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27940460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304%20Welsh%20Alliance%20League | 2003–04 Welsh Alliance League | The 2003–04 Welsh Alliance League is the 20th season of the Welsh Alliance League, which is in the third level of the Welsh football pyramid.
The league consists of sixteen teams and concluded with Rhyl Reserves as champions. Runners-up, Llandyrnog United were promoted to the Cymru Alliance.
Teams
Glantraeth were champions in the previous season and were promoted to the Cymru Alliance. They were replaced by Gwynedd League champions Llanrug United and Clwyd League runners-up, Llandyrnog United.
Grounds and locations
League table
References
External links
Welsh Alliance League
Welsh Alliance League seasons
3
Wales |
14861728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monflanquin | Monflanquin | Monflanquin (; Languedocien: Montflanquin) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. Built in 1256 as a military bastide town on a strategic north-south route, it changed hands several times during the Hundred Years' War.
The village is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association.
Demography
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
References
External links
Monflanquin bastide modèle - Georges Odo
Communes of Lot-et-Garonne
Plus Beaux Villages de France |
55896732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja%20de%20Santa%20Maria | Igreja de Santa Maria | Igreja de Santa Maria may refer to:
Gereja Santa Perawan Maria Ratu (Jakarta), a church in Indonesia
Igreja de Santa Maria (Loures), a church in Portugal
Igreja de Santa Maria (Serpa), a church in Portugal
Igreja de Santa Maria (Sintra), a church in Portugal |
18508306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midori%20Station%20%28Gifu%29 | Midori Station (Gifu) | is a railway station in the city of Motosu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan operated by the private railway operator Tarumi Railway.
Lines
Midori Station is a station on the Tarumi Line, and is located 32.5 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at .
Station layout
Midori Station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.
Adjacent stations
|-
!colspan=5|Tarumi Railway
History
Midori Station opened on March 25, 1989.
Surrounding area
See also
List of Railway Stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Gifu Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1989
Stations of Tarumi Railway
Motosu, Gifu |
21368503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Paul%27s%2C%20Saint%20Helena | Saint Paul's, Saint Helena | St. Paul's is one of eight districts of the island of Saint Helena, part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is the second-most heavily populated district on the island and is located on its northwestern coast.
Description
Terrain in the district is quite varied with steep ridges and a limited amount of flat ground, as befits the island's volcanic origin. It is mainly rural and lacks any main settlement as there are many small villages dispersed throughout. Its population has fluctuated from 795 in 1998 to 908 in 2008 and 843 in 2016. It trails only Half Tree Hollow District in size.
The district is named after the Anglican St Paul's Cathedral, which is located there, and also within the district is Plantation House, the Governor's official residence. The island's only secondary school is situated in St Paul's — the Prince Andrew School.
History
When the Dutch East India Company occupied St Helena in December 1672, they made their first landing attempt at Lemon Valley Bay, but were beaten off with boulders and rocks thrown by the defenders from the heights on the sides of the valley. After the English recaptured it in May 1673, the mouth of the Lemon Valley was quickly fortified to better deter any future attempts. By 1717 the fort there was ruinous and a quarantine station was built further up the valley to house the slaves recently received from Madagascar that had smallpox. The fortification in Lemon Valley were allowed to continue to deteriorate until they were replaced by entirely new buildings 50-odd years later.
Notes
Bibliography
Districts of Saint Helena
Populated places in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha |
6516567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Hansen | Steve Hansen | Sir Stephen William Hansen and High Chief Of Vaiala, (born 7 May 1959) is a New Zealand rugby union coach and former player.
He was the head coach of the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, from 2012 to 2019, and won the 2015 Rugby World Cup. He stepped down at the end of the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
Hansen is also part owner of 2021 Everest winning horse Nature Strip.
Early life
Hansen was born in Mosgiel, to Desmond and Lauriss Hansen, who were dairy farmers on the Taieri Plain. He was educated at Outram Primary School, The Taieri High School, and Christchurch Boys' High School. A rugby union centre, he represented Canterbury at first-class level on 21 occasions.
Coaching career
Hansen began his coaching career with the Canterbury provincial rugby union team from 1996 to 2001. During his tenure the side won the National Provincial Championship in 1997 and 2001. In 1999, 2000 and 2001, he was assistant coach to Wayne Smith and then Robbie Deans for the Canterbury Crusaders.
Wales
Hansen was the head coach of the Wales national team, becoming the ninth Wales coach in 13 years, after Graham Henry parted company with the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) in 2002. During his first game in charge, Wales performed well but lost by 37–33 to France. This became a familiar theme during his tenure as coach. Events reached a head during 2003 when for the first time in their history Wales lost every match in the Six Nations Championship and recorded a streak of 11 consecutive Test match defeats, broken by a defeat of rugby minnows Romania on 27 August 2003, though Hansen was not the coach for this match. Hansen resumed his role when he coached Wales during the 2003 Rugby World Cup, in which a strong display against the All Blacks and a spirited quarter final loss against England stopped the criticism of his coaching. He stepped down as Wales head coach in the summer of 2004 after not seeking to renew his contract and was succeeded by Mike Ruddock.
