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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which dystrophin isoform shows a marked increase in expression during dibutyryl-cAMP-induced morphological differentiation of rat brain astrocytes? | Dp71 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 9600931 | Differential expression of dystrophin isoforms and utrophin during dibutyryl-cAMP-induced morphological differentiation of rat brain astrocytes. | <question>Which dystrophin isoform shows a marked increase in expression during dibutyryl-cAMP-induced morphological differentiation of rat brain astrocytes?</question>
<answer>Dp71</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Dp71",
"dystrophin Dp71",
"Dp-71",
"Dp 71",
"dystrophin isoform Dp71"
]
|
What is the name of the learning format in which participants are taught to select matching items based on a sample stimulus? | matching-to-sample | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 27357146 | Assessing generative braille responding following training in a matching-to-sample format. | <question>What is the name of the learning format in which participants are taught to select matching items based on a sample stimulus?</question>
<answer>matching-to-sample</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"matching-to-sample",
"match-to-sample",
"matching to sample",
"match to sample",
"MTS"
]
|
What is the leading cause of occupational death among emergency medical services (EMS) personnel? | transportation-related fatalities | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 19499479 | The hazards of providing care in emergency vehicles: an opportunity for reform. | <question>What is the leading cause of occupational death among emergency medical services (EMS) personnel?</question>
<answer>transportation-related fatalities</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"transportation-related fatalities",
"transportation-related deaths",
"motor vehicle accidents",
"motor vehicle crashes",
"vehicle-related fatalities",
"vehicle-related deaths",
"traffic accidents",
"traffic-related fatalities",
"transportation incidents"
]
|
What neurotoxin is used to induce parkinsonism in common marmosets? | MPTP | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 2428937 | Lack of change in basal ganglia neuropeptide content following subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment of the common marmoset. | <question>What neurotoxin is used to induce parkinsonism in common marmosets?</question>
<answer>MPTP</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"MPTP",
"1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine"
]
|
Which organ is primarily responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in rats? | kidney | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 7184792 | Renal reabsorption and secretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the rat. | <question>Which organ is primarily responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in rats?</question>
<answer>kidney</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"kidney",
"renal",
"kidneys",
"renal organ"
]
|
What type of cancer is characterized by intraepithelial adenocarcinoma occurring outside the mammary gland? | Extramammary Paget's disease | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 12094717 | [A case of extramammary Paget's disease presenting with anuria]. | <question>What type of cancer is characterized by intraepithelial adenocarcinoma occurring outside the mammary gland?</question>
<answer>Extramammary Paget's disease</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Extramammary Paget's disease",
"EMPD",
"Extramammary Paget disease",
"Paget's disease of the skin",
"Paget disease of the skin",
"Extramammary Paget"
]
|
Which protein synthesis initiation factor shows reduced activity in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected mouse L-929 cells? | eIF-2 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 6284970 | Regulation of protein synthesis in vesicular stomatitis virus-infected mouse L-929 cells by decreased protein synthesis initiation factor 2 activity. | <question>Which protein synthesis initiation factor shows reduced activity in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected mouse L-929 cells?</question>
<answer>eIF-2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"eIF-2",
"eIF2",
"eukaryotic initiation factor 2",
"EIF2",
"EIF-2"
]
|
What was the main source of information about influenza vaccination for pregnant women in the Valencian Community during the 2014-15 flu season? | midwives | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 29932315 | Vaccination of pregnant women in the Valencian Community during the 2014-15 influenza season: a multicentre study. | <question>What was the main source of information about influenza vaccination for pregnant women in the Valencian Community during the 2014-15 flu season?</question>
<answer>midwives</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"midwives",
"midwife",
"matron",
"obstetric nurse"
]
|
Which glucose transporter is upregulated in Caco-2 cells cultured in the presence of hygromycin B? | GLUT-1 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 9612275 | Selecting agent hygromycin B alters expression of glucose-regulated genes in transfected Caco-2 cells. | <question>Which glucose transporter is upregulated in Caco-2 cells cultured in the presence of hygromycin B?</question>
<answer>GLUT-1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"GLUT-1",
"GLUT1",
"SLC2A1",
"glucose transporter 1",
"solute carrier family 2 member 1"
]
|
What gas is primarily produced from nitrogen in excess sludge during denitrification? | nitrogen gas | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 25051476 | Nitrogen behavior during sludge ozonation: a long-term observation by pilot experiments. | <question>What gas is primarily produced from nitrogen in excess sludge during denitrification?</question>
<answer>nitrogen gas</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"nitrogen gas",
"dinitrogen",
"N2",
"molecular nitrogen"
]
|
What does the acronym CAM stand for in the context of healthcare? | Complementary and alternative medicine | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 21276333 | Integrated medicine in the management of chronic illness: a qualitative study. | <question>What does the acronym CAM stand for in the context of healthcare?</question>
<answer>Complementary and alternative medicine</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Complementary and alternative medicine",
"CAM"
]
|
Which brain region showed greater activation in problem stimulant users during anticipation and experience of soft touch? | right anterior insula | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 26228575 | Hyperactivation to pleasant interoceptive stimuli characterizes the transition to stimulant addiction. | <question>Which brain region showed greater activation in problem stimulant users during anticipation and experience of soft touch?</question>
<answer>right anterior insula</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"right anterior insula",
"right anterior insular cortex",
"right anterior insular",
"right anterior insula cortex"
]
|
