question
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stringclasses 74
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stringlengths 141
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| golden_answers
listlengths 1
21
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which population group in Australia has an elevated rate of suicide, self-harm, and suicidal ideation compared to the nonindigenous population?
|
Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
31470580
|
A Systematic Review of the Antecedents and Prevalence of Suicide, Self-Harm and Suicide Ideation in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth.
|
<question>Which population group in Australia has an elevated rate of suicide, self-harm, and suicidal ideation compared to the nonindigenous population?</question>
<answer>Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth",
"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth",
"Indigenous Australian youth",
"Aboriginal youth",
"Torres Strait Islander youth",
"Indigenous youth in Australia",
"First Nations youth in Australia"
] |
Which chromosome arm is most commonly deleted during the progression of meningiomas?
|
1p
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
10589773
|
Deletion of chromosome 1p and loss of expression of alkaline phosphatase indicate progression of meningiomas.
|
<question>Which chromosome arm is most commonly deleted during the progression of meningiomas?</question>
<answer>1p</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"1p",
"chromosome 1p",
"short arm of chromosome 1",
"1p arm",
"chromosome 1 short arm"
] |
What is the primary dimension of stress identified for parents of children hospitalized in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)?
|
Clinical
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
29799884
|
[Parental stressors in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit].
|
<question>What is the primary dimension of stress identified for parents of children hospitalized in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)?</question>
<answer>Clinical</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Clinical"
] |
What lipid is used to form the vesicles that interact with tubulin at the phase transition?
|
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
6894593
|
Interaction of tubulin with phospholipid vesicles. I. Association with vesicles at the phase transition.
|
<question>What lipid is used to form the vesicles that interact with tubulin at the phase transition?</question>
<answer>dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine",
"DPPC",
"1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine",
"dihexadecanoyl phosphatidylcholine",
"1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine"
] |
Which family of salivary proteins interacts first with condensed tannins?
|
acidic proline-rich proteins
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
21417408
|
Reactivity of human salivary proteins families toward food polyphenols.
|
<question>Which family of salivary proteins interacts first with condensed tannins?</question>
<answer>acidic proline-rich proteins</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"acidic proline-rich proteins",
"aPRPs",
"acidic PRPs",
"acidic proline rich proteins",
"acidic proline-rich protein",
"acidic PRP",
"proline-rich proteins",
"PRPs"
] |
Which standard substance was used as a reference to determine the protective ability against ethanol-induced liver injury in this study?
|
vitamin C
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
30133742
|
Establishment and application of a method for screening the therapeutic drugs of ethanol-induced liver injury based on cellular metabonomics.
|
<question>Which standard substance was used as a reference to determine the protective ability against ethanol-induced liver injury in this study?</question>
<answer>vitamin C</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"vitamin C",
"ascorbic acid",
"L-ascorbic acid",
"Vit C"
] |
Which style of confrontation received the best interpersonal ratings in responses to everyday heterosexism?
|
nonhostile assertive
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
20391010
|
Alternatives to silence in face-to-face encounters with everyday heterosexism: activism on the interpersonal front.
|
<question>Which style of confrontation received the best interpersonal ratings in responses to everyday heterosexism?</question>
<answer>nonhostile assertive</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"nonhostile assertive",
"non-hostile assertive",
"non-hostile, assertive",
"nonhostile, assertive"
] |
Which bacterial metabolic pathway is targeted for specific imaging in the study of radiolabeled maltodextrins?
|
maltodextrin transport mechanism
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
29195027
|
Harnessing the Maltodextrin Transport Mechanism for Targeted Bacterial Imaging: Structural Requirements for Improved in vivo Stability in Tracer Design.
|
<question>Which bacterial metabolic pathway is targeted for specific imaging in the study of radiolabeled maltodextrins?</question>
<answer>maltodextrin transport mechanism</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"maltodextrin transport mechanism",
"maltodextrin transport system",
"maltodextrin transporter",
"maltodextrin uptake pathway",
"maltodextrin uptake system",
"maltodextrin import pathway",
"maltodextrin import system",
"maltodextrin ABC transporter",
"maltodextrin transport pathway"
] |
What is the main output neuron type of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) in weakly electric fish?
|
pyramidal cells
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
3184011
|
Morphological and electrophysiological properties of a novel in vitro preparation: the electrosensory lateral line lobe brain slice.
|
<question>What is the main output neuron type of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) in weakly electric fish?</question>
<answer>pyramidal cells</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"pyramidal cells",
"pyramidal neurons",
"ELL pyramidal cells",
"ELL pyramidal neurons"
] |
Which neurotransmitter receptor antagonist was used to antagonize the inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons?
|
bicuculline
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
18292682
|
Amnestic concentrations of sevoflurane inhibit synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons through gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated mechanisms.
|
<question>Which neurotransmitter receptor antagonist was used to antagonize the inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons?</question>
<answer>bicuculline</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"bicuculline",
"bicuculline methiodide",
"BIC"
] |
What is the most common location for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?
|
trunk
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
15266155
|
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the brow and eyelid.
|
<question>What is the most common location for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans?</question>
<answer>trunk</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"trunk",
"torso"
] |
What is the most common histological type of oral cancer in patients with T1 and T2 tumors?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
15544877
|
Management of the neck in patients with T1 and T2 cancer in the mouth.
|
<question>What is the most common histological type of oral cancer in patients with T1 and T2 tumors?</question>
<answer>Squamous cell carcinoma</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Squamous cell carcinoma",
"SCC",
"squamous carcinoma",
"oral squamous cell carcinoma",
"squamous cell cancer"
] |
What hormone is commonly elevated in polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) patients with a significant adrenal component to their hyperandrogenism?
|
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
6281086
|
Differential response to adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulation in polycystic ovarian disease with high and low dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels.
|
<question>What hormone is commonly elevated in polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) patients with a significant adrenal component to their hyperandrogenism?</question>
<answer>dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate",
"DHEA-S",
"DHEAS",
"dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate"
] |
What type of cardiac valve is affected by paravalvular leak in this case report?