Return to New Zealand
In 2004, Hansen was appointed to the All Blacks as an assistant coach under Graham Henry. Hansen was considered as a likely candidate to become the next Crusaders coach, starting in the 2009 Super 14 season, after Robbie Deans left to coach Australia, but the Crusaders coaching job went to former All Black Todd Blackadder.
2011
Hansen assisted Graham Henry in coaching New Zealand to a win in the World Cup final against France, ending a 24-year World Cup drought for the All Blacks. Hansen took over as head coach of the All Blacks when Graham Henry's contract expired at the end of 2011. He was formally appointed on 15 December 2011.
2012
In his first games as head coach, Hansen guided the All Blacks to a 3–0 series victory over Ireland during their 2012 tour, with the final game being a record 60–0 defeat for the Irish. On 25 August, the All Blacks retained the Bledisloe Cup for a tenth consecutive year after their second match against Australia during the 2012 Rugby Championship. His only defeat in 2012 came against England, a 38–21 loss on 1 December 2012.
He was named IRB Coach of the Year for 2012. In the 2012 Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours, Hansen was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to rugby.
2013
The All Blacks retained the Rugby Championship and Bledisloe Cup, and won 14 of 14 matches, becoming the first team to ever do this in the professional era. The team finished the year by winning 24–22 against Ireland. Hansen was named IRB coach of the year for the second year running.
2014
In 2014, having already defeated England 3–0 on their tour, New Zealand lost their first ever Rugby Championship match. On 4 October, they lost to South Africa 27–25 in Johannesburg, while they had also drawn their opening match of the Championship with Australia 12–all. Despite this, they retained their title for a third consecutive year. On 1 November 2014, Hansen led the All Blacks to a 74–6 win over the United States in Chicago. Hansen later led the team to a further three victories on their European tour, and was named World Rugby coach of the year.
2015
Hansen took the All Blacks to Samoa for the first ever official test match between the two teams in Samoa, where the All Blacks won the match 25–16. In a shortened Rugby Championship, the All Blacks failed to retain the title they held for three years. Having beaten Argentina 39–18 and South Africa 27–20, a final match against Australia would see either New Zealand or Australia claim the Championship. For the first time since 2011, Australia beat the All Blacks 27–19. During the 2015 Rugby World Cup, despite some error-ridden games in the Pool stage, Hansen led the All Blacks to the top of Pool C with victories over Argentina, 26–16, Namibia 58–14, Georgia 43–10 and Tonga 47–9, before beating France in the quarter-final 62–13 and South Africa 20–18 in the semi-final. They faced Australia in the final, winning 34–17 to become the first team ever to retain the Webb Ellis Cup. This was also the All Blacks' first ever Rugby World Cup victory outside New Zealand.
2016
The start of the 2016 season saw Hansen call up 7 uncapped players to the squad ahead of their 3-test series with Wales. Hansen was having to deal with the retirements of previous key players in Dan Carter, Richie McCaw, Keven Mealamu, Ma'a Nonu and Conrad Smith, with a guaranteed new mid-field trio needed to be tested. Despite the losses of the retired 5, their replacements, Sam Cane, Aaron Cruden, Ryan Crotty and Malakai Fekitoa, for the first test had already earned 96 caps between them and had been in the All Blacks environment since 2012. In the first test, Wales led the All Blacks 18–15 at the break, however the All Blacks scored 15 points in 5 minutes to lead Wales 32–21, with a final try on the 80th minute to win 39–21. The second test saw the team all tied up after 40 minutes 10–all, but 4 tries in 15 minutes saw New Zealand lead by 26 points heading into the final 10 minutes. 2 late tries by Wales in the closing period of the game saw the game end 36–22 to the All Blacks. Hansen led New Zealand a clean sweep, after New Zealand won the final test 46–6, with a new mid-field trio tested in Beauden Barrett, Ryan Crotty and George Moala. Many new players gained their first cap during the Welsh series including Eliot Dixon and Liam Squire.
On 25 July, Hansen was reappointed as the All Blacks head coach, seeing the role through to the end of the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
During the 2016 Rugby Championship, the All Blacks secured their fourth title in 5 years, becoming the first side in either Rugby Championship or Tri-Nations to secure their title four rounds in. They won all 6 games convincingly, defeating Australia 42–8 and 29–9, Argentina 57–22 and 36–17 and South Africa 41–13 and 57–15. The following Bledisloe Cup game against Australia at Eden Park, saw the All Blacks secure a 37–10 victory, and with it a new Tier One World Record of 18 consecutive victories. This run was ended by a historic first victory by Ireland 40–29, in Chicago. However, Hansen later led the All Blacks to 3 consecutive wins, defeating Italy 68–10 with a team that had over 12 changes. The All Blacks played Ireland again in their third week of the tour, this time, earning a 21–9 victory in Dublin, before going on to win 24–19 against France in Paris.
