question
stringlengths 30
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stringlengths 1
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stringclasses 74
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stringlengths 4
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stringlengths 141
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| golden_answers
listlengths 1
21
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What is the main immunosuppressive drug studied for its inhaled effects on allergen-induced late asthmatic response in guinea pigs?
|
Cyclosporin A
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
7887807
|
Effect of inhaled cyclosporin A on the allergen-induced late asthmatic response and increased in airway hyperresponsiveness in a guinea pig model of asthma.
|
<question>What is the main immunosuppressive drug studied for its inhaled effects on allergen-induced late asthmatic response in guinea pigs?</question>
<answer>Cyclosporin A</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Cyclosporin A",
"Cyclosporine A",
"CsA",
"cyclosporin",
"cyclosporine"
] |
What anesthetic agent was used in subanesthetic concentrations during the cesarean section for the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
|
sevoflurane
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
34713849
|
Transversus abdominis plane block provides effective and safe anesthesia in the cesarean section for an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parturient: A case report.
|
<question>What anesthetic agent was used in subanesthetic concentrations during the cesarean section for the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?</question>
<answer>sevoflurane</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"sevoflurane",
"sevo",
"Ultane",
"Sojourn"
] |
What compound is commonly measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in biological membranes?
|
malondialdehyde
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
3925992
|
Lipid peroxidation decreases the rotational mobility of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes.
|
<question>What compound is commonly measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in biological membranes?</question>
<answer>malondialdehyde</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"malondialdehyde",
"MDA",
"1,3-propanedial",
"propanedial",
"malonaldehyde"
] |
What is a risk factor for developing mild cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults with multimorbidity in Hong Kong?
|
older age
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
32139719
|
Incidence of and Risk factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults with Multimorbidity in Hong Kong.
|
<question>What is a risk factor for developing mild cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults with multimorbidity in Hong Kong?</question>
<answer>older age</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"older age",
"advanced age",
"increased age",
"aging",
"older adults",
"elderly",
"advanced years"
] |
What enzyme is responsible for isomerizing phosphorylated proline-directed serine/threonine residues in neurofilament-H?
|
Pin1
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
17626162
|
Inhibition of Pin1 reduces glutamate-induced perikaryal accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilament-H in neurons.
|
<question>What enzyme is responsible for isomerizing phosphorylated proline-directed serine/threonine residues in neurofilament-H?</question>
<answer>Pin1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Pin1",
"Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1",
"PPIase NIMA-interacting 1",
"Protein never in mitosis gene a interacting-1",
"PPIase Pin1",
"Rotamase Pin1",
"PIN1 peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase"
] |
Which inflammatory biomarker, when elevated along with fibrinogen and leukocyte count, is associated with increased risk of comorbidities in COPD patients?
|
C-reactive protein
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
22983959
|
Inflammatory biomarkers and comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
|
<question>Which inflammatory biomarker, when elevated along with fibrinogen and leukocyte count, is associated with increased risk of comorbidities in COPD patients?</question>
<answer>C-reactive protein</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"C-reactive protein",
"CRP",
"C reactive protein",
"C-Reactive Protein"
] |
Which steroid backbone was used in the synthesis of the novel 16-spiro hybrid heterocycles described in the study?
|
trans-androsterone
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
23376110
|
Synthesis of novel 16-spiro steroids: spiro-7'-(aryl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazolo-trans-androsterone hybrid heterocycles.
|
<question>Which steroid backbone was used in the synthesis of the novel 16-spiro hybrid heterocycles described in the study?</question>
<answer>trans-androsterone</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"trans-androsterone",
"androsterone",
"3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one",
"5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one"
] |
Which peptide fragment of bacteriorhodopsin is labeled with cobalt after modification with pentaammineaquocobalt(III)?
|
C1
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
2775714
|
Modification of two peptides of bacteriorhodopsin with a pentaamminecobalt (III) complex.
|
<question>Which peptide fragment of bacteriorhodopsin is labeled with cobalt after modification with pentaammineaquocobalt(III)?</question>
<answer>C1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"C1",
"C-1",
"N-terminal fragment",
"N-terminus fragment",
"C1 peptide",
"C1 fragment"
] |
What does the acronym VCT stand for in the context of HIV prevention?
|
Voluntary counselling and testing
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
18562460
|
Community action for preventing HIV in Cambodia: evaluation of a 3-year project.
|
<question>What does the acronym VCT stand for in the context of HIV prevention?</question>
<answer>Voluntary counselling and testing</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Voluntary counselling and testing",
"Voluntary counseling and testing",
"VCT"
] |
What tool was used to rate the quality of high school programs for students with autism spectrum disorder?
|
Autism Program Environment Rating Scale-Middle/High School
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
31747775
|
Quality of high school programs for students with autism spectrum disorder.
|
<question>What tool was used to rate the quality of high school programs for students with autism spectrum disorder?</question>
<answer>Autism Program Environment Rating Scale-Middle/High School</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Autism Program Environment Rating Scale-Middle/High School",
"APERS-MHS",
"Autism Program Environment Rating Scale Middle/High School",
"APERS Middle/High School",
"APERS MHS"
] |
What type of molecules serve as receptors for Helicobacter pylori on human gastric mucosa?
|
glycosphingolipids
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
2037054
|
Identification of glycolipid receptors for Helicobacter pylori by TLC-immunostaining.
|
<question>What type of molecules serve as receptors for Helicobacter pylori on human gastric mucosa?</question>
<answer>glycosphingolipids</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"glycosphingolipids",
"glycosphingolipid",
"GSLs",
"GSL",
"glycolipids"
] |
What three structures are injured in the Triad of O'Donoghue in the knee?
|
anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
2083435
|
Trilogy of the "Triad of O'Donoghue" in the knee and its analogy to the TMJ derangement.
|
<question>What three structures are injured in the Triad of O'Donoghue in the knee?</question>
<answer>anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"anterior cruciate ligament",
"ACL",
"medial collateral ligament",
"MCL",
"medial meniscus",
"internal meniscus"
] |
Which HLA class II antigen is significantly increased in frequency in patients with coeliac disease but not in those with dermatitis herpetiformis?