|
mitral valve
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
23608262
|
Bioprosthetic mitral valve endocarditis after percutaneous device closure of severe paravalvular leak.
|
<question>What type of cardiac valve is affected by paravalvular leak in this case report?</question>
<answer>mitral valve</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"mitral valve",
"bicuspid valve",
"left atrioventricular valve"
] |
What type of radiosurgery is used as adjuvant therapy after meningioma resection?
|
Gamma knife
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
15337131
|
Adjuvant gamma knife radiosurgery after meningioma resection.
|
<question>What type of radiosurgery is used as adjuvant therapy after meningioma resection?</question>
<answer>Gamma knife</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Gamma knife",
"Gamma Knife",
"gamma knife radiosurgery",
"Gamma Knife radiosurgery",
"stereotactic radiosurgery",
"SRS"
] |
What is the histopathological variant of cutaneous melanoma that is rare in children and was identified in the reported case?
|
Spitzoid melanoma
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
22700484
|
Cutaneous Spitzoid melanoma in a very young girl of Asian descent.
|
<question>What is the histopathological variant of cutaneous melanoma that is rare in children and was identified in the reported case?</question>
<answer>Spitzoid melanoma</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Spitzoid melanoma",
"Spitz melanoma",
"Spitzoid-type melanoma",
"spitzoid malignant melanoma"
] |
What enzyme is responsible for the hypermethylation of the lncRNA AC007255.8 promoter in NNK-transformed Beas-2B cells?
|
DNMT1
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
33872747
|
A genome-wide screen for differentially methylated long noncoding RNAs identified that lncAC007255.8 is regulated by promoter DNA methylation in Beas-2B cells malignantly transformed by NNK.
|
<question>What enzyme is responsible for the hypermethylation of the lncRNA AC007255.8 promoter in NNK-transformed Beas-2B cells?</question>
<answer>DNMT1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"DNMT1",
"DNA methyltransferase 1",
"DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1",
"DNMT-1"
] |
What drug was administered to Merino rams to assess its effect on reproductive potential?
|
ivermectin
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
3553595
|
Effect of ivermectin on the reproductive potential of breeding rams.
|
<question>What drug was administered to Merino rams to assess its effect on reproductive potential?</question>
<answer>ivermectin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"ivermectin",
"Ivomec",
"Mectizan",
"Stromectol"
] |
Which hormone's plasma levels were used to monitor luteal activity in cows after embryonic and fetal death?
|
progesterone
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
3654314
|
Clinical and endocrine responses to embryonic and fetal death induced by manual rupture of the amniotic vesicle during early pregnancy in cows.
|
<question>Which hormone's plasma levels were used to monitor luteal activity in cows after embryonic and fetal death?</question>
<answer>progesterone</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"progesterone",
"P4",
"17α-hydroxyprogesterone",
"17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone"
] |
Which brain region is important for the sensory-discriminative dimension of pain?
|
secondary somatosensory cortex
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
16553798
|
Secondary somatosensory cortex is important for the sensory-discriminative dimension of pain: a functional MRI study.
|
<question>Which brain region is important for the sensory-discriminative dimension of pain?</question>
<answer>secondary somatosensory cortex</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"secondary somatosensory cortex",
"SII",
"S2",
"parietal operculum",
"secondary somatosensory area"
] |
What oculomotor task is used to assess executive control deficits after a sport-related concussion?
|
antisaccade task
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
32438897
|
Executive Dysfunction after a Sport-Related Concussion Is Independent of Task-Based Symptom Burden.
|
<question>What oculomotor task is used to assess executive control deficits after a sport-related concussion?</question>
<answer>antisaccade task</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"antisaccade task",
"anti-saccade task",
"antisaccadic task",
"anti-saccadic task",
"antisaccade",
"anti-saccade"
] |
What was the most common indication for penetrating keratoplasty in both bilaterally and unilaterally blind patients?
|
corneoiridic scar
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
15319790
|
Outcome of penetrating keratoplasty in patients with bilateral corneal blindness.
|
<question>What was the most common indication for penetrating keratoplasty in both bilaterally and unilaterally blind patients?</question>
<answer>corneoiridic scar</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"corneoiridic scar",
"corneo-iridic scar",
"corneo-iridic adhesion",
"corneoiridic adhesion"
] |
What is the most common indication for pediatric heart transplantation in the most recent era studied at Stanford University?
|
congenital heart disease
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
26228604
|
Changes in Risk Profile Over Time in the Population of a Pediatric Heart Transplant Program.
|
<question>What is the most common indication for pediatric heart transplantation in the most recent era studied at Stanford University?</question>
<answer>congenital heart disease</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"congenital heart disease",
"CHD",
"congenital cardiac disease",
"congenital heart defect",
"congenital cardiac defect"
] |
Which isotope is used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies to measure metabolites and intracellular pH in perfused organs?
|
phosphorus-31
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
6106217
|
N.m.r. studies of metabolism in perfused organs.
|
<question>Which isotope is used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies to measure metabolites and intracellular pH in perfused organs?</question>
<answer>phosphorus-31</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"phosphorus-31",
"31P",
"P-31",
"phosphorus 31",
"P31"
] |
Which Pristionchus species is long-lived compared to others in hybrid crosses studied for lifespan?
|
Pristionchus exspectatus
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
27893180
|
Hybrid crosses and the genetic basis of interspecific divergence in lifespan in Pristionchus nematodes.
|
<question>Which Pristionchus species is long-lived compared to others in hybrid crosses studied for lifespan?</question>
<answer>Pristionchus exspectatus</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Pristionchus exspectatus",
"P. exspectatus"
] |
What is the ethical process called that ensures participants agree to research after being informed of all relevant aspects?
|
informed consent
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
12971301
|
Forbidden knowledge. A case study with commentaries exploring ethical issues and genetic research.