2017
In 2017, Hansen led the All Blacks into their first test series against the British & Irish Lions since 2005, when Hansen was assistant to Graham Henry. Ahead of the series, he led his side to a convincing 78–0 victory over Samoa in a warm-up in Auckland. The test series against the Lions was highly anticipated in New Zealand, was and expectation of a 3–0 series win for the All Blacks. This expectation looked promising in the first test, where New Zealand ran out 30–15 victors. However, the series was drawn in the second test, with a first home loss for New Zealand since 2009, Hansen's first taste of a loss at home. Center Sonny Bill Williams was shown a red card 24 minutes into the game, giving the Lions the advantage for the rest of the game, and the Lions won 24–21. The All Blacks failed to score any tries in the game, something they had not done at home since 2002. The final test saw a controversial call from referee Romain Poite just minutes from full-time, a call that could have seen the All Blacks attempt a penalty kick which could have won the game. However, a scrum was called for an accidental offside, and the game ended 15–15, the first drawn test between the two sides.
The series ended in a draw for the first ever time against New Zealand.
The start of the 2017 Rugby Championship saw Hansen lead the All Blacks to a comprehensive win over Australia, 54–34 in Sydney. At one point, the All Blacks led 54–6, but conceded four tries in the last thirty minutes of the game. In the second round, New Zealand came from behind (17–0) to see out another victory over Australia 35–29. It was not until the 78th minute that the game was secure, with Australia leading 29–28 heading into the final minutes of the game. In round three, Hansen made significant changes to his team against Argentina, but New Zealand saw out the victory 39–22, even though they were behind at half time. In the fourth round, Hansen brought back his main players for their home game against South Africa. They helped New Zealand to an historic victory, beating South Africa 57–0 in what was their largest ever defeat. Leading into their fifth match, New Zealand had already secured their fifth Championship title, and wins over Argentina and South Africa away meant the All Blacks ended the Championship with six out of six wins.
New Zealand lost 23–18 loss to Australia in the third Bledisloe Cup test. This was the first loss against Australia since 2015, and the first time since 2011 that the All Blacks had lost multiple test matches. On 4 November, Hansen led an experimental, youthful and inexperienced side to a 31–22 uncapped win over the Barbarians at Twickenham. This was followed up by wins over France, 38–18, and 28–23 over a French XV. On 18 November, New Zealand were pushed by Scotland in Edinburgh, going into half time 3–all, but won 22–17. New Zealand finished their tour with a convincing 33–18 win over Wales in Cardiff.
2018
The start of 2018 saw France tour New Zealand for the first time since 2013. Despite a number of uncapped players in the squad, and without captain Kieran Read, Hansen led his side to a 3–0 series win and retained the Dave Gallaher Trophy for the fifth consecutive time. The series started with a convincing 52–11 win in Auckland, followed by a 26–13 win in Wellington, even with France down a man for 70 minutes after a controversial red card to fullback Benjamin Fall. The series ended in Dunedin, where the All Blacks with a much changed side from the first tests, ran out 49–14 victors.
During the 2018 Rugby Championship, Hansen led his side to a 6th Championship title, winning five games. The only loss was to South Africa in the fourth round, 34–36, which saw South Africa record their first win against New Zealand in New Zealand since their 32–29 win in 2009. New Zealand then had the third Bledisloe test against Australia where they won 37–20. They started off their end of year tour with a 69–31 win over Japan, then sneaked past England in a 16–15 win. A week later they lost 9–16 to Ireland in Dublin, Ireland's first win at home over the All Blacks in their history. New Zealand's last match of the year was against Italy, which they won convincingly 66–3.
2019
The start of 2019 for Hansen saw his side finish third in the Rugby Championship; the first time they have finished in that position since Argentina joined the Rugby Championship – the last being during the 2004 Tri Nations Series. The Championship saw a first draw against the Springboks since 1994, followed by a record-equalling defeat at the hands of the Wallabies, 47–26. Despite that score, New Zealand went onto secure the Bledisloe Cup after beating Australia in the return leg 36–0.
In the 2019 Rugby World Cup New Zealand topped their pool, defeating eventual champions South Africa, but were comfortably defeated in the semi-final 19-7 by England. New Zealand went on to beat Wales 40-17 in the bronze match.