|
DR7
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
3457750
|
Different HLA associated gene combinations contribute to susceptibility for coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.
|
<question>Which HLA class II antigen is significantly increased in frequency in patients with coeliac disease but not in those with dermatitis herpetiformis?</question>
<answer>DR7</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"DR7",
"HLA-DR7",
"HLA DR7",
"Human Leukocyte Antigen DR7"
] |
What human cell line is commonly used as a model of small intestinal absorptive cells for transepithelial transport studies?
|
Caco-2
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
2023869
|
A model of human small intestinal absorptive cells. 1. Transport barrier.
|
<question>What human cell line is commonly used as a model of small intestinal absorptive cells for transepithelial transport studies?</question>
<answer>Caco-2</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Caco-2",
"Caco2",
"Caco 2",
"Caco-2 cell",
"Caco-2 cells",
"Caco2 cell",
"Caco2 cells"
] |
Which dopamine receptor subtype does the described tool molecule act as a partial agonist for?
|
D2
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
20153647
|
The identification of a selective dopamine D2 partial agonist, D3 antagonist displaying high levels of brain exposure.
|
<question>Which dopamine receptor subtype does the described tool molecule act as a partial agonist for?</question>
<answer>D2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"D2",
"D2 receptor",
"dopamine D2 receptor",
"DRD2",
"D2R"
] |
What is the natural ligand for CD147?
|
Cyclophilin A
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
27133068
|
CD147 stimulates hepatoma cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells by interaction with Cyclophilin A.
|
<question>What is the natural ligand for CD147?</question>
<answer>Cyclophilin A</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Cyclophilin A",
"CypA",
"peptidylprolyl isomerase A",
"PPIA"
] |
What type of heart disease did the patients in this rehabilitation study have?
|
ischemic heart disease
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
16060278
|
[Static and dynamic physical loads in rehabilitation of inpatients with ischemic heart disease].
|
<question>What type of heart disease did the patients in this rehabilitation study have?</question>
<answer>ischemic heart disease</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"ischemic heart disease",
"ischaemic heart disease",
"coronary artery disease",
"CAD",
"coronary heart disease",
"CHD"
] |
Which enzyme is activated by the polypeptide that induces lymphocyte differentiation?
|
adenylate cyclase
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
1078892
|
Isolation of a polypeptide that has lymphocyte-differentiating properties and is probably represented universally in living cells.
|
<question>Which enzyme is activated by the polypeptide that induces lymphocyte differentiation?</question>
<answer>adenylate cyclase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"adenylate cyclase",
"adenyl cyclase",
"adenylyl cyclase",
"AC",
"EC 4.6.1.1"
] |
Which cytokine is positively correlated with elastase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid of rapidly progressive periodontitis patients?
|
TNF-alpha
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
11780234
|
[The role of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in hyper-reactivity of neutrophils in rapidly progressive periodontitis patients].
|
<question>Which cytokine is positively correlated with elastase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid of rapidly progressive periodontitis patients?</question>
<answer>TNF-alpha</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"TNF-alpha",
"TNFα",
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha",
"Tumor necrosis factor-α",
"TNF",
"Tumor necrosis factor"
] |
What class of compounds do costatamins A, B, and C belong to?
|
4-phenylcoumarins
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
30654131
|
Costatamins A - C, new 4-phenylcoumarins with anti-inflammatory activity from the Australian woodland tree Angophora costata (Myrtaceae).
|
<question>What class of compounds do costatamins A, B, and C belong to?</question>
<answer>4-phenylcoumarins</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"4-phenylcoumarins",
"4-phenyl coumarins",
"4-phenylcoumarin derivatives",
"4-phenyl-coumarins"
] |
Which type of adrenoceptor is primarily activated by dexmedetomidine to produce hypnotic-anesthetic effects in rats?
|
alpha-2 adrenoceptor
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
2568769
|
Dexmedetomidine produces a hypnotic-anesthetic action in rats via activation of central alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
|
<question>Which type of adrenoceptor is primarily activated by dexmedetomidine to produce hypnotic-anesthetic effects in rats?</question>
<answer>alpha-2 adrenoceptor</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"alpha-2 adrenoceptor",
"alpha-2 adrenergic receptor",
"α2 adrenoceptor",
"α2 adrenergic receptor",
"alpha2 adrenoceptor",
"alpha2 adrenergic receptor",
"alpha-2A adrenoceptor",
"α2A adrenoceptor",
"alpha-2 receptor",
"α2 receptor"
] |
What imaging technique is used to provide additional information for evaluating ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow?
|
MR arthrography
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
8915046
|
MR arthrography of elbow: evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow.
|
<question>What imaging technique is used to provide additional information for evaluating ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow?</question>
<answer>MR arthrography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"MR arthrography",
"magnetic resonance arthrography",
"MRA",
"MRI arthrography"
] |
Which environmental trait was found to be the most important for predicting metal accumulation in aquatic invertebrates?
|
relation with the sediment
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
29100179
|
Modeling whole body trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrate communities: A trait-based approach.
|
<question>Which environmental trait was found to be the most important for predicting metal accumulation in aquatic invertebrates?</question>
<answer>relation with the sediment</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"relation with the sediment",
"sediment relationship",
"sediment association",
"sediment interaction",
"association with sediment",
"sediment-relatedness",
"sediment linkage",
"sediment connectivity"
] |
What type of cell death is induced by celastrol in non-small cell lung cancer cells?
|
paraptosis
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
33230821
|
Celastrol acts synergistically with afatinib to suppress non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by inducing paraptosis.
|
<question>What type of cell death is induced by celastrol in non-small cell lung cancer cells?</question>
<answer>paraptosis</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"paraptosis"
] |
What gene's promoter region showed increased methylation in the livers of rats prenatally exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)?
|
GSTP
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
20621739
|
Alterations in tumor biomarker GSTP gene methylation patterns induced by prenatal exposure to PFOS.