Which blood coagulation factor is a critical host interaction partner for human adenovirus 5 (Ad5)? | factor X | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 31322856 | Patchy Amphiphilic Dendrimers Bind Adenovirus and Control Its Host Interactions and in Vivo Distribution. | <question>Which blood coagulation factor is a critical host interaction partner for human adenovirus 5 (Ad5)?</question>
<answer>factor X</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"factor X",
"coagulation factor X",
"F10",
"factor 10",
"Stuart-Prower factor",
"Stuart factor",
"FX"
]
|
During which part of the day do most cardiovascular emergencies occur? | morning | 8 | Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems | 12369222 | [Circadian rhythm of cardiovascular emergencies]. | <question>During which part of the day do most cardiovascular emergencies occur?</question>
<answer>morning</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat> | [
"morning",
"early morning",
"AM",
"morning hours"
]
|
What organ is the likely source of human serum deoxyribonuclease (DNase I)? | pancreas | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 115887 | The relationship between human serum and human pancreatic DNase I. | <question>What organ is the likely source of human serum deoxyribonuclease (DNase I)?</question>
<answer>pancreas</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"pancreas",
"pancreatic gland"
]
|
What is the name of the proline rich acidic protein identified from the uterine luminal fluid of estrous mice that enhances estrogen responsiveness in Ishikawa cells? | PRAP | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 21695714 | A proline rich acidic protein PRAP identified from uterine luminal fluid of estrous mice is able to enhance the estrogen responsiveness of Ishikawa cells. | <question>What is the name of the proline rich acidic protein identified from the uterine luminal fluid of estrous mice that enhances estrogen responsiveness in Ishikawa cells?</question>
<answer>PRAP</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"PRAP",
"Proline Rich Acidic Protein",
"Proline-rich acidic protein",
"Proline-rich acidic uterine protein",
"PRAP protein"
]
|
What is a common cause of death in patients with epilepsy? | epileptic seizure | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 2399631 | [Death in an epileptic seizure]. | <question>What is a common cause of death in patients with epilepsy?</question>
<answer>epileptic seizure</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"epileptic seizure",
"seizure",
"seizure attack",
"epileptic fit",
"convulsion"
]
|
Which drug was tested for its anti-emetic effects in cats sedated with xylazine hydrochloride? | metoclopramide | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 20817585 | Effects of metoclopramide on emesis in cats sedated with xylazine hydrochloride. | <question>Which drug was tested for its anti-emetic effects in cats sedated with xylazine hydrochloride?</question>
<answer>metoclopramide</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"metoclopramide",
"Reglan",
"Maxolon",
"Primperan",
"metoclopramide hydrochloride"
]
|
What type of species requires a host species for its survival in a two-species metapopulation model? | obligate species | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 28479290 | Transience after disturbance: Obligate species recovery dynamics depend on disturbance duration. | <question>What type of species requires a host species for its survival in a two-species metapopulation model?</question>
<answer>obligate species</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"obligate species",
"obligate",
"obligate organism",
"obligate parasite",
"obligate symbiont"
]
|
Where are Merkel corpuscles located in the tongue of the Japanese quail? | connective tissue just beneath the dorsal epithelium near the lateral margin | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 8297254 | Fine structure of Merkel corpuscles in the lingual mucosa of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. | <question>Where are Merkel corpuscles located in the tongue of the Japanese quail?</question>
<answer>connective tissue just beneath the dorsal epithelium near the lateral margin</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"connective tissue just beneath the dorsal epithelium near the lateral margin",
"subepithelial connective tissue near the lateral margin",
"connective tissue under the dorsal epithelium at the lateral margin",
"subepithelial region near lateral margin",
"connective tissue beneath the dorsal epithelium close to the lateral margin"
]
|
What hormone was used to induce postnatal hyperthyroidism in the mice? | thyroxine | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 2066776 | Early postnatal hyperthyroidism alters hippocampal circuitry and improves radial-maze learning in adult mice. | <question>What hormone was used to induce postnatal hyperthyroidism in the mice?</question>
<answer>thyroxine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"thyroxine",
"T4",
"L-thyroxine",
"tetraiodothyronine"
]
|
Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for glutamate uptake at synapses? | astrocyte | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 10531428 | Substrate turnover by transporters curtails synaptic glutamate transients. | <question>Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for glutamate uptake at synapses?</question>
<answer>astrocyte</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"astrocyte",
"astroglia",
"astrocytes"
]
|
Which hormone increases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in rat hepatocyte cultures? | Glucagon | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 197364 | Levels of cyclic 3'-5' -adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in maintenance cultures of rat hepatocytes in response to insulin and glucagon. | <question>Which hormone increases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in rat hepatocyte cultures?</question>
<answer>Glucagon</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"glucagon"
]
|
Which biological fluid is commonly screened for autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis patients? | cerebrospinal fluid | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 3367151 | Screening of multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid for autoantibodies. | <question>Which biological fluid is commonly screened for autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis patients?</question>
<answer>cerebrospinal fluid</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"cerebrospinal fluid",
"CSF"
]
|
What chromosome is frequently gained in both fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma? | chromosome 8 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 20351326 | Fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is clinically and molecularly indistinguishable from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. | <question>What chromosome is frequently gained in both fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma?</question>
<answer>chromosome 8</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"chromosome 8",
"chr8",
"chromosome eight",
"8",
"eight"
]
|
Which tissue was used as the source for the isolation of native hexokinase isoenzyme II? | rat skeletal muscle | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1932341 | [Preparation of hexokinase isoenzyme II with expressed adsorption properties]. | <question>Which tissue was used as the source for the isolation of native hexokinase isoenzyme II?</question>