|
<question>What is the ethical process called that ensures participants agree to research after being informed of all relevant aspects?</question>
<answer>informed consent</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"informed consent",
"informed agreement",
"consent after information",
"informed voluntary consent"
] |
What is the recommended bearing surface used in revision total hip arthroplasty after ceramic fracture?
|
ceramic-on-polyethylene
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
27507545
|
Revision of ceramic fracture with ceramic-on-polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty: Medium-term results.
|
<question>What is the recommended bearing surface used in revision total hip arthroplasty after ceramic fracture?</question>
<answer>ceramic-on-polyethylene</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"ceramic-on-polyethylene",
"ceramic on polyethylene",
"ceramic/polyethylene",
"ceramic-polyethylene",
"ceramic with polyethylene",
"ceramic-poly liner",
"ceramic on poly",
"ceramic/poly"
] |
Which antidepressant was compared to short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in this study on major depressive disorder?
|
Fluoxetine
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
18701831
|
Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and fluoxetine in major depressive disorder: a randomized comparative study.
|
<question>Which antidepressant was compared to short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in this study on major depressive disorder?</question>
<answer>Fluoxetine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Fluoxetine",
"Prozac",
"Sarafem",
"Rapiflux",
"Selfemra"
] |
What imaging technique was used to estimate adipose tissue depots in German Holstein dairy cattle?
|
Ultrasonography
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
27482669
|
In vivo determination of subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue depots in German Holstein dairy cattle.
|
<question>What imaging technique was used to estimate adipose tissue depots in German Holstein dairy cattle?</question>
<answer>Ultrasonography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"Ultrasonography",
"ultrasound",
"ultrasonic imaging",
"sonography",
"ultrasound imaging"
] |
Which kinase is inhibited by dasatinib in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes?
|
c-abl
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
19062342
|
Dasatinib sensitizes primary chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes to chlorambucil and fludarabine in vitro.
|
<question>Which kinase is inhibited by dasatinib in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes?</question>
<answer>c-abl</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"c-abl",
"c-Abl",
"ABL1",
"Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1",
"Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1",
"v-abl",
"ABL",
"Abl1 kinase",
"p210 BCR-ABL"
] |
Which type of tumor was found in association with multiple intracranial aneurysms in the reported case?
|
optic glioma
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
27036496
|
Intracranial aneurysms and optic glioma--an unusual combination: a case report.
|
<question>Which type of tumor was found in association with multiple intracranial aneurysms in the reported case?</question>
<answer>optic glioma</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"optic glioma",
"optic nerve glioma",
"optic pathway glioma",
"optic nerve astrocytoma"
] |
Which T helper cell subsets are most associated with the shared molecular signature of atopic dermatitis across all ages?
|
TH2 and TH22
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
33453290
|
The molecular features of normal and atopic dermatitis skin in infants, children, adolescents, and adults.
|
<question>Which T helper cell subsets are most associated with the shared molecular signature of atopic dermatitis across all ages?</question>
<answer>TH2 and TH22</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"TH2",
"T helper 2",
"Type 2 helper T cell",
"T helper type 2",
"Th2",
"TH22",
"T helper 22",
"Type 22 helper T cell",
"T helper type 22",
"Th22"
] |
What type of models are proposed to represent the complex interactions in chronic disease epidemiology?
|
dynamic systems models
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
17329122
|
Causal system modeling in chronic disease epidemiology: a proposal.
|
<question>What type of models are proposed to represent the complex interactions in chronic disease epidemiology?</question>
<answer>dynamic systems models</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"dynamic systems models",
"systems dynamics models",
"system dynamics models",
"dynamic system models",
"systems model",
"systems models",
"systems modeling",
"system modeling"
] |
Where is the novel rice lipoxygenase localized within the cell?
|
chloroplasts
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
7508918
|
A novel lipoxygenase from rice. Primary structure and specific expression upon incompatible infection with rice blast fungus.
|
<question>Where is the novel rice lipoxygenase localized within the cell?</question>
<answer>chloroplasts</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"chloroplasts",
"chloroplast",
"plastids"
] |
Which gene's *2 and *3 polymorphisms are associated with increased clopidogrel resistance in coronary heart disease patients?
|
CYP2C19
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
31900240
|
The impact of cytochrome 450 and Paraoxonase polymorphisms on clopidogrel resistance and major adverse cardiac events in coronary heart disease patients after percutaneous coronary intervention.
|
<question>Which gene's *2 and *3 polymorphisms are associated with increased clopidogrel resistance in coronary heart disease patients?</question>
<answer>CYP2C19</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"CYP2C19",
"Cytochrome P450 2C19",
"CYP2C19 gene",
"P450C2C19",
"CYP2C19 enzyme"
] |
What is the stop codon found at the 3' terminus of mouse immunoglobulin mu chain mRNA?
|
UGA
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
6776490
|
The sequence at the 3' terminus of mouse immunoglobulin secreted mu chain messenger RNA determined from cloned cDNA.
|
<question>What is the stop codon found at the 3' terminus of mouse immunoglobulin mu chain mRNA?</question>
<answer>UGA</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"UGA",
"opal",
"stop codon UGA",
"termination codon UGA"
] |
Which lumbar vertebral level is most commonly affected by symptomatic pars lesions in adolescent cricket fast bowlers?
|
L4
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
17218880
|
Pars interarticularis stress lesions in the lumbar spine of cricket fast bowlers.
|
<question>Which lumbar vertebral level is most commonly affected by symptomatic pars lesions in adolescent cricket fast bowlers?</question>
<answer>L4</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"L4",
"lumbar 4",
"fourth lumbar vertebra",
"L-4"
] |
What immunosuppressive drug was shown to prevent and treat symptoms in a rat model of Guillain-Barré syndrome?
|
cyclophosphamide
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
18452999
|
Preventive and curative effects of cyclophosphamide in an animal model of Guillain Barr? syndrome.
|
<question>What immunosuppressive drug was shown to prevent and treat symptoms in a rat model of Guillain-Barré syndrome?</question>
<answer>cyclophosphamide</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"cyclophosphamide",
"Cytoxan",
"Endoxan",
"cytoxan",
"endoxan"
] |
What radioactive isotope is used in the discussed method for labelling leucocytes?