|
<question>What gene's promoter region showed increased methylation in the livers of rats prenatally exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)?</question>
<answer>GSTP</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"GSTP",
"Glutathione S-transferase Pi",
"GSTP1",
"glutathione S-transferase pi 1"
] |
What is the most common primary malignant tumor of the inferior vena cava?
|
Leiomyosarcoma
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
841050
|
The angiographic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava.
|
<question>What is the most common primary malignant tumor of the inferior vena cava?</question>
<answer>Leiomyosarcoma</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Leiomyosarcoma",
"LMS",
"leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava",
"IVC leiomyosarcoma"
] |
Which mineral is commonly used in mouthrinses to increase the saturation level of dental plaque fluid with respect to enamel mineral?
|
hydroxyapatite
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
10467940
|
Effect of in situ plaque mineral supplementation on the state of saturation of plaque fluid during sugar-induced acidogenesis.
|
<question>Which mineral is commonly used in mouthrinses to increase the saturation level of dental plaque fluid with respect to enamel mineral?</question>
<answer>hydroxyapatite</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"hydroxyapatite",
"hydroxylapatite",
"HA",
"Ca5(PO4)3OH",
"calcium hydroxyapatite",
"calcium apatite"
] |
Which material demonstrated the highest mean shear bond strength to enamel among Feldspathic ceramic, IPS Empress II, and Gradia?
|
Feldspathic ceramic
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
20085614
|
Ceramic (Feldspathic & IPS Empress II) vs. laboratory composite (Gradia) veneers; a comparison between their shear bond strength to enamel; an in vitro study.
|
<question>Which material demonstrated the highest mean shear bond strength to enamel among Feldspathic ceramic, IPS Empress II, and Gradia?</question>
<answer>Feldspathic ceramic</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Feldspathic ceramic",
"feldspathic porcelain",
"feldspathic ceramics",
"feldspathic dental ceramic",
"feldspathic dental porcelain"
] |
What type of nanoparticle-based drug delivery system was used in the study of cerebral ischemia?
|
liposomes
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
23268342
|
Nanoparticles accumulate in ischemic core and penumbra region even when cerebral perfusion is reduced.
|
<question>What type of nanoparticle-based drug delivery system was used in the study of cerebral ischemia?</question>
<answer>liposomes</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"liposomes",
"liposomal nanoparticles",
"liposome",
"lipid vesicles",
"phospholipid vesicles",
"lipid nanoparticles"
] |
What radiosurgery scale is associated with favorable outcomes in brainstem arteriovenous malformation patients after stereotactic radiosurgery?
|
Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale
|
8
|
Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems
|
34087891
|
The predictors of clinical outcomes in brainstem arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery.
|
<question>What radiosurgery scale is associated with favorable outcomes in brainstem arteriovenous malformation patients after stereotactic radiosurgery?</question>
<answer>Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat>
|
[
"Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale",
"Virginia Radiosurgery Arteriovenous Malformation Scale",
"VRAS"
] |
Which complement fragment in plasma correlates inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with FSGS?
|
Ba
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
26335102
|
Complement Activation in Patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.
|
<question>Which complement fragment in plasma correlates inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with FSGS?</question>
<answer>Ba</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Ba",
"Complement Ba",
"Complement fragment Ba",
"Factor B fragment Ba",
"CFB Ba"
] |
Which body region is most commonly affected by musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Germany?
|
neck
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
33255491
|
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists and Dental Students in Germany.
|
<question>Which body region is most commonly affected by musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Germany?</question>
<answer>neck</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"neck",
"cervical region",
"cervix",
"nuchal region"
] |
What region of Thailand was studied to compare working and living conditions of construction workers on different sized sites?
|
Northeastern Thailand
|
None
|
Geographical focus in epidemiological or occupational health studies (not a category in the list, but closest to demographic/epidemiological context)
|
9322283
|
Working and living conditions of construction workers: comparison between large and small construction sites in northeastern Thailand.
|
<question>What region of Thailand was studied to compare working and living conditions of construction workers on different sized sites?</question>
<answer>Northeastern Thailand</answer>
<cat_num>None</cat_num>
<cat>Geographical focus in epidemiological or occupational health studies (not a category in the list, but closest to demographic/epidemiological context)</cat>
|
[
"Northeastern Thailand",
"Northeast Thailand",
"Isan",
"Isaan",
"Esan"
] |
Which enzyme activity in the pancreas was depressed by exogenous enzyme supplementation in young meat-type chicks?
|
chymotrypsin
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
7537505
|
Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on development of the digestive tract, pancreatic enzyme activities and digestibility of nutrients in young meat-type chicks.
|
<question>Which enzyme activity in the pancreas was depressed by exogenous enzyme supplementation in young meat-type chicks?</question>
<answer>chymotrypsin</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"chymotrypsin",
"chymotrypsinogen",
"EC 3.4.21.1"
] |
What lysosomal storage disorder can present with restrictive cardiomyopathy in children?
|
Gaucher disease
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
34213482
|
Restrictive cardiomyopathy: A rare presentation of gaucher disease.
|
<question>What lysosomal storage disorder can present with restrictive cardiomyopathy in children?</question>
<answer>Gaucher disease</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Gaucher disease",
"Gaucher's disease",
"glucocerebrosidase deficiency",
"acid beta-glucosidase deficiency",
"GBA deficiency"
] |
Which quinolone antibiotic was found to be the most active against Campylobacter jejuni?
|
tosufloxacin
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
2076595
|
In vitro activity of tosufloxacin against bacterial enteric pathogens.
|
<question>Which quinolone antibiotic was found to be the most active against Campylobacter jejuni?</question>
<answer>tosufloxacin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"tosufloxacin",
"tosufloxacine",
"tosufloxacina",
"tosufloxacin mesylate"
] |
Which repeated DNA sequence is noted for being highly methylated in the human genome?
|
Alu
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
10543452
|
Tight interaction between densely methylated DNA fragments and the methyl-CpG binding domain of the rat MeCP2 protein attached to a solid support.