<answer>rat skeletal muscle</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"rat skeletal muscle",
"skeletal muscle of rat",
"rat muscle",
"skeletal muscle tissue of rat",
"rat striated muscle",
"rat skeletal muscle tissue"
]
|
What gene is mutated in the c-1 mutant of Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) resulting in white flowers? | InMYB1 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 16446312 | Isolation of cDNAs for R2R3-MYB, bHLH and WDR transcriptional regulators and identification of c and ca mutations conferring white flowers in the Japanese morning glory. | <question>What gene is mutated in the c-1 mutant of Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) resulting in white flowers?</question>
<answer>InMYB1</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"InMYB1",
"INMYB1",
"Ipomoea nil MYB1",
"MYB1",
"c-1 gene",
"c1"
]
|
What is the most common cause of lameness associated with extensive remodeling of the navicular bone in horses? | navicular syndrome | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 17850287 | Morphologic changes associated with functional adaptation of the navicular bone of horses. | <question>What is the most common cause of lameness associated with extensive remodeling of the navicular bone in horses?</question>
<answer>navicular syndrome</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"navicular syndrome",
"navicular disease",
"podotrochlosis",
"navicular bone disease",
"navicular disorder",
"podotrochlear syndrome"
]
|
What surgical technique is derived from the Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication for treating gastroesophageal reflux? | Distal esophageal cuffing | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 4044703 | [Cuffing of the distal esophagus in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux]. | <question>What surgical technique is derived from the Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication for treating gastroesophageal reflux?</question>
<answer>Distal esophageal cuffing</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Distal esophageal cuffing",
"distal esophageal cuffing"
]
|
What is the full name of the WOMAC index commonly used to assess osteoarthritis? | Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 29978346 | Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis: reliability, validity and responsiveness. | <question>What is the full name of the WOMAC index commonly used to assess osteoarthritis?</question>
<answer>Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index",
"WOMAC",
"WOMAC index",
"Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index",
"Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index"
]
|
What type of ion mediates the adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto like-charged surfaces in the presence of a [3:1] electrolyte? | trivalent cation | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 24811649 | Polyelectrolyte adsorption onto like-charged surfaces mediated by trivalent counterions: a Monte Carlo simulation study. | <question>What type of ion mediates the adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto like-charged surfaces in the presence of a [3:1] electrolyte?</question>
<answer>trivalent cation</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"trivalent cation",
"3+ cation",
"trivalent ion",
"trivalent metal ion",
"trivalent positive ion",
"cation with charge +3",
"3-valent cation",
"cation with valence 3"
]
|
Which endocrine-disrupting compound studied in activated sludge systems showed the highest extent of sorption onto suspended solids? | 4-n-nonylphenol | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 19939674 | Removal of selected endocrine disrupters in activated sludge systems: effect of sludge retention time on their sorption and biodegradation. | <question>Which endocrine-disrupting compound studied in activated sludge systems showed the highest extent of sorption onto suspended solids?</question>
<answer>4-n-nonylphenol</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"4-n-nonylphenol",
"4-nonylphenol",
"p-n-nonylphenol",
"p-nonylphenol",
"para-n-nonylphenol",
"para-nonylphenol",
"NP",
"nonylphenol"
]
|
Which quantum chemical method was used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of clusterization in the study? | PM3 | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 22042000 | Superposition-additive approach: thermodynamic parameters of clusterization of monosubstituted alkanes at the air/water interface. | <question>Which quantum chemical method was used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of clusterization in the study?</question>
<answer>PM3</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"PM3",
"Parametric Method 3",
"Parameterized Model number 3",
"Parametric Model 3"
]
|
What is the definitive (final) host for Lagochilascaris minor in the experimental heteroxenous cycle? | cat | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 1343667 | Experimental heteroxenous cycle of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in white mice and in cats. | <question>What is the definitive (final) host for Lagochilascaris minor in the experimental heteroxenous cycle?</question>
<answer>cat</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"cat",
"domestic cat",
"Felis catus",
"house cat"
]
|
What compound do astrocytes release in increased amounts during cytotoxic swelling? | lactate | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 3380321 | Lactate production and release in cultured astrocytes. | <question>What compound do astrocytes release in increased amounts during cytotoxic swelling?</question>
<answer>lactate</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"lactate",
"lactic acid"
]
|
Which antiplatelet drug is most commonly agreed upon by experts for long-term treatment in moyamoya disease? | acetylsalicylic acid | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 21771204 | What is the expert's option on antiplatelet therapy in moyamoya disease? Results of a worldwide Survey. | <question>Which antiplatelet drug is most commonly agreed upon by experts for long-term treatment in moyamoya disease?</question>
<answer>acetylsalicylic acid</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"acetylsalicylic acid",
"aspirin",
"ASA"
]
|
Which virus is commonly diagnosed in kidney transplant recipients using the ELISA technique to detect IgM and IgG antibodies? | cytomegalovirus | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 6321127 | [Serologic diagnosis of cytomegalic inclusion disease using the Elisa technic in kidney transplant patients]. | <question>Which virus is commonly diagnosed in kidney transplant recipients using the ELISA technique to detect IgM and IgG antibodies?</question>
<answer>cytomegalovirus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"cytomegalovirus",
"CMV",
"human cytomegalovirus",
"HCMV",
"human herpesvirus 5",
"HHV-5"
]
|
What type of cell was used to measure membrane-bound calcium levels in hypertensive patients in this study? | platelet | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 2644173 | Increased membrane-bound calcium in platelets of hypertensive patients. | <question>What type of cell was used to measure membrane-bound calcium levels in hypertensive patients in this study?</question>
<answer>platelet</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"platelet",
"thrombocyte",
"blood platelet",
"human platelet",
"human thrombocyte"
]
