以45%里有4个10。
- 把价格四舍五入后的10%与正确的系数相乘。因为折扣为45%，所以你需要用四舍五入后价格的10%乘以4。
- 计算价格四舍五入后的5%。5%是10%的一半，也就是$20。所以$20的一半是$10。
- 把剩下的5%算进折扣里。40%是$80，5%是$10，所以45%为$90。
- 从四舍五入的价格中剪去折扣：。所以平板电脑的预计卖价是$110。 |
0.842 | How to Calculate a Square Root by Hand (with Pictures) | 如何手算平方根（包含图片） |
0.814 | - Be sure to separate the digits into pairs from the decimal point. Separating 79,520,789,182.47897 as "79 52 07 89 18 2.4 78 97" will yield a useless number. Thanks Helpful 5 Not Helpful 3 | - 要确定从小数点开始分割数位，比如79,520,789,182.47897变为"79 52 07 89 18 2.4 78 97" 就没用了。 |
0.914 | 3 Ways to Calculate an Expected Value | 3种方法来计算期望值 |
0.95 | Expected value (EV) is a concept employed in statistics to help decide how beneficial or harmful an action might be. Knowing how to calculate expected value can be useful in numerical statistics, in gambling or other situations of probability, in stock market investing, or in many other situations that have a variety of outcomes. To calculate an expected value, you need to identify each outcome that may occur in the situation and the probability or chance of each outcome’s occurrence. | 期望值（EV）是统计学的一个概念，用于判定一个行为可能产生的有利或不利结果。在数值统计、赌博或其他概率情景，还有股票市场投资，或拥有多种结果的许多其他情景中，知道如何计算期望值是非常实用的。要计算期望值，你必须确定情景中可能发生的各种结果，以及各种结果发生的概率或可能性。 |
0.833 | Calculating the Expected Value of an Investment | 计算投资的期望值 |
0.914 | Define all possible outcomes.
Calculating EV is a very useful tool in investments and stock market predictions. As with any EV problem, you must begin by defining all possible outcomes. Generally, real world situations are not as easily definable as something like rolling dice or drawing cards. For that reason, analysts will create models that approximate stock market situations and use those models for their predictions.
- Suppose, for this example, that you can define 4 distinct results for your investment. These results are:
- 1. Earn an amount equal to your investment
- 2. Earn back half your investment
- 3. Neither gain nor lose
- 4. Lose your entire investment | 确定所有可能的结果。在投资和股票市场预测中，计算期望值是非常实用的工具。和所有期望值问题一样，你必须首先确定所有可能的结果。通常而言，现实世界不像掷骰子或抽牌那样容易定义。因此，分析师会创建近似股市情况的模型，并利用这些模型进行预测。例如，假设你可以为自己的投资确定4种不同的结果，具体如下： 1.
赚取与投资额相等的资金 2. 赚回一半的投资 3. 不赚不亏 4. 亏掉全部投资 |
0.862 | Assign values to each possible outcome.
In some cases, you may be able to assign a specific dollar value to the possible outcomes. Other times, in the case of a model, you may need to assign a value or score that represents monetary amounts.
- In the investment model, for simplicity, assume you invest $1. The assigned value of each outcome will be positive if you expect to earn money and negative if you expect to lose. In this problem, the four possible outcomes therefore have the following values, relative to the $1 investment:
- 1. Earn an amount equal to your investment = +1
- 2. Earn back half your investment = +0.5
- 3. Neither gain nor lose = 0
- 4. Lose your entire investment = -1 | 为每种可能的结果赋值。某些情况下，你可以为可能的结果赋予具体的人民币价值。其他时候，在建立模型的情况下，你必须赋值或指定分数来代表货币金额。在这个投资模型中，为了简便，假设你投入了1元钱。如果预计你会赚钱，那么结果的赋值为正数；反之，如果你会亏钱，那么结果的赋值为负数。因此，在这个问题中，相对于1元钱的投入，四种可能的结果被赋予如下值： 1.