|
<question>Which repeated DNA sequence is noted for being highly methylated in the human genome?</question>
<answer>Alu</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Alu",
"Alu element",
"Alu repeat",
"Alu sequence",
"Alu family",
"Alu repetitive element"
] |
Which area of the brain is involved in encoding vibrotactile stimulus velocity?
|
primary somatosensory cortex
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
16649718
|
Psychophysical investigations into cortical encoding of vibrotactile stimuli.
|
<question>Which area of the brain is involved in encoding vibrotactile stimulus velocity?</question>
<answer>primary somatosensory cortex</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"primary somatosensory cortex",
"S1",
"SI",
"somatosensory cortex",
"primary sensory cortex",
"postcentral gyrus"
] |
What type of antibody is considered important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
|
anti-dsDNA antibody
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
12492255
|
A case of systemic lupus erythematosus that manifested in the course of schizophrenia.
|
<question>What type of antibody is considered important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?</question>
<answer>anti-dsDNA antibody</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"anti-dsDNA antibody",
"anti-double stranded DNA antibody",
"anti-double-stranded DNA antibody",
"anti-ds DNA antibody",
"anti-dsDNA",
"anti-ds DNA",
"anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibody",
"anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibody"
] |
Which laboratory marker was associated with increased risk of death and stroke among diabetic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy?
|
HbA1c
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
30192204
|
Impact of diabetes mellitus on early outcome of carotid endarterectomy.
|
<question>Which laboratory marker was associated with increased risk of death and stroke among diabetic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy?</question>
<answer>HbA1c</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"HbA1c",
"Hemoglobin A1c",
"Glycated hemoglobin",
"Glycosylated hemoglobin",
"A1c"
] |
Which amino acid residue plays a key role in the transition of EmrD from the occluded to the inward open state?
|
E227
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
27055595
|
Inward open characterization of EmrD transporter with molecular dynamics simulation.
|
<question>Which amino acid residue plays a key role in the transition of EmrD from the occluded to the inward open state?</question>
<answer>E227</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"E227",
"Glu227",
"Glutamate 227",
"Glutamic acid 227"
] |
Which monoterpene alcohol is the most abundant component in Pelargonium roseum essential oil?
|
citronellol
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
29468757
|
Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of Pelargonium roseum essential oil on Swiss albino mice: Possible involvement of serotonergic transmission.
|
<question>Which monoterpene alcohol is the most abundant component in Pelargonium roseum essential oil?</question>
<answer>citronellol</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"citronellol",
"3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol",
"dihydrogeraniol",
"beta-citronellol",
"β-citronellol"
] |
What type of T cell is characterized by distinct functions and homing capabilities and is divided into central and effector subsets?
|
memory T cell
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
12594947
|
The repertoires of circulating human CD8(+) central and effector memory T cell subsets are largely distinct.
|
<question>What type of T cell is characterized by distinct functions and homing capabilities and is divided into central and effector subsets?</question>
<answer>memory T cell</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"memory T cell",
"memory T lymphocyte",
"T memory cell",
"T memory lymphocyte",
"memory lymphocyte",
"Tm cell",
"Tm lymphocyte"
] |
What animal model was used to test the AbioCor implantable replacement heart?
|
Holstein cow
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
11265850
|
Current status of the AbioCor implantable replacement heart.
|
<question>What animal model was used to test the AbioCor implantable replacement heart?</question>
<answer>Holstein cow</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Holstein cow",
"Holstein cattle",
"Holstein",
"Holstein-Friesian",
"Holstein-Friesian cow",
"Holstein-Friesian cattle",
"cow"
] |
What is the primary auditory cortical field studied in cats for responses to cochlear implant stimulation?
|
A1
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
26803166
|
Monaural Congenital Deafness Affects Aural Dominance and Degrades Binaural Processing.
|
<question>What is the primary auditory cortical field studied in cats for responses to cochlear implant stimulation?</question>
<answer>A1</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"A1",
"primary auditory cortex",
"primary auditory cortical field",
"area A1",
"auditory area 1",
"primary auditory area",
"AI"
] |
Which combination of drugs was evaluated as an oral treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients in this study?
|
dapsone-trimethoprim
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
2940954
|
Dapsone-trimethoprim for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
|
<question>Which combination of drugs was evaluated as an oral treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients in this study?</question>
<answer>dapsone-trimethoprim</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"dapsone-trimethoprim",
"dapsone and trimethoprim",
"trimethoprim-dapsone",
"dapsone plus trimethoprim",
"trimethoprim plus dapsone"
] |
Which microRNA is a potential predictive marker for response to multimodality therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer?
|
miR-192
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
23649428
|
MicroRNA profiling in locally advanced esophageal cancer indicates a high potential of miR-192 in prediction of multimodality therapy response.
|
<question>Which microRNA is a potential predictive marker for response to multimodality therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer?</question>
<answer>miR-192</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"miR-192",
"microRNA-192",
"hsa-miR-192",
"miRNA-192"
] |
What is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts?
|
cytomegalovirus retinitis
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
24327723
|
Prevalence and predictors of cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 lymphocyte counts in Vietnam.
|
<question>What is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts?</question>
<answer>cytomegalovirus retinitis</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"cytomegalovirus retinitis",
"CMV retinitis",
"cytomegalovirus eye infection",
"CMV eye infection"
] |
Which gene encodes the 90 kDa aminopeptidase N isozyme in Bombyx mori?
|
apn2
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
9972296
|
Cloning and sequence analysis of the aminopeptidase N isozyme (APN2) from Bombyx mori midgut.
|
<question>Which gene encodes the 90 kDa aminopeptidase N isozyme in Bombyx mori?</question>
<answer>apn2</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"apn2",
"APN2",
"Aminopeptidase N2",
"BmAPN2",
"Bombyx mori apn2",
"Bombyx mori APN2"
] |
Which cytokine's mRNA expression in bone marrow stromal cells is increased in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome?