|
technetium-99m
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
3001924
|
A new method for rapid technetium-99m labelling of leucocytes: functional cell studies in vitro.
|
<question>What radioactive isotope is used in the discussed method for labelling leucocytes?</question>
<answer>technetium-99m</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"technetium-99m",
"Tc-99m",
"99mTc",
"Technetium 99m",
"Technetium-99m",
"Tc99m"
] |
Which group of students reported the most psychological distress after the September 11th attacks?
|
ambivalent students
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
17999219
|
Forgiving the September 11th terrorists: associations with coping, psychological distress, and religiosity.
|
<question>Which group of students reported the most psychological distress after the September 11th attacks?</question>
<answer>ambivalent students</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"ambivalent students",
"students with ambivalent attachment",
"students with ambivalent attachment style",
"students with ambivalent attitudes",
"ambivalently attached students"
] |
What U.S. state is a common destination for Pacific Basin residents seeking palliative care services?
|
Hawai'i
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
21132597
|
Issues confronting social workers in the provision of palliative care services in the Pacific Basin (Hawai'i and the U.S. affiliated Pacific Island nations and territories).
|
<question>What U.S. state is a common destination for Pacific Basin residents seeking palliative care services?</question>
<answer>Hawai'i</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"Hawai'i",
"Hawaii",
"HI",
"State of Hawaii"
] |
What topical immunosuppressant is effective in treating refractory allergic conjunctivitis with proliferative lesions and/or corneal involvement?
|
tacrolimus
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
24695688
|
Therapeutic effects of 0.1% tacrolimus eye drops for refractory allergic ocular diseases with proliferative lesion or corneal involvement.
|
<question>What topical immunosuppressant is effective in treating refractory allergic conjunctivitis with proliferative lesions and/or corneal involvement?</question>
<answer>tacrolimus</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"tacrolimus",
"FK506",
"Prograf",
"Protopic",
"FK-506"
] |
What rat strain did the spontaneous malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) develop in?
|
Fischer 344
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
2548024
|
Morphologic characteristics of a transplantable tumor derived from a spontaneous malignant fibrous histiocytoma in the rat.
|
<question>What rat strain did the spontaneous malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) develop in?</question>
<answer>Fischer 344</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Fischer 344",
"F344",
"Fischer344",
"Fischer rat",
"F344 rat"
] |
What hemodynamic variable is traditionally measured at the superior vena cava to assess blood volume and vascular tone?
|
Central venous pressure
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
11133622
|
Peripheral venous pressure as a hemodynamic variable in neurosurgical patients.
|
<question>What hemodynamic variable is traditionally measured at the superior vena cava to assess blood volume and vascular tone?</question>
<answer>Central venous pressure</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Central venous pressure",
"CVP"
] |
Which isotopes were used in the solid-state NMR study of 5-thiomethyltetrazole?
|
15N and 13C
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
7767661
|
15N and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance study of 5-thiomethyltetrazole.
|
<question>Which isotopes were used in the solid-state NMR study of 5-thiomethyltetrazole?</question>
<answer>15N and 13C</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"15N",
"nitrogen-15",
"N-15",
"13C",
"carbon-13",
"C-13"
] |
What type of reflex is elicited by stimulation of intrarenal chemoreceptors in rats?
|
renorenal reflex
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
7175082
|
Single-unit and multiunit analyses of renorenal reflexes elicited by stimulation of renal chemoreceptors in the rat.
|
<question>What type of reflex is elicited by stimulation of intrarenal chemoreceptors in rats?</question>
<answer>renorenal reflex</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"renorenal reflex",
"reno-renal reflex",
"reno-renal reflex arc",
"renorenal reflex arc"
] |
Which side of the body is typically affected by visuo-spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere stroke?
|
left
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
2043904
|
Recovery and regression in visuo-spatial neglect: a case study of learning in line bisection.
|
<question>Which side of the body is typically affected by visuo-spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere stroke?</question>
<answer>left</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"left",
"left side",
"left-hand side",
"left side of the body",
"left body",
"left hemisphere",
"left half"
] |
What does BOD stand for in water quality assessments?
|
biochemical oxygen demand
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
19024728
|
QUAL2K model used in the water quality assessment of Qiantang River, China.
|
<question>What does BOD stand for in water quality assessments?</question>
<answer>biochemical oxygen demand</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"biochemical oxygen demand",
"BOD"
] |
Which species of Callosobruchus exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the study?
|
C. chinensis
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
22605686
|
Variation in the sensitivity of Callosobruchus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) acetylcholinesterase to the organophosphate insecticide malaoxon: effect of species, geographical strain and food type.
|
<question>Which species of Callosobruchus exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the study?</question>
<answer>C. chinensis</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"C. chinensis",
"Callosobruchus chinensis",
"adzuki bean beetle",
"adzuki bean weevil"
] |
Which two drugs were combined in the salvage chemotherapy regimen evaluated for advanced breast cancer in the described phase II study?
|
Docetaxel and vinorelbine
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
12408375
|
Docetaxel plus vinorelbine as salvage chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer: a phase II study.
|
<question>Which two drugs were combined in the salvage chemotherapy regimen evaluated for advanced breast cancer in the described phase II study?</question>
<answer>Docetaxel and vinorelbine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Docetaxel and vinorelbine",
"docetaxel plus vinorelbine",
"docetaxel/vinorelbine",
"Taxotere and Navelbine",
"Taxotere plus Navelbine",
"Taxotere/vinorelbine",
"docetaxel and Navelbine",
"Taxotere and vinorelbine"
] |
Which protein's expression is upregulated in hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes and is associated with apoptosis?
|
p53
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
20213359
|
Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals induced apoptosis via bcl-2 and p53 pathway in hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes.