赚取与投资额相等的资金 = +1 2.赚回一半的投资 = +0.5 3.不赚不亏 = 0 4.亏掉全部投资 = -1
确定每种结果的概率。在股市这类情景中，专业分析师的工作就是确认任何一只股票在任何一天发生涨或跌的可能性。结果的概率通常取决于许多外因。统计学家会与市场分析师合作，为预测模型指定合理的概率。在本例中，假设四种结果各自的概率相等，均为25%。 |
0.812 | Need to know how to find the area of a circle? This is a common geometry problem and figuring out the answer is pretty easy. In most cases, you can use the simple formula . If you don't know the radius, don't worry! We'll help you solve for the area no matter what info you're given, thanks to some of our other formulas. Read on to learn how to calculate the area of a circle using the radius, diameter, circumference, or even a sector of a circle. | 需要计算圆面积？这是很常见的几何问题，要找出答案相当简单。大多数时候，你都能借助简单的数学公式
A
=
π
r
2
{\displaystyle A=\pi r^{2}}
来计算。就算不知道半径，下面也会教你用直径、周长甚至是扇形面积算出圆面积。 |
0.8 | Measure or record the diameter.
Some problems or situations will not provide you with the radius. Instead, you may be given the diameter of a circle. If the diameter is drawn into your diagram, you can measure it with a ruler. Alternatively, you may just be told the value of the diameter.
- Assume for this example that the diameter of your circle is 20 inches. | 测量或记录直径。有些问题没有提供半径，而是给出直径。如果图上画了直径，你可以用尺来量。有的问题会直接给出直径的数值。 在这个例子中，假设圆形的直径为20英寸（50.
8厘米）。 |
0.889 | A hexagon is a polygon that has six sides and angles. Regular hexagons have six equal sides and angles and are composed of six equilateral triangles. There are a variety of ways to calculate the area of a hexagon, whether you're working with an irregular hexagon or a regular hexagon. If you want to know how to calculate the area of a hexagon, just follow these steps. | 六边形是有六条边、六个角的多边形。正六边形有六个相等的边和角，可看做由六个等边三角形组成。无论是正六边形还是不规则六变形，计算其面积的方法都有很多。如果你想知道如何计算六边形面积，可以参考以下的步骤。 |
0.804 | Write down the formula for finding the area of a hexagon with a given apothem.
The formula is simply Area = 1/2 x perimeter x apothem. | 写出根据边心距求解正六边形面积的公式。公式为： 面积 = 1/2 x 周长 x 边心距. |
0.904 | Use the apothem to find the perimeter.
Since the apothem is perpendicular to the side of the hexagon, it creates one side of a 30-60-90 triangle. The sides of a 30-60-90 triangle are in the proportion of x-x√3-2x, where the length of the short leg, which is across from the 30 degree angle, is represented by x, the length of the long leg, which is across from the 60 degree angle, is represented by x√3, and the hypotenuse is represented by 2x.
- The apothem is the side that is represented by x√3. Therefore, plug the length of the apothem into the formula
*a = x√3* and solve. If the apothem's length is 5√3, for example, plug it into the formula and get 5√3 cm = x√3, or x = 5 cm.
- By solving for x, you have found the length of the short leg of the triangle, 5. Since it represents half the length of one side of the hexagon, multiply it by 2 to get the full length of the side. 5 cm x 2 = 10 cm.
- Now that you know that the length of one side is 10, just multiply it by 6 to find the perimeter of the hexagon. 10 cm x 6 = 60 cm | 用边心距求周长。
由于边心距是垂直于边长的，它形成了一个30-60-90°的三角形的一边。这个30-60-90°三角形各边长的比例为 x-x√3-2x, 其中短直角边与30度角相对，以 x 表示, 长直角边与60度角相对，以 x√3 表示, 斜边以 2x 表示.
- 边心距是由 x√3 表示的那条边，因此，将边心距长度带入公式
*a = x√3* 中并求解。假如边心距为 5√3，带入公式得到 5√3 cm = x√3, 即 x = 5 cm.
- 求出 x, 即是求得了三角形的最短边, 5. 因为它是六边形边长的一半, 将它乘以2即可得到六边形边长. 5 cm x 2 = 10 cm.