|
IL-32
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
27342508
|
[IL-32 mRNA Expression of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Its Correlation with Cell Apoptosis in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome].
|
<question>Which cytokine's mRNA expression in bone marrow stromal cells is increased in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome?</question>
<answer>IL-32</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"IL-32",
"Interleukin-32",
"IL32"
] |
What gene is mutated in PTEN-hamartoma-tumor-syndrome (PHTS)?
|
PTEN
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
30111295
|
First case report of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and oral verrucous carcinoma in a patient with a germline PTEN mutation: a combination of extremely rare diseases with probable further implications.
|
<question>What gene is mutated in PTEN-hamartoma-tumor-syndrome (PHTS)?</question>
<answer>PTEN</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"PTEN",
"phosphatase and tensin homolog",
"MMAC1",
"TEP1"
] |
Which brain regions showed increased progenitor cell proliferation following ischemic injury?
|
subventricular zone, dentate gyrus, penumbra, corpus callosum
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
18319730
|
Proliferating progenitor cells: a required cellular element for induction of ischemic tolerance in the brain.
|
<question>Which brain regions showed increased progenitor cell proliferation following ischemic injury?</question>
<answer>subventricular zone, dentate gyrus, penumbra, corpus callosum</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"subventricular zone",
"SVZ",
"dentate gyrus",
"DG",
"penumbra",
"ischemic penumbra",
"corpus callosum",
"CC"
] |
What imaging modality is considered the investigation of choice for detecting parenchymal changes in the brain of patients with central nervous system sarcoidosis?
|
MRI
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
3347340
|
Magnetic resonance imaging in central nervous system sarcoidosis.
|
<question>What imaging modality is considered the investigation of choice for detecting parenchymal changes in the brain of patients with central nervous system sarcoidosis?</question>
<answer>MRI</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"MRI",
"Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
"magnetic resonance imaging",
"NMR",
"nuclear magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
What is the name of the phenomenon where immune response to antigens introduced into the anterior chamber of the eye is altered, often resulting in immune deviation?
|
anterior chamber-associated immune deviation
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
6782034
|
Deviant immune responses to allogeneic tumors injected intracamerally and subcutaneously in mice.
|
<question>What is the name of the phenomenon where immune response to antigens introduced into the anterior chamber of the eye is altered, often resulting in immune deviation?</question>
<answer>anterior chamber-associated immune deviation</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"anterior chamber-associated immune deviation",
"ACAID",
"anterior chamber associated immune deviation"
] |
Which bacterial species was most frequently isolated from the kidneys of NSG mice with nephritis?
|
Enterococcus
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
20817888
|
Opportunistic bacterial infections in breeding colonies of the NSG mouse strain.
|
<question>Which bacterial species was most frequently isolated from the kidneys of NSG mice with nephritis?</question>
<answer>Enterococcus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Enterococcus",
"Enterococcus spp.",
"Enterococcus species",
"Enterococci"
] |
Which artery was most commonly used as the distal anastomosis site in pedal bypass grafts for diabetic patients in this study?
|
dorsalis pedis artery
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
11932677
|
Magnetic resonance angiography unmasks reliable target vessels for pedal bypass grafting in patients with diabetes mellitus.
|
<question>Which artery was most commonly used as the distal anastomosis site in pedal bypass grafts for diabetic patients in this study?</question>
<answer>dorsalis pedis artery</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"dorsalis pedis artery",
"dorsalis pedis",
"dorsal pedal artery",
"arteria dorsalis pedis"
] |
Which signaling pathway does miR-214-3p inhibit to delay fracture healing in osteoporotic rats?
|
BMP/Smad signaling pathway
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
30720150
|
MiR-214-3p delays fracture healing in rats with osteoporotic fracture through inhibiting BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
|
<question>Which signaling pathway does miR-214-3p inhibit to delay fracture healing in osteoporotic rats?</question>
<answer>BMP/Smad signaling pathway</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"BMP/Smad signaling pathway",
"BMP-Smad signaling pathway",
"BMP Smad signaling pathway",
"Bone morphogenetic protein/Smad signaling pathway",
"Bone morphogenetic protein-Smad signaling pathway",
"BMP pathway",
"Smad pathway",
"BMP signaling pathway",
"BMP-Smad pathway"
] |
What dye has been studied as an adjuvant therapy for local control in soft tissue sarcoma?
|
Acridine orange
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
32871809
|
Impact of Acridine Orange in Patients With Local Recurrent Soft Tissue Sarcoma.
|
<question>What dye has been studied as an adjuvant therapy for local control in soft tissue sarcoma?</question>
<answer>Acridine orange</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Acridine orange",
"AO"
] |
Which coral genus was unusually common in both the recruit and adult communities in North Male Atoll, Maldives, after the 1998 bleaching disturbance?
|
Porites
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
24486038
|
Community change and evidence for variable warm-water temperature adaptation of corals in Northern Male Atoll, Maldives.
|
<question>Which coral genus was unusually common in both the recruit and adult communities in North Male Atoll, Maldives, after the 1998 bleaching disturbance?</question>
<answer>Porites</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Porites"
] |
What type of vaccine has greatly improved the management of rabies in humans?
|
human diploid-cell rabies vaccine
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
7074456
|
Rabies control and management.
|
<question>What type of vaccine has greatly improved the management of rabies in humans?</question>
<answer>human diploid-cell rabies vaccine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"human diploid-cell rabies vaccine",
"HDCV",
"human diploid cell vaccine",
"human diploid cell rabies vaccine",
"human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine"
] |
Which compound, previously thought to be unique to irradiated foods, was found to occur naturally in cashew nuts and nutmeg?
|
2-alkylcyclobutanones
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
19053357
|
Natural existence of 2-alkylcyclobutanones.
|
<question>Which compound, previously thought to be unique to irradiated foods, was found to occur naturally in cashew nuts and nutmeg?</question>
<answer>2-alkylcyclobutanones</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"2-alkylcyclobutanones",
"2-ACBs",
"2-alkyl cyclobutanones",
"2-alkyl-cyclobutanones"
] |
What is the reactive epoxide metabolite of acrylamide formed in vivo in rats?
|
glycidamide
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
1508423
|
Comparative studies on the neuro- and reproductive toxicity of acrylamide and its epoxide metabolite glycidamide in the rat.
|
<question>What is the reactive epoxide metabolite of acrylamide formed in vivo in rats?</question>
<answer>glycidamide</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"glycidamide",
"N-(2,3-epoxy-1-propyl)acetamide",
"GMA"
] |
What is the causative organism of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients?