|
Which nerve is commonly entrapped following abdominoplasty resulting in persistent lower abdominal pain? | iliohypogastric nerve | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 8278476 | Iliohypogastric nerve entrapment following abdominoplasty. | <question>Which nerve is commonly entrapped following abdominoplasty resulting in persistent lower abdominal pain?</question>
<answer>iliohypogastric nerve</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"iliohypogastric nerve",
"IH nerve",
"nervus iliohypogastricus"
]
|
What type of feeding tube is commonly used to provide nutrition to patients with impaired oral intake, such as those with glioblastoma? | Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 20694761 | [Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy-tube for a patient with glioblastoma to enable his admission into a nursing home]. | <question>What type of feeding tube is commonly used to provide nutrition to patients with impaired oral intake, such as those with glioblastoma?</question>
<answer>Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube",
"PEG tube",
"percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy",
"gastrostomy tube",
"feeding tube",
"PEG"
]
|
In Drosophila, between which two chromosome types is there a significant bias in gene transposition? | X chromosome and autosomes | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 22095076 | Inferring the history of interchromosomal gene transposition in Drosophila using n-dimensional parsimony. | <question>In Drosophila, between which two chromosome types is there a significant bias in gene transposition?</question>
<answer>X chromosome and autosomes</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"X chromosome and autosomes",
"X chromosomes and autosomes",
"X and autosomes",
"X chromosome-autosome",
"X-autosome",
"X chromosome",
"autosomes",
"X",
"autosome"
]
|
What is the main advantage of using an NMR phased array compared to a single large coil in MRI imaging? | higher signal-to-noise ratio | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 2266841 | The NMR phased array. | <question>What is the main advantage of using an NMR phased array compared to a single large coil in MRI imaging?</question>
<answer>higher signal-to-noise ratio</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"higher signal-to-noise ratio",
"higher SNR",
"increased signal-to-noise ratio",
"increased SNR",
"improved signal-to-noise ratio",
"improved SNR"
]
|
What type of antibodies can cause interference in immunoassays resulting in spurious thyroid function test results? | heterophilic antibodies | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 7955448 | Multiple spuriously abnormal thyroid function indices due to heterophilic antibodies. | <question>What type of antibodies can cause interference in immunoassays resulting in spurious thyroid function test results?</question>
<answer>heterophilic antibodies</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"heterophilic antibodies",
"heterophile antibodies",
"heterophil antibodies"
]
|
What is the 28-day LC50 value of phenanthrene for Eisenia fetida in peat soil? | 750 mg/kg | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 20338675 | Correlations of Eisenia fetida metabolic responses to extractable phenanthrene concentrations through time. | <question>What is the 28-day LC50 value of phenanthrene for Eisenia fetida in peat soil?</question>
<answer>750 mg/kg</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"750 mg/kg",
"750 milligrams per kilogram",
"750 mg per kg"
]
|
What type of computational model is commonly used for automatic classification of protein sequences based on hydrophobicity profiles? | hidden Markov models | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 10650904 | Parallel cascade identification as a means for automatically classifying protein sequences into structure/function groups. | <question>What type of computational model is commonly used for automatic classification of protein sequences based on hydrophobicity profiles?</question>
<answer>hidden Markov models</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"hidden Markov models",
"HMMs",
"hidden Markov model",
"HMM"
]
|
What cell type was used to evaluate cellular infiltration in the vascular scaffolds? | Smooth muscle cells | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 24905678 | Fabrication of cell penetration enhanced poly (l-lactic acid-co-?-caprolactone)/silk vascular scaffolds utilizing air-impedance electrospinning. | <question>What cell type was used to evaluate cellular infiltration in the vascular scaffolds?</question>
<answer>Smooth muscle cells</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"smooth muscle cells",
"SMCs",
"smooth muscle cell"
]
|
Which transcriptome assembler showed the highest completeness in autotetraploid plant species in the comparative study? | TransLiG | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 33752598 | Comparing de novo transcriptome assembly tools in di- and autotetraploid non-model plant species. | <question>Which transcriptome assembler showed the highest completeness in autotetraploid plant species in the comparative study?</question>
<answer>TransLiG</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"TransLiG"
]
|
Which enzyme showed increased activity in the digestive gland of the Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) following marine diesel contamination? | glutathione-S-transferase | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 26490938 | Biomarker modulation associated with marine diesel contamination in the Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica). | <question>Which enzyme showed increased activity in the digestive gland of the Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) following marine diesel contamination?</question>
<answer>glutathione-S-transferase</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"glutathione-S-transferase",
"GST",
"glutathione S-transferase",
"glutathione transferase"
]
|
What is the primary mechanism of action of SK & F 92657 in arterioles? | beta-adrenoceptor blockade and vasodilation | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 6110437 | Investigation of a combined arteriolar dilator and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (SK & F 92657) in the peripheral vessels of man. | <question>What is the primary mechanism of action of SK & F 92657 in arterioles?</question>
<answer>beta-adrenoceptor blockade and vasodilation</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"beta-adrenoceptor blockade and vasodilation",
"beta-adrenoceptor blocking and vasodilation",
"beta-adrenergic receptor blockade and vasodilation",
"beta-adrenergic blockade and vasodilation",
"beta-blockade and vasodilation",
"beta-blocker action and vasodilation",
"beta-adrenoceptor antagonism and vasodilation",
"beta-adrenergic antagonism and vasodilation"
]
|
Which protein is a core component of the nuclear RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in human cells? | Ago2 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 18842624 | Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy reveal the cytoplasmic origination of loaded nuclear RISC in vivo in human cells. | <question>Which protein is a core component of the nuclear RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in human cells?</question>
<answer>Ago2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Ago2",