- 现在你已求得了六边形的边长 10, 将它乘以6即可得到其周长。 10 cm x 6 = 60 cm
将所有已知量带入公式中。求周长是最难的一步。现在你只需将边心距和周长带入公式中并求解就可以了： 面积 = 1/2 x 周长 x 边心距 面积 = 1/2 x 60 cm x 5√3 cm |
0.824 | How to Calculate the Area of a Polygon: 15 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何计算多边形面积: 15 步骤 |
0.833 | The most common way to find the area of a triangle is to take half of the base times the height. Numerous other formulas exist, however, for finding the area of a triangle, depending on what information you know. Using information about the sides and angles of a triangle, it is possible to calculate the area without knowing the height. | 我们通常用三角形的底边长乘以高，再除以2，来计算三角形的面积。但是实际上，还有很多方法可以算三角形面积。你可以根据已知的信息，选择不同的公式来计算三角形面积。如果你知道边长和夹角度数时，可以利用这些数据，在不知道高的情况下算出三角形的面积。 |
0.884 | - If you're not exactly sure why the base-height formula works this way, here's a quick explanation. If you make a second, identical triangle and fit the two copies together, it will either form a rectangle (two right triangles) or a parallelogram (two non-right triangles). To find the area of a rectangle or parallelogram, simply multiply base by height. Since a triangle is half of a rectangle or parallelogram, you must therefore solve for
*half*
of base times height. | - 如果你不是很理解三角形面积公式的推算过程（或计算原理），那么这里有一个简单的解释，能帮助你的理解。如果你画一个跟原三角形一模一样的三角形，并把两个三角形拼在一起，就会形成一个矩形（两个直角三角形拼在一起），或平行四边形（非直角三角形）。如果要计算矩形或平行四边形的面积，你需要用底边长乘以高。由于矩形或平行四边形等于两个三角形大小，所以三角形的面积就是底乘以高，然后再除以2。 |
0.834 | How to Calculate the Area of an Ellipse: 5 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何计算椭圆的面积: 5 步骤 |
0.868 | C = πd to find the circumference if you know the diameter.
In this equation, "C" represents the circumference of the circle, and "d" represents its diameter. That is to say, you can find the circumference of a circle just by multiplying the diameter by pi. Plugging π into your calculator will give you its numerical value, which is a closer approximation of 3.14 or 22/7.
- Diameter means a straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and has its endpoints on the sides of the circle. | 写下利用半径计算圆周长的公式。公式很简单：C=πd。在这个公式中，C代表周长，d为直径。也就是说，想计算圆周长只需要用直径乘以圆周率π。在计算器中输入π的话会显示出它的数值，约等于3.
14或22/7。直径是指通过圆心的线段，它的端点在圆的两侧。 |
0.921 | Use the formula C = 2πr to find the circumference using the radius.
In this formula, "r" represents the radius of the circle. Again, you can plug π into your calculator to get its numeral value, which is a closer approximation of 3.14.
- A radius is any line segment that extends from the center of the circle and has its other endpoint on the edge of the circle.
- You might notice this is similar to the C = πd formula. That’s because the radius is half as long as the diameter, so the diameter can be thought of as 2r. | 写下利用半径计算圆周长的公式。半径长度为直径的一半，所以直径也可以写成2r。这样圆周长的公式就可以写成C = 2πr.
在这个公式中，r为半径。在计算器中输入π的话会显示出它的数值，约等于3.14。 半径是指从圆心延伸出来的任何线段，它的另一个端点位于圆的边缘。 你会发现这和C=πd公式很相似。这是因为半径是直径的一半，所以直径相当于是2r。 |
0.845 | Plug the given radius into the equation and solve.
For this example, let's say you're cutting out a decorative strip of paper to wrap around the edge of a pie you've just made. The radius of the pie is 5 inches. To find the circumference that you need, just plug the radius into the equation:
- C = 2πr
- C = 2π x 5
- C = 10π
- C = 31.4 inches | 把半径带入公式计算圆周长。比如说，你刚做好一块馅饼，想在周围装饰做一圈纸带装饰。馅饼的半径为5厘米。把半径带入公式即可得出馅饼周长： C = 2πr C = 2π x 5 C = 10π C = 31.