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
1504391
|
Parenteral and oral fluconazole for acute cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: experience with thirteen patients.
|
<question>What is the causative organism of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients?</question>
<answer>Cryptococcus neoformans</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Cryptococcus neoformans",
"C. neoformans",
"Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii",
"Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans"
] |
What is the minimum microcatheter inner diameter (in inches) required to deploy the WEB 17 system for intracranial aneurysms?
|
0.017
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
29567650
|
The New Low-Profile WEB 17 System for Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: First Clinical Experiences.
|
<question>What is the minimum microcatheter inner diameter (in inches) required to deploy the WEB 17 system for intracranial aneurysms?</question>
<answer>0.017</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"0.017",
"0.017 inch",
"0.017 inches",
".017",
".017 inch",
".017 inches"
] |
Which neonatal complication showed a significantly increased incidence in preterm infants exposed to chorioamnionitis compared to controls?
|
intraventricular hemorrhage
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
3601280
|
The effect of chorioamnionitis on the developmental outcome of preterm infants at one year.
|
<question>Which neonatal complication showed a significantly increased incidence in preterm infants exposed to chorioamnionitis compared to controls?</question>
<answer>intraventricular hemorrhage</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"intraventricular hemorrhage",
"IVH",
"intraventricular haemorrhage"
] |
What early-life health factor is associated with academic achievement in childhood?
|
birth weight
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
25044537
|
Birth weight and academic achievement in childhood.
|
<question>What early-life health factor is associated with academic achievement in childhood?</question>
<answer>birth weight</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"birth weight",
"birthweight",
"neonatal weight",
"weight at birth"
] |
Which liver enzyme's levels were found to be influenced by activities of daily living (ADL), gender, and weight in elderly individuals?
|
alanine aminotransferase
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
28988219
|
Differences in levels of albumin, ALT, AST, �-GT and creatinine in frail, moderately healthy and healthy elderly individuals.
|
<question>Which liver enzyme's levels were found to be influenced by activities of daily living (ADL), gender, and weight in elderly individuals?</question>
<answer>alanine aminotransferase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"alanine aminotransferase",
"ALT",
"serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase",
"SGPT"
] |
What is the most common cause of non-transportation-related ammonia releases?
|
equipment failure or operator error
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
11149255
|
Hazardous ammonia releases in Wisconsin: trends and risk factors for evacuation and injury.
|
<question>What is the most common cause of non-transportation-related ammonia releases?</question>
<answer>equipment failure or operator error</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"equipment failure or operator error",
"equipment failure",
"operator error"
] |
What type of small RNA molecules are amplified during transitive RNA silencing?
|
small interfering RNAs
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
16891552
|
The frequency and efficiency of endogene suppression by transitive silencing signals is influenced by the length of sequence homology.
|
<question>What type of small RNA molecules are amplified during transitive RNA silencing?</question>
<answer>small interfering RNAs</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"small interfering RNAs",
"siRNAs",
"small interfering RNA",
"siRNA"
] |
What is the genome type of the virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus characterized in this study?
|
double-stranded DNA
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
2095920
|
Characterization and comparison of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from yogurt.
|
<question>What is the genome type of the virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus characterized in this study?</question>
<answer>double-stranded DNA</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"double-stranded DNA",
"dsDNA",
"double stranded DNA",
"double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid",
"ds deoxyribonucleic acid"
] |
What class of pollutants includes compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during waste incineration?
|
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
11220321
|
Direct observation of the formation of aromatic pollutants in waste incineration flue gases by on-line REMPI-TOFMS laser mass spectrometry.
|
<question>What class of pollutants includes compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during waste incineration?</question>
<answer>polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons",
"PAHs",
"polycyclic aromatics",
"polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons",
"polyaromatic hydrocarbons"
] |
What is the most common clinical sign observed in patients with congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle?
|
hypotropia
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
11388883
|
Outcome of surgery for congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle.
|
<question>What is the most common clinical sign observed in patients with congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle?</question>
<answer>hypotropia</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"hypotropia",
"downward deviation of the eye",
"downward eye deviation",
"inferior deviation of the eye",
"eye hypotropia"
] |
Which dosimetric parameter is most important in predicting the occurrence of radiation-induced esophagitis in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer?
|
V50
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
22335956
|
[Multi-factor analysis of radiation-induced esophagitis in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer].
|
<question>Which dosimetric parameter is most important in predicting the occurrence of radiation-induced esophagitis in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer?</question>
<answer>V50</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"V50",
"volume receiving 50 Gy",
"volume at 50 Gy",
"V50 Gy",
"esophageal V50",
"V50 (esophagus)",
"esophagus V50"
] |
Which gender shows higher survival rates among Italian centenarians and semisupercentenarians after 60 years old?
|
women
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
29590466
|
Beyond One Hundred: A Cohort Analysis of Italian Centenarians and Semisupercentenarians.
|
<question>Which gender shows higher survival rates among Italian centenarians and semisupercentenarians after 60 years old?</question>
<answer>women</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"women",
"female",
"females"
] |
What chemical was used to induce lung tumors in both mice and rats in this study?
|
3-methylcholanthrene
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
3742730
|
Modification of lung tumor growth by hyperoxia.
|
<question>What chemical was used to induce lung tumors in both mice and rats in this study?</question>
<answer>3-methylcholanthrene</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"3-methylcholanthrene",
"3-MC",
"3-methylcholanthren",
"3-methyl-1,2-benzanthracene",
"3-methylcholanthren",
"3-methyl-1,2-benzanthracene"
] |
Which circulating microRNA has been proposed as a diagnostic biomarker for malignant mesothelioma?