|
<question>Which protein's expression is upregulated in hypoxia-reoxygenated cardiomyocytes and is associated with apoptosis?</question>
<answer>p53</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"p53",
"TP53",
"tumor protein p53",
"cellular tumor antigen p53"
] |
What is the main reason reported by breast cancer patients for not taking tamoxifen?
|
side effects
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
16198223
|
Adherence beliefs among breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen.
|
<question>What is the main reason reported by breast cancer patients for not taking tamoxifen?</question>
<answer>side effects</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"side effects",
"adverse effects",
"adverse reactions",
"unwanted effects",
"undesirable effects",
"negative effects"
] |
What is the primary eye condition treated with foveal translocation and 360-degree retinotomy in this study?
|
myopic neovascular maculopathy
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
11162984
|
Visual function after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy.
|
<question>What is the primary eye condition treated with foveal translocation and 360-degree retinotomy in this study?</question>
<answer>myopic neovascular maculopathy</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"myopic neovascular maculopathy",
"myopic CNV",
"myopic choroidal neovascularization",
"pathologic myopia with choroidal neovascularization",
"myopic macular neovascularization",
"myopic maculopathy with CNV",
"myopic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization"
] |
What is the threshold value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) suggested to significantly blunt glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in type 2 diabetic patients with typical diabetic glomerular lesions?
|
7.5%
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
11783602
|
Evidence of a threshold value of glycated hemoglobin to improve the course of renal function in type 2 diabetes with typical diabetic glomerulopathy.
|
<question>What is the threshold value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) suggested to significantly blunt glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in type 2 diabetic patients with typical diabetic glomerular lesions?</question>
<answer>7.5%</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"7.5%",
"7.5 percent",
"HbA1c 7.5%",
"HbA1c 7.5 percent"
] |
Which respiratory virus was associated with the highest risk of hospitalization in children with influenza-like illness?
|
Respiratory syncytial virus
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
30137695
|
"Differential risk of hospitalization among single virus infections causing influenza-like illnesses".
|
<question>Which respiratory virus was associated with the highest risk of hospitalization in children with influenza-like illness?</question>
<answer>Respiratory syncytial virus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Respiratory syncytial virus",
"RSV",
"human respiratory syncytial virus",
"HRSV"
] |
What bacterium is commonly detected in the gastric antrum of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
8002262
|
Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease--a prospective study.
|
<question>What bacterium is commonly detected in the gastric antrum of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?</question>
<answer>Helicobacter pylori</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"Helicobacter pylori",
"H. pylori",
"Campylobacter pylori"
] |
What type of intervention is analyzed in the study for individuals with suicidal intentions?
|
online self-help
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
27779293
|
[Online self-help for persons with suicidal intentions: budget impact analysis].
|
<question>What type of intervention is analyzed in the study for individuals with suicidal intentions?</question>
<answer>online self-help</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"online self-help",
"internet self-help",
"web-based self-help",
"digital self-help",
"online self-help intervention",
"internet-based self-help",
"web self-help",
"online self-help program"
] |
Which genes are frequently hypermethylated in breast cancer tissue, leading to their transcriptional silencing?
|
ERalpha and ERbeta
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
15254780
|
CpG methylation of the ERalpha and ERbeta genes in breast cancer.
|
<question>Which genes are frequently hypermethylated in breast cancer tissue, leading to their transcriptional silencing?</question>
<answer>ERalpha and ERbeta</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"ERalpha",
"ER alpha",
"Estrogen receptor alpha",
"ESR1",
"ERβ",
"ERbeta",
"ER beta",
"Estrogen receptor beta",
"ESR2"
] |
What oocyte-derived factor stimulates proliferation but suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced differentiation of granulosa cells?
|
Growth differentiation factor-9
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
10642575
|
Growth differentiation factor-9 stimulates proliferation but suppresses the follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured granulosa cells from small antral and preovulatory rat follicles.
|
<question>What oocyte-derived factor stimulates proliferation but suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced differentiation of granulosa cells?</question>
<answer>Growth differentiation factor-9</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Growth differentiation factor-9",
"GDF-9",
"GDF9",
"growth/differentiation factor 9"
] |
What premalignant lesion of the prostate is associated with an increased risk of cancer on subsequent biopsy?
|
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
11182340
|
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with adjacent atypia is associated with a higher incidence of cancer on subsequent needle biopsy than high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia alone.
|
<question>What premalignant lesion of the prostate is associated with an increased risk of cancer on subsequent biopsy?</question>
<answer>High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia",
"high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia",
"HGPIN",
"high-grade PIN",
"high grade PIN",
"prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3",
"PIN 3"
] |
What is the most genetically differentiated subspecies of spider monkey in the genus Ateles?
|
Ateles paniscus paniscus
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
9209583
|
Radiation and speciation of spider monkeys, genus Ateles, from the cytogenetic viewpoint.
|
<question>What is the most genetically differentiated subspecies of spider monkey in the genus Ateles?</question>
<answer>Ateles paniscus paniscus</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Ateles paniscus paniscus",
"Guiana spider monkey",
"red-faced spider monkey",
"Ateles paniscus (nominate subspecies)"
] |
Which diuretic was associated with a reduction in plasma magnesium levels in patients with severe congestive heart failure?
|
Furosemide
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
11081314
|
[Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide in patients with severe congestive heart failure].
|
<question>Which diuretic was associated with a reduction in plasma magnesium levels in patients with severe congestive heart failure?</question>
<answer>Furosemide</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"Furosemide",
"Lasix",
"Frusemide"
] |
What gas is detected by the Al2O3-graphene oxide/DNA/sulfide fluorophore nanobiosensor described in the study?
|
Hydrogen sulfide
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
32070568
|
Controlled-synthesis of alumina-graphene oxide nanocomposite coupled with DNA/ sulfide fluorophore for eco-friendly "Turn off/on" H2S nanobiosensor.
|
<question>What gas is detected by the Al2O3-graphene oxide/DNA/sulfide fluorophore nanobiosensor described in the study?</question>
<answer>Hydrogen sulfide</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"hydrogen sulfide",
"H2S",
"dihydrogen sulfide",
"hydrosulfuric acid"
] |
In the study, which age group of smokers was less likely to use smoking cessation treatments compared to middle-aged smokers?