Coaching statistics
Wales
International matches as head coach
Note: World Rankings Column shows the World Ranking Wales was placed at on the following Monday after each of their matches
Record by country
New Zealand
International matches as head coach
Note: World Rankings Column shows the World Ranking New Zealand was placed at on the following Monday after each of their matches
Record by country
Honours
Rugby World Cup
Winners: 2015
Third Place: 2019
The Rugby Championship
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018
Runners-up: 2015
Bledisloe Cup
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
Dave Gallaher Trophy
Winners: 2013 (2x), 2016, 2017, 2018
Freedom Cup
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
Killik Cup
Winners: 2017
Hillary Shield
Winners: 2013, 2014 (2x), 2018
British & Irish Lions series
Winners: 2017 (Drawn series – Shared title)
World Rugby Coach of the Year
Winner: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
World Rugby Team of the Year (New Zealand)
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Laureus World Team of the Year (New Zealand)
Winners: 2016
Other honours
New Zealand (as assistant coach)
World Rugby Team of the Year (New Zealand)
Winners: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011
Rugby World Cup
Winners: 2011 Winners 2015 Rugby world cup
Tri Nations
Winners: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010
Runners-up: 2009, 2011
Bledisloe Cup
Winners: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
Freedom Cup
Winners: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011
Dave Gallaher Trophy
Winners: 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009
Hillary Shield
Winners: 2008, 2009, 2010
British & Irish Lions series
Winners: 2005
Grand Slam tour
Winners: 2005, 2008, 2010
Canterbury
ITM Cup
Winners: 1997, 2001
Crusaders (as assistant coach)
Super 12
Winners: 1999, 2000
Barbarians
Killik Cup
Winners: 2013 (vs Fiji)
See also
High School Old Boys RFC
References
External links
Hansen stands in for Wales
I'm so proud of you, says old boss Hansen
|-
1959 births
Living people
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand national rugby union team coaches
New Zealand rugby union coaches
New Zealand rugby union players
People educated at Taieri College
People from Mosgiel
Wales national rugby union team coaches
People educated at Christchurch Boys' High School
Rugby players and officials awarded knighthoods |
37574976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90inh%20Nhu | Đinh Nhu | Đinh Nhu (Hải Phòng, 1910 – Yên Bái, 17 March 1945) was a Vietnamese songwriter and independence activist against the French. He was one of the earliest composers of what is today known as Nhạc đỏ, "Red Music," or Vietnamese revolutionary music. After participating in the Nghệ Tĩnh uprising in 1930 Nhu was imprisoned, but while in prison organized cultural events such as plays and choirs.
References
Vietnamese composers
1910 births
1945 deaths
20th-century composers |
64528131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokkinobaphos%20Master | Kokkinobaphos Master | The Kokkinobaphos Master is the conventional name by which modern historians call a master miniaturist active in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, during the 12th century.
The name was given to the unknown artist by Jeffrey C. Anderson, His first known works, the manuscripts Paris gr. 75 (at the National Library of France) and Vat. Urb. gr. 2 (at the Vatican Library), date to the 1120s. Later works, representative of his mature style, are the Vatican copy of the homilies of James the Monk of Kokkinobaphos (Vat. gr. 1162) executed for the wife of the sebastokrator Andronikos Komnenos, and the so-called "Seraglio Octateuch" (Topkapi gr. 8). The former work has given the painter his name, and is considered as his "grandest creation" and "the longest visual biography of the Virgin ever produced in Byzantium". Other works by the master include the Burney Gospels in the British Library.
He represents "the last Stylistically coherent group of manuscripts known from Constantinople before the city was sacked during the Fourth Crusade in 1204".
References
Sources
12th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine painters
Manuscript illuminators |
35551735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berith%20Melin | Berith Melin | Berith "Berry" Ahlquist (later Melin; May 2, 1918 – December 11, 1977) was an outfielder who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right-handed.
Berith Ahlquist was one of the original Rockford Peaches founding members of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in its 1943 inaugural season.
Born in Rockford, Illinois to Hjalmar and Valborg Ahlquist (both of Swedish origin), at age 25, Berith became one of the oldest players signed by the league and was also the only Rockford native to play for her hometown Peaches. She served primarily as backup outfielder, mainly at center field, while posting a .158 average with two home runs and four RBI in 56 games.
Berith married Manfred J. Melin in 1942, and they had two sons, John and Bruce. Following her baseball stint, she stayed home to take care of her family. She lived all her life in Rockford, where she died in 1977 at the age of 59 following a long illness.
Eleven years after her death, Berith Melin received further recognition when she became part of Women in Baseball, a permanent display based at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York, which was unveiled to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
Career statistics
Batting
Fielding
Sources
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
American people of Swedish descent
Baseball players from Illinois
Sportspeople from Rockford, Illinois
1918 births
1977 deaths
20th-century American women
20th-century American people |
10376409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphian%20cricket%20team%20in%20England%20in%201897 | Philadelphian cricket team in England in 1897 | The Philadelphian cricket team toured England in the summer of 1897. Starting on 7 June at Oxford, the tour lasted for two months and ended in late July at The Oval. The Americans played 15 first-class matches captained by George Stuart Patterson.
The match the Philadelphians played against the MCC was to be Patterson's last first-class cricket match. The tour introduced American bowler J Barton King to the international cricketing world.