|
miR-132-3p
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
28321148
|
Circulating miR-132-3p as a Candidate Diagnostic Biomarker for Malignant Mesothelioma.
|
<question>Which circulating microRNA has been proposed as a diagnostic biomarker for malignant mesothelioma?</question>
<answer>miR-132-3p</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"miR-132-3p",
"microRNA-132-3p",
"hsa-miR-132-3p",
"miRNA-132-3p"
] |
What biomarker is commonly used to assess vitamin D status in pregnant women?
|
25-hydroxyvitamin D
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
25866306
|
Demographic and lifestyle factors associated with vitamin D status in pregnant Japanese women.
|
<question>What biomarker is commonly used to assess vitamin D status in pregnant women?</question>
<answer>25-hydroxyvitamin D</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"25-hydroxyvitamin D",
"25(OH)D",
"calcidiol",
"25-hydroxycholecalciferol",
"25-hydroxy vitamin D"
] |
Which amino acid is substituted for leucine at position 195 in the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli to produce a cAMP-independent phenotype?
|
arginine
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
2836410
|
Arginine substituted for leucine at position 195 produces a cyclic AMP-independent form of the Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein.
|
<question>Which amino acid is substituted for leucine at position 195 in the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli to produce a cAMP-independent phenotype?</question>
<answer>arginine</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"arginine",
"Arg",
"R"
] |
What type of tumor is characterized by aberrant lipid accumulation and can invade the sphenoid sinus?
|
Silent corticotroph adenoma
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
33031533
|
UPLC-MS/MS-based Lipidomic Profiles Revealed Aberrant Lipids Associated with Invasiveness of Silent Corticotroph Adenoma.
|
<question>What type of tumor is characterized by aberrant lipid accumulation and can invade the sphenoid sinus?</question>
<answer>Silent corticotroph adenoma</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Silent corticotroph adenoma",
"silent corticotroph tumor",
"silent corticotroph pituitary adenoma",
"SCA"
] |
In immunosuppressed patients, the CT Halo sign is most specific for which type of infection?
|
invasive fungal infection
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
32007819
|
CT Halo sign: A systematic review.
|
<question>In immunosuppressed patients, the CT Halo sign is most specific for which type of infection?</question>
<answer>invasive fungal infection</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"invasive fungal infection",
"invasive fungal disease",
"IFI",
"invasive mycosis",
"angioinvasive fungal infection"
] |
Which androgen receptor splice variant, when present at higher levels in blood, is associated with shorter progression-free survival in castration resistant prostate cancer?
|
AR-V1
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
32068491
|
Analysis of AR-FL and AR-V1 in Whole Blood of Patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer as a Tool for Predicting Response to Abiraterone Acetate.
|
<question>Which androgen receptor splice variant, when present at higher levels in blood, is associated with shorter progression-free survival in castration resistant prostate cancer?</question>
<answer>AR-V1</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"AR-V1",
"androgen receptor variant 1",
"AR variant 1",
"androgen receptor splice variant 1"
] |
What photosensitizer is used in the described core@shell nanocomplex for synergistic photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy?
|
hypocrellin B
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
26574662
|
Rational assembly of a biointerfaced core@shell nanocomplex towards selective and highly efficient synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy.
|
<question>What photosensitizer is used in the described core@shell nanocomplex for synergistic photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy?</question>
<answer>hypocrellin B</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"hypocrellin B",
"HB",
"Hypocrellin-B"
] |
What metabolic pathway is crucial for the enantioselective generation of R-octane-1,3-diol in stored apples?
|
beta-oxidation
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
10405976
|
Biosynthesis of R-(+)-octane-1,3-diol. Crucial role of beta-oxidation in the enantioselective generation of 1,3-diols in stored apples.
|
<question>What metabolic pathway is crucial for the enantioselective generation of R-octane-1,3-diol in stored apples?</question>
<answer>beta-oxidation</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"beta-oxidation",
"β-oxidation",
"beta oxidation",
"β oxidation",
"fatty acid beta-oxidation",
"fatty acid β-oxidation"
] |
What is the most common psychiatric comorbidity observed in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)?
|
psychiatric disorders
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
24949575
|
Impact of family support on psychiatric disorders and seizure control in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
|
<question>What is the most common psychiatric comorbidity observed in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)?</question>
<answer>psychiatric disorders</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"psychiatric disorders",
"psychiatric comorbidities",
"mental disorders",
"mental health disorders",
"psychiatric conditions"
] |
Which two toxic metals were found at higher levels in the liver and kidney of calves from industrialized areas compared to rural areas?
|
Cadmium and lead
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
15788195
|
Effects of moderate pollution on toxic and trace metal levels in calves from a polluted area of northern Spain.
|
<question>Which two toxic metals were found at higher levels in the liver and kidney of calves from industrialized areas compared to rural areas?</question>
<answer>Cadmium and lead</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"cadmium",
"Cd",
"lead",
"Pb"
] |
Which area of the primate brain is modeled for motion detection in crowd behavior analysis?
|
primary visual cortex (V1)
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
23300930
|
A bio-inspired, motion-based analysis of crowd behavior attributes relevance to motion transparency, velocity gradients, and motion patterns.
|
<question>Which area of the primate brain is modeled for motion detection in crowd behavior analysis?</question>
<answer>primary visual cortex (V1)</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"primary visual cortex",
"V1",
"striate cortex",
"area V1",
"visual area 1",
"Brodmann area 17"
] |
What hormone was administered intravenously to relieve esophageal food impaction in patients?
|
glucagon
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
897179
|
Radiologic treatment of esophageal food impaction using intravenous glucagon.
|
<question>What hormone was administered intravenously to relieve esophageal food impaction in patients?</question>
<answer>glucagon</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"glucagon"
] |
What type of electrode modification was used for the voltammetric determination of copper ions in this study?