|
young adults (18-24 year olds)
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
19195814
|
Treatment seeking for smoking cessation among young adults.
|
<question>In the study, which age group of smokers was less likely to use smoking cessation treatments compared to middle-aged smokers?</question>
<answer>young adults (18-24 year olds)</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"young adults",
"18-24 year olds",
"18-24 years old",
"18 to 24 year olds",
"18 to 24 years old",
"18–24 year olds",
"18–24 years old",
"young adult smokers",
"smokers aged 18-24",
"smokers aged 18 to 24",
"smokers aged 18–24"
] |
Which beta1-adrenergic antagonist increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and has vasodilating properties?
|
nebivolol
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
17984671
|
Long-term nebivolol administration reduces renal fibrosis and prevents endothelial dysfunction in rats with hypertension induced by renal mass reduction.
|
<question>Which beta1-adrenergic antagonist increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and has vasodilating properties?</question>
<answer>nebivolol</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"nebivolol",
"Bystolic",
"Nebilet",
"nebivolol hydrochloride"
] |
What compound, when administered in low doses, markedly inhibits reovirus mRNA translation in hypertonic medium?
|
cycloheximide
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
4092022
|
Effect of medium hypertonicity on reovirus translation rates. An application of kinetic modeling in vivo.
|
<question>What compound, when administered in low doses, markedly inhibits reovirus mRNA translation in hypertonic medium?</question>
<answer>cycloheximide</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"cycloheximide",
"actidione"
] |
What functional group is used to impart glucose-responsiveness to the described amphoteric microgels?
|
aminophenylboronic acid
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
18198833
|
Charge-switching, amphoteric glucose-responsive microgels with physiological swelling activity.
|
<question>What functional group is used to impart glucose-responsiveness to the described amphoteric microgels?</question>
<answer>aminophenylboronic acid</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"aminophenylboronic acid",
"APBA",
"4-aminophenylboronic acid",
"p-aminophenylboronic acid"
] |
What gene is upregulated by blue-light irradiation in the moss Physcomitrella patens?
|
PpCPS/KS
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
24715198
|
Blue-light irradiation up-regulates the ent-kaurene synthase gene and affects the avoidance response of protonemal growth in Physcomitrella patens.
|
<question>What gene is upregulated by blue-light irradiation in the moss Physcomitrella patens?</question>
<answer>PpCPS/KS</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"PpCPS/KS",
"Physcomitrella patens CPS/KS",
"copalyl diphosphate synthase/kaurene synthase",
"copalyl diphosphate synthase-kaurene synthase",
"PpCPSKS",
"PpCPS-KS"
] |
What gene encodes connexin 29, mutations of which may contribute to nonsyndromic hearing loss?
|
GJC3
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
19876648
|
A novel mutation in the connexin 29 gene may contribute to nonsyndromic hearing loss.
|
<question>What gene encodes connexin 29, mutations of which may contribute to nonsyndromic hearing loss?</question>
<answer>GJC3</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"GJC3",
"gap junction protein gamma 3",
"connexin 29",
"Cx29"
] |
What is the scientific name of the desert locust studied for its dietary and therapeutic sterols?
|
Schistocerca gregaria
|
9
|
Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation
|
25970517
|
Potential of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as an Unconventional Source of Dietary and Therapeutic Sterols.
|
<question>What is the scientific name of the desert locust studied for its dietary and therapeutic sterols?</question>
<answer>Schistocerca gregaria</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat>
|
[
"Schistocerca gregaria",
"desert locust",
"Locusta gregaria"
] |
What mouse model is commonly used to study insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
|
NOD mouse
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
7523287
|
Studies on the thymus of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice: effect of transgene expression.
|
<question>What mouse model is commonly used to study insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?</question>
<answer>NOD mouse</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"NOD mouse",
"Non-obese diabetic mouse",
"NOD mice",
"Nonobese diabetic mouse",
"Non-obese diabetic mice",
"Nonobese diabetic mice"
] |
What compound completely prevented intestinal and Zymbal gland tumors in Wistar rats exposed to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine?
|
disulfiram
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
1622151
|
Effect of metabolic inhibitors, methylxanthines, antioxidants, alkali metals, and corn oil on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine carcinogenicity in rats.
|
<question>What compound completely prevented intestinal and Zymbal gland tumors in Wistar rats exposed to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine?</question>
<answer>disulfiram</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"disulfiram",
"Antabuse",
"tetraethylthiuram disulfide"
] |
What is the most common medical device associated with pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients in Iran?
|
nasal oxygen tubes
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
31854116
|
Incidence and risk factors for medical device-related pressure ulcers: The first report in this regard in Iran.
|
<question>What is the most common medical device associated with pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients in Iran?</question>
<answer>nasal oxygen tubes</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"nasal oxygen tubes",
"nasal cannula",
"nasal oxygen cannula",
"oxygen nasal cannula",
"oxygen nasal tubes",
"nasal oxygen tubing"
] |
What recombinant factor is commonly used for the reversal of anticoagulation-associated bleeding in cardiac surgery?
|
recombinant factor VIIa
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
32449469
|
Antithrombotic and hemostatic stewardship: evaluation of clinical outcomes and adverse events of recombinant factor VIIa (Novoseven�) utilization at a large academic medical center.
|
<question>What recombinant factor is commonly used for the reversal of anticoagulation-associated bleeding in cardiac surgery?</question>
<answer>recombinant factor VIIa</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"recombinant factor VIIa",
"rFVIIa",
"NovoSeven",
"factor VIIa",
"activated factor VII",
"recombinant activated factor VII"
] |
What is the amino acid sequence motif in HLA class II molecules associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis called?
|
shared epitope
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
8738976
|
A structural model for TCR recognition of the HLA class II shared epitope sequence implicated in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.