Tour results
This tour was a very ambitious one for the Americans. They had last toured the British Isles in 1889. Though the results may have been less satisfactory than hoped for by promoters, the tour was arranged mainly for educational purposes and few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. Previous tours had tended to involve amateur English sides with a relatively low level of competition. In 1897 a schedule was made including all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worthwhile to put their best elevens onto the field. While it initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until Bart King and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on 17 June. In the first innings, King proved his batting worth on a fourth-wicket stand of 107 runs with John Lester. He then took 7 wickets for 13 runs and the team dismissed Sussex for 46 in less than an hour. In the second innings, King took 6 for 102 and helped the Philadelphians to a victory by 8 wickets.
Despite the excitement surrounding King's performance, the Americans did not fare well overall. Fifteen matches were played, but only two were won while the team lost nine and earned a draw on four. The other win of the tour came against Warwickshire. During this match King again shined by taking 5 for 95 and 7 for 72 and scoring 46 runs. According to the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack King proved himself to be the best bowler on the American side and had to do much of the work. He bowled three hundred overs more than anyone else. His average was just over 24 runs each for 72 wickets. In addition to his work bowling, King scored 441 runs with an average of just over 20. Captain George Patterson's best innings batting was 162 runs at Trent Bridge against Nottinghamshire.
Controversy
Having returned home from the tour, there were claims in the Philadelphia Public Ledger that the Philadelphians had been treated unfairly by the English umpires, but Patterson put those rumors to rest with a letter to the editor of an American newspaper:
My attention has been directed to a letter signed W.S. in the Field of July 24th, enclosing a clipping from the Philadelphia Public Ledger, severely criticising the umpiring in the Philadelphian matches during our tour through England. I wish to state on behalf of the Philadelphia team that the sentiments expressed in the clipping are not those of the team, and that we emphatically repudiate any insinuation of unfair treatment. On the contrary, we have been received with the most unvarying courtesy and fairness both on and off the field. I wish to take this opportunity of making a public acknowledgement of our indebtedness to Mr. Perkins, of the M.C.C., for the umpires assigned to us, and to testify, unnecessary though it be, to their ability and integrity.
The calming words from Patterson on the issue seem to have defused the situation in Philadelphia.
See also
United States cricket team
References
External links
1897 in English cricket
International cricket competitions from 1888–89 to 1918
English cricket seasons from 1890 to 1918
1897
United States cricket in the 19th century
June 1897 sports events
July 1897 sports events |
13317618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Egret%20%28AMc-24%29 | USS Egret (AMc-24) | USS Egret (AMc-24) was an Egret-class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.
World War II service
The first ship to be named Egret by the Navy, AMc-24 was placed in service 10 June 1941 and during World War II served in the 4th Naval District and in the Potomac River Naval Command. She was reclassified IX-181, 17 July 1944.
Egret was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 17 June 1946.
References
External links
NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Egret (IX 181) - ex-AMc-24
Minesweepers of the United States Navy
World War II mine warfare vessels of the United States |
57736838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%20Virginia%20Cavaliers%20football%20team | 1942 Virginia Cavaliers football team | The 1942 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1942 college football season. The Cavaliers were led by sixth-year head coach Frank Murray and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as independents, finishing with a record of 2–6–1.
Schedule
References
Virginia
Virginia Cavaliers football seasons
Virginia Cavaliers football |
41037550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Kilpatrick | Sandy Kilpatrick | Sandy Kilpatrick is a Scottish singer-songwriter. He was born in East Kilbride, Scotland, in 1968. From 1995 to 2000 he was based in Manchester as frontman of the band Sleepwalker.
Since 2000 Kilpatrick has been living in the north of Portugal.
History
Sandy Kilpatrick was born in Scotland. Since moving to Portugal at the end of 2000, he has released "Am I Welcome Here", "Incandescent Night Stories", "The Ballad of the Stark Miner", "Terras Últimas" and "Redemption Road".
Latest EP Your Love is a Weapon was released on 25 November 2013.
Kilpatrick lives and works in the small town of Vila Nova de Famalicão in the north of Portugal.
Redemption Road
Redemption Road was inspired by a gospel choir in New York, largely created during an artistic residency in the Monastery of Tibães, in Portugal, where it was launched officially on 21 July 2012. It was mastered in Abbey Road Studios in London by Sean Magee. The singles released were "I Like How it Feels", "We Don't Need Tomorrow" and "Wilderness Gone".
The album has been given coverage by Guy Garvey on BBC Radio 6 and by Mark Radcliffe on BBC Radio 2.
Wilderness Gone videoclip was chosen to be featured in P3, Portuguese newspaper Público (Portugal)'s online platform.
Song "I Like How it Feels", the first single to be released from Redemption Road, was chosen at the end of 2013 as the soundtrack for Cristiano Ronaldo's New Year video.
Discography
Studio albums
Incandescent Night Stories (2005)
Terras Últimas (2010)
Redemption Road (2012)
EPs
Am I Welcome Here (2003)
The Ballad of The Stark Miner (2007)
Your Love is a Weapon (2013)
7" vinyl single
Sleepwalking (2000)
Compilation
À Sombra de Deus Vol.3 (2004)
Sintra Misty 2010 (2010)
Sintra Misty 2011 (2011)
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
56124160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Sweeney | John A. Sweeney | John A. Sweeney (born November 6, 1941) is an American Democratic Party politician who served a single two-year term in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 8th Legislative District from 1974 to 1976.