4 cm |
0.831 | Need to find the diameter of a circle? Calculating diameter is easy—you just need the radius, the circumference, or the area. Even if you don't have any of those dimensions, you can still find the diameter if you have a drawing of the circle. Keep reading to learn all of the different formulas you can use to find the diameter of a circle, examples included. | 计算圆周直径 只要知道一个圆周的任一参数，计算其直径很容易：半径、周长、面积。如果你不知道以上数据，但是有圆周的图，也可以算出直径。假如你想知道如何计算圆周的直径，遵照以下步骤进行即可。 |
0.882 | - Familiarize yourself with the use of a compass (the drawing tool, not the direction-finder). This is a very useful instrument in many applications, including drawing a circle's diameter, as outlined above. A divider (an instrument similar to a compass) can sometimes be used in such cases.
- Using geometrical formulas and equations gets easier with practice. Ask for help from someone who has worked with circles or any other geometrical figures. You're likely to find that questions of geometry will seem less challenging with a little experience. | - 熟练使用圆规。这种工具用途广泛，包括如上所述作图得出圆周直径。分线规（与圆规类似）有时也可用于此类情形。
- 多加练习，使用几何公式与等式就会更加得心应手。向在圆规或其他几何形状上有经验的人请教。你很可能会发现有了经验之后，几何问题看起来就没那么困难了。 |
0.937 | 3 Ways to Calculate the Market Value of a Company | 3种方法来计算一家公司的市场价值 |
0.881 | If you're thinking of investing in a company or selling yours, calculating the value of that company can help you get your money's worth. The market value of a company represents investor expectations of a company's future earnings. | 如果你正考虑投资一家公司，或想转让自己的公司，那么知道如何计算公司的价值能够帮你避免金钱损失。公司的市场价值代表投资者对公司未来收益的预期。 |
0.954 | - The reason for your evaluation should influence the weight which you afford the company's market value. If you are considering investing in a company, your primary concern should be calculating the company's CAGR
(compounded annual growth rate), not its total value or size.
- A company's market value can be significantly different than other measures of a company's worth, like book value (net asset value of physical assets minus liabilities) and enterprise value (another measure that takes debt into account) due to variations in debt obligations and other factors. | - 估值原因会影响你赋予公司市场价值的权重。如果正考虑投资一家公司，那么你重点关注的应该是计算该公司的复合年增长率（CAGR），而非其总价值或规模。
- 由于债务义务和其他因素的变化，公司的市场价值可能与其他方法衡量得到的公司价值有很大不同，如账面价值（实物资产的净值减去负债），以及企业价值（另一种考虑债务的衡量方法）。 |
0.847 | Calculating Market Value Using Market Capitalization | 使用市值来计算市场价值 |
0.832 | Finding Market Value Using Comparable Companies | 使用相似公司来确定市场价值 |
0.903 | Determine if this is the right valuation method to use.
This valuation method works well if a company is privately held or if the market capitalization figure is deemed unrealistic for any reason. To estimate a company's value, look at the sales prices for comparable businesses.
- Market capitalization may be deemed unrealistic if a company's value is mostly held in intangible assets and investor overconfidence or speculation drives the price up way beyond reasonable limits.
- This method has several shortcomings. First, it may be difficult to find enough data, as sales of comparable businesses may be very infrequent. Also, this valuation method does not account for significant differences between business sales, such as whether the company was sold under duress.