"Argonaute 2",
"EIF2C2",
"Argonaute-2",
"hAgo2",
"Argonaute protein 2"
]
|
What method was used to assess renneting properties of goat milk in this study? | Formagraph method | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 21774860 | Effects of different storage conditions, the farm and the stage of lactation on renneting parameters of goat milk investigated using the Formagraph method. | <question>What method was used to assess renneting properties of goat milk in this study?</question>
<answer>Formagraph method</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Formagraph method",
"Formagraph",
"Formagraphic method"
]
|
What is the target receptor of the small-molecule agonist AT-200 in sickle mice? | nociceptin opioid receptor | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 26294734 | Small-molecule nociceptin receptor agonist ameliorates mast cell activation and pain in sickle mice. | <question>What is the target receptor of the small-molecule agonist AT-200 in sickle mice?</question>
<answer>nociceptin opioid receptor</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"nociceptin opioid receptor",
"NOP receptor",
"ORL1",
"opioid receptor-like 1",
"nociceptin receptor",
"OPRL1"
]
|
What compound was studied for its pharmacokinetic profile in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats? | mangiferin | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 30359985 | Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Mangiferin in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats after Oral and Intravenous Administration by UPLC-MS/MS. | <question>What compound was studied for its pharmacokinetic profile in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats?</question>
<answer>mangiferin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"mangiferin",
"mangiferine",
"1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-β-D-glucoside"
]
|
Which condition was found to improve visual attention in patients with unilateral neglect after stroke? | pleasant music | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 23252438 | Pleasant music improves visual attention in patients with unilateral neglect after stroke. | <question>Which condition was found to improve visual attention in patients with unilateral neglect after stroke?</question>
<answer>pleasant music</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"pleasant music",
"enjoyable music",
"positive music",
"preferred music",
"favorite music",
"music listening",
"listening to pleasant music"
]
|
What anatomical fistula is most commonly associated with Bouveret syndrome? | cholecystoduodenal fistula | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 33351368 | [Bouveret syndrome: unusual cause of gallstone ileus]. | <question>What anatomical fistula is most commonly associated with Bouveret syndrome?</question>
<answer>cholecystoduodenal fistula</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"cholecystoduodenal fistula",
"gallbladder-duodenal fistula",
"cholecysto-duodenal fistula"
]
|
Which cell line was used to assess the antiproliferative activity of adlay extracts in this study? | AGS | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 21517098 | Gastroprotective activities of adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) on the growth of the stomach cancer AGS cell line and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. | <question>Which cell line was used to assess the antiproliferative activity of adlay extracts in this study?</question>
<answer>AGS</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"AGS",
"AGS cell line",
"AGS cells",
"human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line",
"human gastric carcinoma cell line",
"human gastric cancer cell line"
]
|
What stimulant triggers degranulation in both neutrophils and karyogranuloplasts? | N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2820878 | Separation and function of neutrophil karyogranuloplasts and comparison with cytoplasts and intact cells. | <question>What stimulant triggers degranulation in both neutrophils and karyogranuloplasts?</question>
<answer>N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine",
"fMLP",
"fMet-Leu-Phe",
"N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe",
"formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine",
"formyl-Met-Leu-Phe"
]
|
What antibiotic is used to treat Mycobacterium leprae infections? | dapsone | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 6789004 | Permeability of Mycobacterium leprae to dapsone: alteration by purification procedures. | <question>What antibiotic is used to treat Mycobacterium leprae infections?</question>
<answer>dapsone</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"dapsone",
"4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone",
"DDS",
"diamino-diphenyl sulfone"
]
|
Which focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase is necessary for nitric oxide-mediated activation of Src kinase? | PTP-alpha | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 20055753 | Regulatory effects of nitric oxide on Src kinase, FAK, p130Cas, and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTP-alpha): a role for the cellular redox environment. | <question>Which focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase is necessary for nitric oxide-mediated activation of Src kinase?</question>
<answer>PTP-alpha</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"PTP-alpha",
"PTPα",
"PTPRA",
"Protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha",
"Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase alpha",
"RPTP-alpha",
"RPTPα"
]
|
From which artery did the right pulmonary artery arise in the reported case of interrupted aortic arch? | innominate artery | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 26652572 | Surgical Repair of Interrupted Aortic Arch and Interrupted Pulmonary Artery. | <question>From which artery did the right pulmonary artery arise in the reported case of interrupted aortic arch?</question>
<answer>innominate artery</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"innominate artery",
"brachiocephalic artery",
"brachiocephalic trunk",
"anonymous artery"
]
|
What is the reported rate of nonunion after modified Lapidus arthrodesis in this study? | 5.3% | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 14752762 | Modified lapidus arthrodesis: rate of nonunion in 227 cases. | <question>What is the reported rate of nonunion after modified Lapidus arthrodesis in this study?</question>
<answer>5.3%</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"5.3%",
"5.3 percent",
"five point three percent"
]
|
Which urinary biomarker is released during elastin degradation and can be measured to monitor chronic graft-versus-host disease? | desmosine | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 19848412 | NanoLC-MS/MS analyses of urinary desmosine, hydroxylysylpyridinoline and lysylpyridinoline as biomarkers for chronic graft-versus-host disease. | <question>Which urinary biomarker is released during elastin degradation and can be measured to monitor chronic graft-versus-host disease?</question>
<answer>desmosine</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"desmosine"
]
|
What is the recommended treatment for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)? | eculizumab | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 25285252 | Diagnosis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and response to eculizumab therapy. | <question>What is the recommended treatment for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)?</question>