A resident of Florence Township, New Jersey, Sweeney graduated from Seton Hall University School of Law. After serving in the General Assembly, Sweeney served as the Director of the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement before serving for eight years as the Assignment Judge in Burlington County, New Jersey. He was appointed by Stuart Rabner, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court, to serve a term expiring in February 2021 on the Council on Local Mandates, and has served as the council's acting chair.
References
1941 births
Living people
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey Democrats
New Jersey lawyers
People from Florence Township, New Jersey
Seton Hall University School of Law alumni |
10164893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659%20in%20England | 1659 in England | Events from the year 1659 in England.
Incumbents
Lord Protector – Richard Cromwell (until 25 May)
Parliament – Third Protectorate (until 27 January, until 22 April), Protectorate Rump (starting 7 May, until 13 October), Second Commonwealth Rump (starting 26 December)
Events
16 February – the first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.
22 April – Lord Protector Richard Cromwell is forced by the 'Wallingford House party' (grandees of the New Model Army) to disband the Parliament of England.
25 April – Great fire in Southwold, Suffolk.
7 May – Rump Parliament reassembles at the invitation of the Council of Officers and appoints a Committee of Safety to form the executive until a new Council of State is appointed on 19 May.
22 May – Treaty of The Hague signed by France, Netherlands and England.
25 May – Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector.
12 October – Rump Parliament dismisses General-major John Lambert and other generals.
13 October – Lambert excludes the Rump Parliament from the Palace of Westminster.
26 December – Long Parliament reforms at Westminster.
Births
1 January – Humphrey Hody, theologian and archdeacon (died 1707)
26 March – William Wollaston, philosophical writer (died 1724)
20 August – Henry Every, pirate
Deaths
26 July – Mary Frith, cutpurse (born c.1584)
20 September – Thomas Morton, deposed bishop (born 1564)
31 October – John Bradshaw, judge (born 1602)
References
Years of the 17th century in England |
55313545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppin%27%20Out%20%281925%20film%29 | Steppin' Out (1925 film) | Steppin' Out is a 1925 American silent comedy film directed by Frank R. Strayer from a screenplay by Bernard Vorhaus. The film stars Dorothy Revier, Ford Sterling, and Robert Agnew, and was released by Columbia Pictures on October 15, 1925.
Cast list
Dorothy Revier as Daisy Moran
Ford Sterling as John Durant
Robert Agnew as Henry Brodman, Jr.
Cissy Fitzgerald as Mrs. John Durant
Ethel Wales as Mrs. Henry Brodman
Tom Ricketts as Henry Brodman
Harry Lorraine as Sergeant
References
External links
Columbia Pictures films
Films directed by Frank R. Strayer
American silent feature films
1925 comedy films
1925 films
American comedy films
American films
American black-and-white films |
6453832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Zodiac%20Game | The Zodiac Game | The Zodiac Game is a British game show that aired on ITV from 6 January 1984 to 27 August 1985 original format devised by Ron Bareham and is hosted by Tom O'Connor with Russell Grant as the resident astrologer.
Format
The format of the game was a pair of contestants, one a celebrity and the other not, each answering questions about the other based on what the other's zodiac sign says they should answer. (For example, a gemini would never go into a bar and choose X drink). The resident astrologer would then explain the correct answer to the competitors and to the audience as well.
Transmissions
External links
1984 British television series debuts
1985 British television series endings
1980s British game shows
British game shows
English-language television shows
ITV game shows
Television shows produced by Anglia Television
Television series by ITV Studios |
57510556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa%20Juratowitch | Melissa Juratowitch | Melissa Juratowitch, known professionally as Liss Juratowitch, is an Australian model, best known for being the winner of cycle 8 of Australia's Next Top Model.
Career
As winner of Australia's Next Top Model, Cycle 8, Juratowitch appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar Australia in November 2013. The winner's prizes also included a one-year modelling contract with IMG Sydney and worldwide representation by IMG London, New York, Milan and Paris, as well as a A$20,000 cash prize thanks to TRESemmé, a Nissan Dualis and an overseas trip to Paris to meet with IMG Paris.
In 2015, Juratowitch appeared in editorials for magazines including Oyster, Nylon Singapore, Nüyou and Her World and graced the cover of Style:. In April 2019, Juratowitch appeared in an editorial for L'Officiel Vietnam.
References
External links
Living people
Australian female models
Australia's Next Top Model winners
People from Melbourne
1997 births |
28906025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20World%20War%20I%20aces%20from%20Ecuador | List of World War I aces from Ecuador | Military aviation was not officially established in Ecuador until 27 October 1920. However, one of its aviation pioneers was an Ecuadorian of Italian heritage and served in Italian aviation in the Corpo Aeronautico Militare during World War I and became a flying ace.