- However, if you are trying to find the market value of a private company, your options are limited, and comparison is a simple way to get a rough estimate. | 确定这是否是合适的估值方法。
如果公司是私人持股公司，或市值因为任何原因被认为与现实不符，那么这个方法就是另一种有效的估值方法。为了评估这家公司的价值，你可以看看相似企业的出售价格。
- 如果一家公司的价值主要体现在无形资产，投资者过度自信或投机行为将价格推高，超出了合理限度，此时市值就与实际不符。
- 此方法有几个缺点。首先，难以找到足够的数据，因为类似公司的转让出售可能非常罕见。此外，这种估计方法不能说明企业转让出售之间的重大差异，例如公司是否是被迫出售。
- 但是，如果你想知道一家私有公司的市场价值，可用的方法不多，而比较估值法是一个可以得到粗略估值的简单方法。
找到相似的公司。在选择哪些企业具有可比性时，需要慎重考虑几个方面。理想情况下，用于对比的公司和待估值的公司应在同一行业，具备大致相同的规模，拥有相似的销售额和利润。此外，对比公司的出售转让应于近期发生，这样才能大致反应最新的市场状况。 如果想确定一家私有公司的市场价值，你可以利用相同行业和规模类似的上市公司。这会更简单一些，因为你可以通过网上搜索，使用市值方法在几分钟内算出它们的市场价值。 |
0.846 | Calculating the mass of an object is a necessary step in many science experiments and math problems. Without guidance it may seem impossible, but with these simple steps it'll be easy as pi. | 在许多科学实验和数学难题的解决过程中，计算一个物体的质量往往是必不可少的一步。在毫无指导的情况下，计算物体的质量也许非常棘手，但学习本文的方法后，你将发现计算物体的质量变得很容易。 |
0.806 | How to Calculate the Mean: 4 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何计算平均值: 4 步骤 |
0.87 | - The number π {\displaystyle \pi } actually comes from circles. If you measure the circumference C and diameter d of a circle very precisely, then calculate C ÷ d {\displaystyle C\div d} , you always get π {\displaystyle \pi } . Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0 | - 事实上，圆周率 p i {\displaystyle pi} 就来自于圆形。如果你非常精确地测得了圆周“C”和直径“d”，然后用 C ÷ d {\displaystyle C\div d} 就能计算得出圆周率 p i {\displaystyle pi} 。 |
0.877 | You can calculate the volume of a cone easily once you know its height and radius and can plug those measurements into the formula for finding the volume of a cone. The formula for finding the volume of a cone is v = hπr. | 你只要知道一个圆锥体的高度和半径，将这些尺寸代入圆锥体积计算公式就能很容易地计算其体积。圆锥体积计算公式是v = hπr.下面介绍如何求一个圆锥体的体积。 |
0.805 | Use the radius to find the area of the base circle.
To find the area of the base circle, you can just use the same formula you'd use to find the area of a circle: **A = πr**. Plug ".5" in for r to get**A = π(.5)** and square the radius and multiply it by the value of π to find the area of the circular base. π(.5) | 用半径求基圆面积。为了求基圆的面积你用求圆面积的公式即可： A = πr.
将r的值”0.5"代入上式， A = π(0.5)将半径平方后乘以π值即可得基圆的面积。π(0.5) |
0.879 | 5 Ways to Calculate the Volume of a Prism | 5种方法来计算一个棱柱的体积 |
0.804 | - This method can be further generalized to such objects as pentagonal pyramids, hexagonal pyramids, etc. The overall process is: A) calculate the area of the base shape; B) measure the height from the tip of the pyramid to the center of the base shape; C) multiply A with B; D) divide by 3.