<answer>eculizumab</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"eculizumab",
"Soliris"
]
|
Which condition is characterized by swelling due to lymphatic system dysfunction and is listed as a clinical need for support stockings? | lymphedema | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 493361 | [Proposal with a view to a classification of retention means: stockings and elastic bandages]. | <question>Which condition is characterized by swelling due to lymphatic system dysfunction and is listed as a clinical need for support stockings?</question>
<answer>lymphedema</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"lymphedema",
"lymphoedema"
]
|
What type of cell culture apparatus is used in this study for serum-free recombinant production of adenovirus? | hollow fiber cell culture apparatus | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 11233612 | Serum-free recombinant production of adenovirus using a hollow fiber capillary system. | <question>What type of cell culture apparatus is used in this study for serum-free recombinant production of adenovirus?</question>
<answer>hollow fiber cell culture apparatus</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"hollow fiber cell culture apparatus",
"hollow fibre cell culture apparatus",
"hollow fiber bioreactor",
"hollow fibre bioreactor",
"hollow fiber culture system",
"hollow fibre culture system",
"hollow fiber cell culture system",
"hollow fibre cell culture system"
]
|
What is the estimated prevalence of visual impairment in the diabetic population per 10,000 people? | 148.8 | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 11869300 | What is the prevalence of visual impairment in the general and diabetic populations: are there ethnic and gender differences? | <question>What is the estimated prevalence of visual impairment in the diabetic population per 10,000 people?</question>
<answer>148.8</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"148.8",
"148.8 per 10,000",
"148.8 per 10,000 people"
]
|
Which parasite species was found in greater numbers in goats compared to sheep at a stocking rate of 8 per hectare? | Haemonchus contortus | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 6517775 | Stocking rate effects on the worm burdens of Angora goats and Merino sheep. | <question>Which parasite species was found in greater numbers in goats compared to sheep at a stocking rate of 8 per hectare?</question>
<answer>Haemonchus contortus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Haemonchus contortus",
"barber's pole worm",
"wireworm",
"twisted stomach worm",
"large stomach worm"
]
|
Which compound inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus? | Nordihydroguaiaretic acid | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 8797085 | Inhibition of vesicle-mediated protein transport by nordihydroguaiaretic acid. | <question>Which compound inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?</question>
<answer>Nordihydroguaiaretic acid</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Nordihydroguaiaretic acid",
"NDGA"
]
|
Which cyclin is upregulated in macrophages upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? | cyclin D2 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 9722538 | Proliferation-independent induction of macrophage cyclin D2, and repression of cyclin D1, by lipopolysaccharide. | <question>Which cyclin is upregulated in macrophages upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?</question>
<answer>cyclin D2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"cyclin D2",
"CCND2",
"Cyclin-D2"
]
|
Which visual pathway is reported to be more dysfunctional in individuals with schizophrenia? | magnocellular pathway | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 11431235 | Dysfunction of early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia. | <question>Which visual pathway is reported to be more dysfunctional in individuals with schizophrenia?</question>
<answer>magnocellular pathway</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"magnocellular pathway",
"magnocellular visual pathway",
"magnocellular system"
]
|
Which protein in gingival crevicular fluid is considered a useful marker for periodontal inflammation? | calprotectin | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 10776922 | The association of calprotectin level in gingival crevicular fluid with gingival index and the activities of collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase in adult periodontitis patients. | <question>Which protein in gingival crevicular fluid is considered a useful marker for periodontal inflammation?</question>
<answer>calprotectin</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"calprotectin",
"S100A8/A9",
"S100A8-S100A9 complex",
"MRP8/14",
"L1 protein",
"calgranulin A/B",
"myeloid-related protein 8/14",
"S100 calcium-binding protein A8/A9"
]
|
What is the function of the OsMADS6 gene in rice? | specification of floral organ and meristem identities | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 20038961 | The AGL6-like gene OsMADS6 regulates floral organ and meristem identities in rice. | <question>What is the function of the OsMADS6 gene in rice?</question>
<answer>specification of floral organ and meristem identities</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"specification of floral organ and meristem identities",
"floral organ specification",
"meristem identity specification",
"floral organ identity specification",
"floral organ and meristem identity specification",
"regulation of floral organ identity",
"regulation of meristem identity"
]
|
What is the main mosquito vector responsible for transmitting dengue virus? | Aedes aegypti | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 23209765 | Complex modulation of the Aedes aegypti transcriptome in response to dengue virus infection. | <question>What is the main mosquito vector responsible for transmitting dengue virus?</question>
<answer>Aedes aegypti</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Aedes aegypti",
"yellow fever mosquito"
]
|
What methodological principle is described as structuring the logic of big data in this article? | aggregation | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 29561101 | [Chapter 7. Big Data or the illusion of a synthesis by aggregation. Epistemological, ethical and political critics]. | <question>What methodological principle is described as structuring the logic of big data in this article?</question>
<answer>aggregation</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"aggregation",
"aggregate",
"data aggregation"
]
|
What antiarrhythmic drug was administered intravenously to patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in this study? | amiodarone | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 33118640 | The use of intravenous amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. | <question>What antiarrhythmic drug was administered intravenously to patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in this study?</question>
<answer>amiodarone</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"amiodarone",
"Cordarone",
"Pacerone"
]
|