|
poly(2-aminothiazole)/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
21776713
|
Determination of Cu2+ using poly(2-aminothiazole)/ multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film modified glassy carbon electrodes.
|
<question>What type of electrode modification was used for the voltammetric determination of copper ions in this study?</question>
<answer>poly(2-aminothiazole)/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"poly(2-aminothiazole)/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite",
"poly(2-aminothiazole)/MWCNT composite",
"poly(2-aminothiazole)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite",
"P(2-AT)/MWCNT composite",
"poly(2-aminothiazole) multi-walled carbon nanotube composite",
"poly(2-aminothiazole)/MWCNTs composite",
"poly(2-aminothiazole)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotube composite",
"poly(2-aminothiazole)/multi-walled CNT composite"
] |
Which drug was assessed for its efficacy and side effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in this study?
|
Penicillamine
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
439106
|
An assessment of penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the influence of previous gold therapy.
|
<question>Which drug was assessed for its efficacy and side effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in this study?</question>
<answer>Penicillamine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Penicillamine",
"D-penicillamine",
"Cuprimine",
"Metalcaptase"
] |
Which acid was found to be most effective in reducing acrylamide content in potato crisps during pretreatment?
|
acetic acid
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
15537311
|
Effective ways of decreasing acrylamide content in potato crisps during processing.
|
<question>Which acid was found to be most effective in reducing acrylamide content in potato crisps during pretreatment?</question>
<answer>acetic acid</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"acetic acid",
"ethanoic acid",
"vinegar acid"
] |
What imaging technique is used to guide stereotactic neurosurgical procedures?
|
computed tomography
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
6367653
|
Neuroanatomical digital image processing in CT-guided stereotactic operations.
|
<question>What imaging technique is used to guide stereotactic neurosurgical procedures?</question>
<answer>computed tomography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"computed tomography",
"CT",
"CT scan",
"computerized tomography",
"computerised tomography"
] |
After free composite flap transplantation to the foot, what is the typical time before weight-bearing is permitted?
|
7-9 months
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
2907195
|
[Results of the transplantation of free composite flaps to the foot].
|
<question>After free composite flap transplantation to the foot, what is the typical time before weight-bearing is permitted?</question>
<answer>7-9 months</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"7-9 months",
"seven to nine months",
"7 to 9 months",
"seven-nine months"
] |
Which form of physical activity was specifically measured in the study of Latina adolescents and maternal support?
|
moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
32019648
|
Assessing Maternal Support for Physical Activity in Latina Adolescents.
|
<question>Which form of physical activity was specifically measured in the study of Latina adolescents and maternal support?</question>
<answer>moderate-to-vigorous physical activity</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"moderate-to-vigorous physical activity",
"MVPA",
"moderate to vigorous physical activity",
"moderate/vigorous physical activity",
"moderate and vigorous physical activity"
] |
What substrate does 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase act on during its catalytic reaction?
|
phosphoenolpyruvate
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
2904815
|
3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase catalyzes the C-O bond cleavage of phosphoenolpyruvate.
|
<question>What substrate does 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase act on during its catalytic reaction?</question>
<answer>phosphoenolpyruvate</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"phosphoenolpyruvate",
"PEP",
"2-phosphoenolpyruvate",
"enolpyruvate"
] |
Which antibiotic's resistance was studied in relation to treatment outcome in children with shigellosis?
|
nalidixic acid
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
7714935
|
Effect of antimicrobial (nalidixic acid) therapy in shigellosis and predictive values of outcome variables in patients susceptible or resistant to it.
|
<question>Which antibiotic's resistance was studied in relation to treatment outcome in children with shigellosis?</question>
<answer>nalidixic acid</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"nalidixic acid",
"nalidixic-acid",
"NA",
"nalidixate"
] |
Which enzyme is inactivated in the liver after fructose injection in young mice?
|
phosphorylase
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
1156394
|
Failure of adrenaline to induce hyperglycaemia after fructose injection in young mice.
|
<question>Which enzyme is inactivated in the liver after fructose injection in young mice?</question>
<answer>phosphorylase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"phosphorylase",
"glycogen phosphorylase",
"liver phosphorylase",
"glycogen phosphorylase a",
"glycogen phosphorylase b"
] |
What imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose uterine septa?
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
9564063
|
Myometrial tissue in uterine septa.
|
<question>What imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose uterine septa?</question>
<answer>magnetic resonance imaging</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"magnetic resonance imaging",
"MRI",
"NMR imaging",
"magnetic resonance scan",
"MR imaging"
] |
Which spinal region is most affected by wedge-like fracture deformities in osteoporotic spinal deformity?
|
thoracic
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
12616157
|
Prediction of osteoporotic spinal deformity.
|
<question>Which spinal region is most affected by wedge-like fracture deformities in osteoporotic spinal deformity?</question>
<answer>thoracic</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"thoracic",
"thoracic spine",
"thoracic region",
"thoracic vertebrae"
] |
What new hydroxy unsaturated fatty acid was isolated from the roots of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia?
|
16-hydroxypentacos-14(z)-enoic acid
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
11098842
|
Fatty acids and sterols from Cymbopogon martinii var. motia roots.
|
<question>What new hydroxy unsaturated fatty acid was isolated from the roots of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia?</question>
<answer>16-hydroxypentacos-14(z)-enoic acid</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"16-hydroxypentacos-14(z)-enoic acid",
"16-hydroxypentacos-14Z-enoic acid",
"16-hydroxypentacos-14-enoic acid",
"16-hydroxy-25:1Δ14 fatty acid",
"16-hydroxypentacosenoic acid"
] |
Which type of blood cell was shown to increase the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques in a dose-dependent manner?
|
erythrocyte
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
17628589
|
Pathological mechanisms and dose dependency of erythrocyte-induced vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques.
|
<question>Which type of blood cell was shown to increase the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques in a dose-dependent manner?</question>
<answer>erythrocyte</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"erythrocyte",
"red blood cell",
"RBC",
"erythrocytes",
"red cells",
"red corpuscle"
] |
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