- In a square pyramid, the true height, slant height, and length of the edge of the base face are all related by the Pythagorean theorem: (edge ÷ 2) Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 2
- In all regular pyramids, the slant height, edge height, and edge length are also related by the Pythagorean theorem: (edge ÷ 2) Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 2 | - 根据勾股定理，在所有正棱锥中，斜高、侧棱长和底面边长都有如下关系：（底面边长/2）
- 根据勾股定理，在正四棱锥中，高、斜高和底面边长有如下关系：（底面边长/2）
- 可以把这个方法一般化，来计算五棱锥、六棱锥等等。总的过程是：（1）计算底面的面积；（2）测量从棱锥顶点到底面中心的距离；（3）将前两步的结果相乘；（4）把结果除以3。 |
0.833 | - Pyramids have three kinds of height --- a slant height, down the center of the triangular sides; a true height or perpendicular height, that goes from the tip of the pyramid to the center of the base face; and an edge height, that goes down one edge of the triangular sides. For volume, you
*must*
use the
*true*
height. | - 棱锥有三个容易混淆的长度：“斜高”是侧面的三角形的高；“棱锥的高”是从棱锥顶点到底面中心的距离；“侧棱长”是侧面的三角形的腰的长度。计算体积必须使用“棱锥的高”。 |
0.857 | How to Calculate the Volume of a Rectangular Prism: 5 Steps | 如何计算长方体的体积: 5 步骤 |
0.802 | How to Calculate the Volume of a Sphere: 5 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何计算球的体积: 5 步骤 |
1 | ||
0.805 | How to Calculate the Volume of a Triangular Prism: 6 Steps | 如何计算三角柱的体积: 4 步骤 |
0.844 | How to Calibrate and Use a pH Meter: 12 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何标定和使用pH计: 12 步骤 |
0.942 | Chemists, biologists, environmentalists, and lab technicians alike all use pH to measure the acidic and basic potentials of a solution. A pH meter is very useful and the most accurate tool available to test pH levels. There are many simple steps, from preparing your materials to methodically calibrating and testing, to ensure you have the most accurate reading of pH levels possible. | 化学家、生物学家、环保主义者和实验室技术人员等人都会用pH值来衡量水溶液的酸碱度。pH计很实用，是测试pH值最准确的工具。从准备器材到系统地进行标定和测量，只用简单几步，你就能测出最准确的pH值。 |
0.864 | - Be sure to always ask questions if you are unsure about a process. Ask your supervisor in your lab or consult your operator's manual at home. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
- All pH meters are a little different. Check all necessary manuals before starting to calibrate and use your pH meter. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 2 | - 有关pH计的操作流程，不懂就问。可以咨询实验室管理员或在家中查阅操作指南。
- 每种pH计都有点差异。在标定和使用pH计之前，请查阅操作指南的每个要点。 |
0.882 | How to Call Australia: 7 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何给澳大利亚打电话: 7 步骤 |
0.933 | Placing a phone call to Australia from anywhere in the world is quick and easy. Prior to making your phone call, you will need to check the time in Australia and obtain your international exit code (UK and New Zealand = 00, USA and Canada = 011), Australia's country code (61), the local area/city code, and the local phone number. Make the call from your home phone or mobile, or consider using an alternative communication option to reduce the cost of the call. | 从世界任何地方拨打澳大利亚的电话都非常方便。拨打电话之前，你得查一下澳大利亚当地的时间，并弄清楚国际出口码（英国和新西兰是00，美国和加拿大是011）、澳大利亚的国家代码（61）、当地/城市代码以及当地的电话号码。你可以通过固定电话或手机来拨打，或者也可以考虑用其他通信方式，以便降低通话费用。 |
0.889 | - Check the local time before you place your call to avoid accidentally calling your contact in the middle of the night. Australia has three standard time zones: Australian Western Standard Time (AWST), Australian Central Standard Time (ACST) and Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST). These time zones are respectively 13-15 hours ahead of United States Eastern Standard Time (EST). | - 拨打电话之前，要弄清楚当地的时间，免得大半夜给对方打电话。澳大利亚有三个标准时区：澳大利亚西部标准时间（AWST）、澳大利亚中央标准时间（ACST）和澳大利亚东部标准时间（AEST）。所以当地时间有的和中国一样，有的又要早3小时。 |
0.803 | - Most spam calls are robocalls, meaning that the voice on the other end of the line doesn't belong to a real person. Calling these numbers back is pointless, and doing so could encourage the spammer to harass you even more. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0 | - 大多数垃圾来电都是自动呼叫，也就是说电话的另一头并不是真人。回拨这些号码毫无意义，甚至会导致自己的号码被添加到更多垃圾来电服务的呼叫列表中。 |
0.879 | How to Call India: 14 Steps (with Pictures) | 如何打电话到印度: 14 步骤 |
0.879 | Placing an international phone call to India can seem intimidating at first, but the process is fairly simple as long as you know your country's exit code, the access code for India, the area code your contact resides in, and the subscriber's individual phone number. Here's how to do it. | 给印度地区打电话听起来似乎挺困难挺麻烦的，但事实上这个过程非常的简单，只要你知道你所在国家的退出代码，印度的电话代码，你要拨打的区域码，以及对方的具体电话号码。现在就来教你如何去打这个电话。 |
Subsets and Splits