What brain structure is commonly targeted by deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease? | subthalamic nucleus | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 26529747 | A Novel Lead Design for Modulation and Sensing of Deep Brain Structures. | <question>What brain structure is commonly targeted by deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease?</question>
<answer>subthalamic nucleus</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"subthalamic nucleus",
"STN"
]
|
Which antioxidant enzyme showed decreased activity in both Sf-9 and Tn-5B1-4 insect cells after infection with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus? | Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 11728817 | Evidence of oxidative stress following the viral infection of two lepidopteran insect cell lines. | <question>Which antioxidant enzyme showed decreased activity in both Sf-9 and Tn-5B1-4 insect cells after infection with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus?</question>
<answer>Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase",
"Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase",
"CuZnSOD",
"Cu,Zn-SOD",
"SOD1",
"superoxide dismutase 1",
"copper zinc SOD"
]
|
What is the active ingredient in Privigen used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy? | intravenous immunoglobulin | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 23781960 | Efficacy and safety of Privigen(�) in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: results of a prospective, single-arm, open-label Phase III study (the PRIMA study). | <question>What is the active ingredient in Privigen used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy?</question>
<answer>intravenous immunoglobulin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"intravenous immunoglobulin",
"IVIG",
"IV Ig",
"IV immunoglobulin",
"human immunoglobulin",
"immunoglobulin intravenous",
"immune globulin intravenous",
"immune globulin",
"human normal immunoglobulin",
"IgG intravenous",
"intravenous IgG"
]
|
What is the name of the scale commonly used to evaluate bowel cleansing quality before colonoscopy? | Boston Bowel Preparation Scale | 8 | Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems | 30943553 | Impact of a 1-day versus 3-day low-residue diet on bowel cleansing quality before colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. | <question>What is the name of the scale commonly used to evaluate bowel cleansing quality before colonoscopy?</question>
<answer>Boston Bowel Preparation Scale</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat> | [
"Boston Bowel Preparation Scale",
"BBPS"
]
|
What is the minimum liver stiffness measurement (LSM) value, in kilopascals, used to define advanced liver stiffness in chronic hepatitis B patients? | 8 KPa | 8 | Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems | 26317595 | Central Obesity and Advanced Liver Stiffness in Hepatitis B: Result from Golestan Hepatitis B Cohort Study. | <question>What is the minimum liver stiffness measurement (LSM) value, in kilopascals, used to define advanced liver stiffness in chronic hepatitis B patients?</question>
<answer>8 KPa</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat> | [
"8 KPa",
"8 kPa",
"8 kilopascals",
"eight kilopascals",
"eight kPa",
"8"
]
|
Which kinase is inhibited by rapamycin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae? | Tor1 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 23668784 | A functional autophagy pathway is required for rapamycin-induced degradation of the Sgs1 helicase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | <question>Which kinase is inhibited by rapamycin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae?</question>
<answer>Tor1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Tor1",
"TOR1",
"Target of rapamycin 1",
"YJR066W",
"TOR kinase 1",
"TOR-1"
]
|
Which phase of the cell cycle was optimally separated using Ficoll gradient centrifugation in L5178Y cells? | G1 phase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 7190228 | The use of Ficoll gradient centrifugation to obtain synchronously growing L5178Y cells. | <question>Which phase of the cell cycle was optimally separated using Ficoll gradient centrifugation in L5178Y cells?</question>
<answer>G1 phase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"G1 phase",
"G1",
"Gap 1 phase",
"first gap phase",
"G1-stage"
]
|
What type of task was used to examine the influence of self-generated and externally predicted distractors on attention? | visual search task | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 30588545 | Distract yourself: prediction of salient distractors by own actions and external cues. | <question>What type of task was used to examine the influence of self-generated and externally predicted distractors on attention?</question>
<answer>visual search task</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"visual search task",
"visual search",
"visual search paradigm",
"visual search experiment"
]
|
What medication was found to be associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency department? | Sodium bicarbonate | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 26597330 | Sodium bicarbonate administration during ongoing resuscitation is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation. | <question>What medication was found to be associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency department?</question>
<answer>Sodium bicarbonate</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"sodium bicarbonate",
"NaHCO3",
"bicarbonate",
"baking soda"
]
|
Which transcription factor, when transduced into neural stem cells, significantly enhances the generation of glutamic acid decarboxylase-negative neurons after transplantation into the mouse primary somatosensory cortex? | Mash1 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 28131232 | Enriched environment and Mash1 transfection affect neural stem cell differentiation after transplantation into the adult somatosensory cortex. | <question>Which transcription factor, when transduced into neural stem cells, significantly enhances the generation of glutamic acid decarboxylase-negative neurons after transplantation into the mouse primary somatosensory cortex?</question>
<answer>Mash1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Mash1",
"MASH1",
"mash1",
"Ascl1",
"achaete-scute homolog 1",
"achaete-scute complex homolog 1",
"achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1"
]
|
What type of cells were used to create the 3D artificial heart muscle in this study? | neonatal rat cardiac cells | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 25667345 | 32-Channel System to Measure the Electrophysiological Properties of Bioengineered Cardiac Muscle. | <question>What type of cells were used to create the 3D artificial heart muscle in this study?</question>
<answer>neonatal rat cardiac cells</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"neonatal rat cardiac cells",
"neonatal rat cardiomyocytes",
"neonatal rat heart cells",
"neonatal rat heart muscle cells",
"neonatal rat ventricular myocytes",
"neonatal rat cardiac myocytes"
]
|
What is the scientific name of the fungal pathogen associated with chytridiomycosis in amphibians? | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 15235903 | Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey interactions in larval amphibian communities. | <question>What is the scientific name of the fungal pathogen associated with chytridiomycosis in amphibians?</question>
<answer>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis",