Cosimo Rennella – 7 confirmed aerial victories.
References
Ecuador
Aces
Aces |
69951223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Bo-yoon | Kim Bo-yoon | Kim Bo-yoon is a South Korean actress. She is known for her roles in dramas such as Good Casting, Ms. Hammurabi, At Eighteen and All of Us Are Dead. She also appeared in movies The Battleship Island, Mr. Go, Love, Lies and Familyhood.
Filmography
Television series
Film
References
External links
2001 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean film actresses |
266119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna | Hämeenlinna | Hämeenlinna (; ; ; or Croneburgum) is a city and municipality of about inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Tavastia and the modern province of Kanta-Häme in the south of Finland. Hämeenlinna is the oldest inland city of Finland and was one of the most important Finnish cities until the 19th century. It still remains an important regional center. The medieval Häme Castle (also Tavastia Castle; ) is located in the city.
Hämeenlinna is known as the birthplace of Finnish national composer Jean Sibelius. Today, it belongs to the region of Tavastia Proper (Kanta-Häme), and before 2010 it was the residence city for the Governor of the province of Southern Finland. Nearby cities include the capital Helsinki (), Tampere () and Lahti (), the regional center of Päijänne Tavastia (Päijät-Häme).
The current neighboring municipalities of Hämeenlinna are Akaa, Asikkala, Hattula, Hausjärvi, Hollola, Janakkala, Loppi, Padasjoki, Pälkäne, Tammela, Urjala and Valkeakoski. The former municipalities, Hauho, Kalvola, Lammi, Renko and Tuulos, were consolidated with Hämeenlinna on 1 January 2009; with these municipal associations, the Hattula municipality is almost completely surrounded by Hämeenlinna.
The coat of arms of Hämeenlinna is based on the 17th century town seal, which in turn refers to the Häme Castle built by the Lake Vanajavesi in the Middle Ages, near which the city was founded. The current coat of arms was designed by Gustaf von Numers on the basis of the old coat of arms, and was confirmed on September 21, 1956.
Geography
There are a total of 339 lakes in whole or in part in the area of the city of Hämeenlinna. The largest of them are Lake Vanajavesi, Lake Kukkia and Lake Kuohijärvi. The main features of the Hämeenlinna landscape are the Häme Lake Plateau, the Vanajavesi Valley and the Kanta-Häme Grove Center. In many places, the landscapes are marked by the prosperous Tavastian agricultural culture.
Cityscape
The center of Hämeenlinna is located on the Saarinen Hill on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi, and is bordered on the west by Highway 3 (E12), while Highway 10 bypasses the city to the south and east. The street network in the center is based on a grid pattern drawn up by C. L. Engel in 1832 with the Market Square as its center. On the edge of the market square are the town hall, Hämeenlinna Church and the Häme County Government House. The city center is divided into four districts, which are Linnanniemi, Koilliskulma, Hämeensaari and Saaristenmäki. Raatihuoneenkatu, which has been partially transformed into a pedestrian street, is the most significant shopping street in the city center; for example, at the western end of the street, the Goodman Shopping Center was completed in October 2014.
There are plenty of buildings of different styles in the city center, and in proportion to the city’s population, it is quite large and densely built. The most significant expansion direction in the city center in the 2010s has been the Keinusaari district on the other side of Lake Vanajavesi, where, for example, the city's railway station is located. New supplementary construction has also been carried out in the city center on an ongoing basis. The center of Hämeenlinna has been ridiculed as the "Finland's largest lighted cemetery".
History
There was a settlement called Vanaja by the Lake Vanajavesi where the city now stands since the Viking Age. The castle was built in the late 13th century to secure Swedish power in central Finland. A village was established near Häme Castle to provide services and goods to its inhabitants.
The village was granted city rights on January 19, 1639 and soon after that the King of Sweden moved it one kilometre () south to the hill on which it still stands. The city is known for its schools and academies where many famous Finns have studied. Schools, government and the military have characterised the life of Hämeenlinna throughout history. Finland's first railway line, the (, ), opened between Hämeenlinna and Helsinki on March 17, 1862. The current Hämeenlinna railway station ( in Finnish) was built in 1921.
Demographics
Notable natives or residents
Jouko Ahola (strongman/actor)
Antony Hämäläinen (vocalist)
Eino Leino (poet)
Antti Miettinen (NHL player); won a bronze medal with Finland in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics
Victorine Nordenswan (painter)
J. K. Paasikivi (7th President of Finland)
Kimi Räikkönen (Formula One driver) and Jenni Dahlman (married in 2004 in Hämeenlinna)
Juuse Saros (NHL goaltender)
Jean Sibelius (composer)
Turisas (metal band)
Economy
The economic structure of Hämeenlinna is close to the national average. In 2015, there were 28,270 jobs in the city. Of these, 75% were in the service sector, 3% in primary production (agriculture, forestry and fisheries) and 21% in processing. The share of the unemployed was 13,6%.