|
<question>What is the amino acid sequence motif in HLA class II molecules associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis called?</question>
<answer>shared epitope</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"shared epitope",
"SE"
] |
Which two outer membrane proteins are used as adsorbed antigens in the ELISA for serotyping Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
|
1a and 2
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
6769815
|
Antigenic diversity of the serotype antigen complex of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: analysis by an indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay.
|
<question>Which two outer membrane proteins are used as adsorbed antigens in the ELISA for serotyping Neisseria gonorrhoeae?</question>
<answer>1a and 2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"1a",
"protein 1a",
"PorB1a",
"Por 1a",
"Porin 1a",
"2",
"protein 2",
"PorB1b",
"Por 2",
"Porin 2"
] |
Which steroid hormone was used as the reference compound for biological activity in the structure-activity analysis of 44 steroids?
|
cortisol
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
660591
|
A Fujita--Ban structure--activity analysis of 44 steroids.
|
<question>Which steroid hormone was used as the reference compound for biological activity in the structure-activity analysis of 44 steroids?</question>
<answer>cortisol</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"cortisol",
"hydrocortisone",
"compound F"
] |
What type of cancer affects the gastrointestinal tract and was treated in the study with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation?
|
lymphoma
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
9101844
|
[Gastrointestinal lymphomas: results of multimodal therapy in 57 patients of one center].
|
<question>What type of cancer affects the gastrointestinal tract and was treated in the study with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation?</question>
<answer>lymphoma</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"lymphoma",
"gastrointestinal lymphoma",
"GI lymphoma",
"non-Hodgkin lymphoma",
"NHL"
] |
What is the approximate size of ovalbumin (OVA) particles produced by dense gas processing when suspended in acetate buffer at pH lower than 4?
|
300 nm
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
22943169
|
Colloidal characteristics and formulation of pure protein particulate vaccines.
|
<question>What is the approximate size of ovalbumin (OVA) particles produced by dense gas processing when suspended in acetate buffer at pH lower than 4?</question>
<answer>300 nm</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"300 nm",
"300 nanometers",
"three hundred nanometers",
"three hundred nm"
] |
Which effect describes the impairment in recognizing faces when they are presented upside down?
|
face-inversion effect
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
21313946
|
Inverting faces does not abolish cultural diversity in eye movements.
|
<question>Which effect describes the impairment in recognizing faces when they are presented upside down?</question>
<answer>face-inversion effect</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"face-inversion effect",
"face inversion effect",
"inverted face effect",
"face inversion phenomenon"
] |
Which rating scale is used to assess motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?
|
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
|
8
|
Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems
|
17967525
|
Effect of subcutaneous apomorphine on tremor in idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
|
<question>Which rating scale is used to assess motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?</question>
<answer>Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat>
|
[
"Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale",
"UPDRS",
"Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale",
"Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale",
"Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)"
] |
Which protein's strong expression is associated with higher serum levels of CA125 in mucinous ovarian borderline tumors?
|
Claudin-5
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
25667483
|
Claudin-5 is associated with elevated TATI and CA125 levels in mucinous ovarian borderline tumors.
|
<question>Which protein's strong expression is associated with higher serum levels of CA125 in mucinous ovarian borderline tumors?</question>
<answer>Claudin-5</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Claudin-5",
"CLDN5",
"claudin 5",
"claudin5"
] |
What psychological trait is associated with increased annoyance in response to noise exposure?
|
noise sensitivity
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
12656384
|
Noise sensitivity and reactions to noise and other environmental conditions.
|
<question>What psychological trait is associated with increased annoyance in response to noise exposure?</question>
<answer>noise sensitivity</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"noise sensitivity",
"noise annoyance sensitivity",
"sensitivity to noise",
"noise-sensitivity",
"noise susceptibility"
] |
What is the effect of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on bone formation in vivo?
|
suppression
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
14719192
|
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist inhibits localized bone formation in vivo.
|
<question>What is the effect of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on bone formation in vivo?</question>
<answer>suppression</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"suppression",
"inhibition",
"reduction",
"decrease",
"downregulation"
] |
Which gene has a higher mutation frequency in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) compared to polycythemia vera (PV)?
|
ASXL1
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
32810965
|
[Analysis of gene mutations and clinic features in 108 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm].
|
<question>Which gene has a higher mutation frequency in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) compared to polycythemia vera (PV)?</question>
<answer>ASXL1</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"ASXL1",
"Additional sex combs like 1",
"ASXL1 gene"
] |
What is the gold standard imaging method for the diagnosis of kidney infarction?
|
contrast-enhanced CT
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
16453223
|
[Sonographic detection of kidney infarctions using ultrasound contrast media].
|
<question>What is the gold standard imaging method for the diagnosis of kidney infarction?</question>
<answer>contrast-enhanced CT</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"contrast-enhanced CT",
"contrast enhanced CT",
"contrast-enhanced computed tomography",
"contrast enhanced computed tomography",
"CECT",
"contrast CT",
"contrast CT scan",
"contrast-enhanced CT scan",
"contrast-enhanced abdominal CT",
"contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography"
] |
Which enzyme involved in triglyceride breakdown shows reduced content in the red muscle of aged rats?
|
Hormone-sensitive lipase
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
11934676
|
Impaired fatty acid oxidation in muscle of aging rats perfused under basal conditions.
|
<question>Which enzyme involved in triglyceride breakdown shows reduced content in the red muscle of aged rats?</question>
<answer>Hormone-sensitive lipase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"Hormone-sensitive lipase",
"HSL",
"hormone sensitive lipase",
"lipolytic hormone-sensitive lipase"
] |
What is the target mouth pressure (in cmH2O) used during the Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers in this study?
|
20 cmH2O
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
863838
|
Effects of Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers on breath-holding time.
|
<question>What is the target mouth pressure (in cmH2O) used during the Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers in this study?</question>
<answer>20 cmH2O</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"20 cmH2O",
"20 centimeters of water",
"20 cm H2O",
"20 cm H₂O",
"20 cm H20",
"twenty cmH2O",
"twenty centimeters of water"
] |
Which trace metal was found at concentrations above Brazilian Reference Levels in mussels from the Macaé coast?