"Bd",
"Chytrid fungus",
"B. dendrobatidis"
]
|
What percentage of 1-4-year-old children in New South Wales were found to be immune to measles by serological testing? | 80% | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 9727174 | Measles immunity and immunization status in under-5-year-old children in New South Wales: a population-based study. | <question>What percentage of 1-4-year-old children in New South Wales were found to be immune to measles by serological testing?</question>
<answer>80%</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"80%",
"eighty percent"
]
|
What type of gland is commonly biopsied to diagnose Sjögren syndrome? | lip salivary gland | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 8168217 | [Age-related changes of human lip salivary glands and their values in the diagnosis of Sj?gren syndrome]. | <question>What type of gland is commonly biopsied to diagnose Sjögren syndrome?</question>
<answer>lip salivary gland</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"lip salivary gland",
"minor salivary gland",
"labial salivary gland",
"labial minor salivary gland",
"minor labial salivary gland"
]
|
What compound is commonly used to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cell culture models? | tunicamycin | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 19571389 | Neuroprotective action of genipin on tunicamycin-induced cytotoxicity in neuro2a cells. | <question>What compound is commonly used to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cell culture models?</question>
<answer>tunicamycin</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"tunicamycin"
]
|
What surgical device is used as a template in the novel circumcision technique described for improved cosmetic results? | Plastibell | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 11597549 | Plastibell template circumcision: a new technique. | <question>What surgical device is used as a template in the novel circumcision technique described for improved cosmetic results?</question>
<answer>Plastibell</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Plastibell",
"Plastibell device",
"Plastibell ring"
]
|
Which imaging modality allows live dynamic visualization of urine flow in the urinary tract? | near infrared fluorescence imaging | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 22999537 | A novel method of evaluating ureteropelvic junction obstruction: dynamic near infrared fluorescence imaging compared to standard modalities to assess urinary obstruction in a swine model. | <question>Which imaging modality allows live dynamic visualization of urine flow in the urinary tract?</question>
<answer>near infrared fluorescence imaging</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"near infrared fluorescence imaging",
"NIR fluorescence imaging",
"near-infrared fluorescence imaging",
"NIRF imaging",
"near infrared fluorescent imaging",
"near-infrared fluorescent imaging"
]
|
What procedure is used to prevent and treat paraplegia during thoraco-abdominal aortic surgery? | cerebrospinal fluid drainage | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 23917132 | [Thoraco-abdominal aortic replacement in chronic phase in a patient with temporary paraplegia after Stanford B acute dissection]. | <question>What procedure is used to prevent and treat paraplegia during thoraco-abdominal aortic surgery?</question>
<answer>cerebrospinal fluid drainage</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"cerebrospinal fluid drainage",
"CSF drainage",
"cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage",
"spinal fluid drainage"
]
|
What is the most common symptom of acute pulmonary embolism? | dyspnea | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 6534769 | The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. | <question>What is the most common symptom of acute pulmonary embolism?</question>
<answer>dyspnea</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"dyspnea",
"shortness of breath",
"breathlessness"
]
|
Which nonstructural protein of Dengue virus is encoded by the gene analyzed in this study? | NS3 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1823270 | Partial sequence analysis of type 1 dengue virus coding for the nonstructural hydrophilic protein NS-3. | <question>Which nonstructural protein of Dengue virus is encoded by the gene analyzed in this study?</question>
<answer>NS3</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"NS3",
"Nonstructural protein 3",
"DENV NS3",
"Dengue virus NS3",
"NS3 protein",
"Dengue NS3"
]
|
Which enzyme's activity is increased in the hippocampus of aged rats treated with phytosterol esters? | Choline acetyltransferase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 28256666 | Neuroprotective effects of phytosterol esters against high cholesterol-induced cognitive deficits in aged rat. | <question>Which enzyme's activity is increased in the hippocampus of aged rats treated with phytosterol esters?</question>
<answer>Choline acetyltransferase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Choline acetyltransferase",
"ChAT",
"acetylcholine synthase",
"choline O-acetyltransferase"
]
|
Which region of the HIV-1 gp120 protein was found to be the most immunogenic in rabbits? | V3 loop | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 25527085 | Detailed characterization of antibody responses against HIV-1 group M consensus gp120 in rabbits. | <question>Which region of the HIV-1 gp120 protein was found to be the most immunogenic in rabbits?</question>
<answer>V3 loop</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"V3 loop",
"third variable loop",
"V3 region",
"V3 domain"
]
|
What ion triggers the movement of tropomyosin on thin filaments to initiate muscle contraction? | Calcium | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 11273697 | Troponin organization on relaxed and activated thin filaments revealed by electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. | <question>What ion triggers the movement of tropomyosin on thin filaments to initiate muscle contraction?</question>
<answer>Calcium</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"calcium",
"Ca2+",
"Ca++",
"Ca",
"calcium ion"
]
|
What is the most common histological subtype of esophageal cancer not associated with cardia region? | Squamous cell carcinoma | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 16894563 | Use of tight belts and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. | <question>What is the most common histological subtype of esophageal cancer not associated with cardia region?</question>
<answer>Squamous cell carcinoma</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Squamous cell carcinoma",
"SCC",
"esophageal squamous cell carcinoma",
"oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma",
"squamous carcinoma",
"squamous cell cancer"
]
|
Which protein was found to delay lactose crystallization in model infant food powders? | beta-lactoglobulin | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 17638972 | Lactose crystallization delay in model infant foods made with lactose, beta-lactoglobulin, and starch. | <question>Which protein was found to delay lactose crystallization in model infant food powders?</question>
<answer>beta-lactoglobulin</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"beta-lactoglobulin",
"β-lactoglobulin",
"BLG",
"LGB",
"lactoglobulin"
]
|
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