|
Chromium
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
26763324
|
Hydrocarbons and trace metals in mussels in the Maca? coast: Preliminary assessment for a coastal zone under influence of offshore oil field exploration in southeastern Brazil.
|
<question>Which trace metal was found at concentrations above Brazilian Reference Levels in mussels from the Macaé coast?</question>
<answer>Chromium</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Chromium",
"Cr"
] |
What is the main biological process used for nitrogen removal in the described wastewater treatment plant?
|
pre-denitrification
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions (includes processes in engineered biological systems)
|
15553475
|
Dynamics in maximal settling capacity in an activated sludge treatment plant with highly loaded secondary settlers.
|
<question>What is the main biological process used for nitrogen removal in the described wastewater treatment plant?</question>
<answer>pre-denitrification</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions (includes processes in engineered biological systems)</cat>
|
[
"pre-denitrification",
"pre denitrification",
"pre-denit",
"pre-denit process",
"pre-denitrification process"
] |
Which type of pacemaker implantation is required after atrioventricular node ablation for atrial fibrillation?
|
permanent pacemaker
|
2
|
Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence
|
7686657
|
Effects on cardiac performance of atrioventricular node catheter ablation using radiofrequency current for drug-refractory atrial arrhythmias.
|
<question>Which type of pacemaker implantation is required after atrioventricular node ablation for atrial fibrillation?</question>
<answer>permanent pacemaker</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat>
|
[
"permanent pacemaker",
"permanent cardiac pacemaker",
"PPM",
"permanent artificial pacemaker"
] |
What is the major constituent of the essential oil of Micromeria fruticosa subsp. serpyllifolia?
|
pulegone
|
3
|
Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions
|
22713962
|
Constituents and biological activity of the essential oil and the aqueous extract of Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. serpyllifolia.
|
<question>What is the major constituent of the essential oil of Micromeria fruticosa subsp. serpyllifolia?</question>
<answer>pulegone</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat>
|
[
"pulegone",
"R-pulegone",
"L-pulegone",
"p-menthone-3-one",
"p-menthan-3-one",
"1-isopropylidene-4-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one"
] |
Which organism is commonly used to study gene mutations in eukaryotic genetic toxicology tests?
|
Drosophila
|
1
|
Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations
|
3826782
|
[Theory and practice of genetic toxicology tests. Tests on eukaryotes].
|
<question>Which organism is commonly used to study gene mutations in eukaryotic genetic toxicology tests?</question>
<answer>Drosophila</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat>
|
[
"Drosophila",
"fruit fly",
"Drosophila melanogaster",
"common fruit fly"
] |
Which oral health condition did the short forms of the P-CPQ and FIS successfully discriminate between in Telugu-speaking children?
|
fluorosis
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
26932786
|
Validity and reliability of short forms of parental-caregiver perception and family impact scale in a Telugu speaking population of India.
|
<question>Which oral health condition did the short forms of the P-CPQ and FIS successfully discriminate between in Telugu-speaking children?</question>
<answer>fluorosis</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"fluorosis",
"dental fluorosis"
] |
Which protein shows strong, diffuse immunoreactivity in all cases of salivary duct carcinoma according to the study?
|
gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15)
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
9831198
|
Expression of androgen receptor, gross cystic disease fluid protein, and CD44 in salivary duct carcinoma.
|
<question>Which protein shows strong, diffuse immunoreactivity in all cases of salivary duct carcinoma according to the study?</question>
<answer>gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15)</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"gross cystic disease fluid protein",
"GCDFP-15",
"GCDFP15",
"prolactin-inducible protein",
"PIP"
] |
What analytical technique was used to measure perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum in large-scale biomonitoring studies?
|
liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
|
4
|
Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms
|
28260628
|
Development of high throughput LC/MS/MS method for analysis of perfluorooctanoic acid from serum, suitable for large-scale human biomonitoring.
|
<question>What analytical technique was used to measure perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human serum in large-scale biomonitoring studies?</question>
<answer>liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat>
|
[
"liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry",
"LC-MS/MS",
"liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry",
"liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry",
"LC-MS",
"liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry"
] |
Which cytokine was found at higher levels in peritoneal and wound fluids compared to plasma after surgery?
|
interleukin-6
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
8219621
|
Sequential changes in the cell mediators of peritoneal and wound fluids after surgery.
|
<question>Which cytokine was found at higher levels in peritoneal and wound fluids compared to plasma after surgery?</question>
<answer>interleukin-6</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"interleukin-6",
"IL-6",
"Interleukin 6",
"IL6"
] |
Which pathogenicity island is associated with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates?
|
89K pathogenicity island
|
5
|
Disease causation & pathogens
|
23884995
|
Rapid visual detection of highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates by use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
|
<question>Which pathogenicity island is associated with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates?</question>
<answer>89K pathogenicity island</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat>
|
[
"89K pathogenicity island",
"89K PAI",
"89K island",
"89K"
] |
What assessment tool is commonly used to measure psychopathy in forensic and clinical populations?
|
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
16492104
|
Psychopathic, not psychopath: taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy.
|
<question>What assessment tool is commonly used to measure psychopathy in forensic and clinical populations?</question>
<answer>Psychopathy Checklist-Revised</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"Psychopathy Checklist-Revised",
"PCL-R",
"Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised",
"Hare PCL-R",
"Psychopathy Checklist Revised",
"Psychopathy Checklist"
] |
What type of antibody is commonly elevated in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
|
antithyroglobulin antibody
|
6
|
Biomarkers & diagnostic tests
|
16395764
|
Increased prevalence of antithyroid antibodies and subclinical hypothyroidism in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
|
<question>What type of antibody is commonly elevated in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?</question>
<answer>antithyroglobulin antibody</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat>
|
[
"antithyroglobulin antibody",
"anti-thyroglobulin antibody",
"anti thyroglobulin antibody",
"TgAb"
] |
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