Largest employers (by number of employees)
City of Hämeenlinna: 2,490
State of Finland: 2,480
Kanta-Häme Hospital District: 1,460
Ruukki (Rautaruukki Oyj): 1,030
Huhtamäki Oyj: 700
HAMK University of Applied Sciences (an institution offering tertiary degree education): 510
Kansanterveystyön ky: 490
Patria Vehicles Oy: 430
Konecranes Standard Lifting Oy: 330
Koulutuskeskus Tavastia: 270
Aina Group Oyj: 250
Lindström Oy: 175
Culture
Food
In the 1980s, the following dishes were named Hämeenlinna's traditional cuisine: as a daily meal, smoked ham and sourdough; as a festive meal, the herring wrapped in rye dough, i.e. "fish bread", buttermilk and beer, and the riistansylttääjän lintupaisti, which means pheasant stuffed almonds with potato and apple slices.
Sport
Elite level ice hockey teams HPK of the Liiga and HPK Kiekkonaiset of the Naisten Liiga
Football teams FC Hämeenlinna and the men's representative team of Hämeenlinnan Härmä, which play in the third-tier Kakkonen, and the women's representative team of Hämeenlinnan Härmä of the second-tier Naisten Ykkönen
The city hosted the modern pentathlon competition for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.
Hämeenlinna hosted the first round of the Underwater Rugby Euroleague in October 2012 and again in 2015.
The Ahvenisto Race Circuit, opened in 1967, hosts many motorsport happenings. Track has Fia Grade 4 license.
Transport
Distances to other places
Cities
Turku –
Helsinki –
Tampere –
Lahti –
Hyvinkää –
Former municipal centers
Hauho –
Lammi –
Tuulos –
Kalvola –
Renko –
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Hämeenlinna is twinned with:
See also
Aulanko
Finnish national road 3
Hämeen Sanomat
Hämeenkoski
Hämeenkyrö
Parola (Hattula)
Tavastia Castle
Lake Vanajavesi
References
External links
1952 Summer Olympics official report (pp. 60–62)
City of Hämeenlinna – Official site
Häme Castle
Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic modern pentathlon venues
Cities and towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
Grand Duchy of Finland
Populated places established in 1639
1639 establishments in Sweden |
47504596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Thurstan%20Holland | Charles Thurstan Holland | Charles Thurstan Holland (1863–1941) was a general practitioner in Liverpool who was best known by his pioneering research in the field of Radiology. The Thurstan Holland sign is named after him.
Life
Charles Thurstan Holland was born in March 1863 at Bridgwater, Somerset to William Thomas Holland and his wife Florence Holland (née Florence Du Val), the second daughter of painter Charles Allen Du Val.
He studied medicine at the University College in London, qualifying in 1888. From October 1896 to 1904 he was honorary radiologist to the Royal Liverpool Hospital and from 1904 to 1923 to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary.
He started research on Radiology in 1896, after reading about Wilhelm Röntgen's experiments in this field. Thanks to his meticulous work and advancements in his technique, Holland was able to produce radiographs that were far in advance for many years, compared to the standard practice. Along with such names as Heinrich Albers-Schönberg (Germany), Antoine Béclère (France), Etienne Henrard (Belgium), Guido Holzknecht and Robert Kienböck (Austria), Thurstan Holland is considered one of the pioneers in Europe.
Holland took part in the First World War as a Major in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and his abilities as radiologist were invaluable in treating patients with bullets lodged in their bodies. By the end of the War, a number of proposals on how to measure the intensity of X-rays had been made, but there was little agreement between the various parties concerned. In 1925 the British Institute of Radiology, under Holland's leadership invited delegates from a number of countries to attend the First International Congress on Radiation in London. This congress set up a framework for future meetings — future congresses would meet every three years in a different country, and be organised by the host country.
Thurstan Holland was also a talented photographer, being elected the first President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Photographers' Society.
He died on 16 January 1941 in Liverpool.
Publications and citations
1890s
Holland, C. T. (1894). Lancashire and Cheshire Branch: Registration of Midwives. British Medical Journal. 1(1744), 1223.
Johnston, Francis & Holland, C. T. (1896). Two Cases of a Halfpenny in the Œsophagus. British Medical Journal. 2(1875), 1677.
Holland, C. T. (1898). SHORT EXPOSURES IN PRACTICAL X RAY WORK. The Lancet. 151(3900), 1463-1464.
Holland, C. T. (1899). Description of Plates: Plate LXIV.(b): Lupus of the Foot After Treatment: Treatment of Lupus by Roentgen Rays. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 3(4), 112-114.
Holland, C. T. (1899). Eczema Treated by X Rays. British Medical Journal. 1(2000), 1024.
Holland, C. T. (1899). Description of Plates: Plate LXXVII: A Tumour of the Thigh. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 4(2), 47-47.
1900 - 1905
Holland, C. T. (1901). Notes on the Treatment of Lupus with X Rays. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 5(4), 97-98.
Holland, C. T. (1901). Description of Plates: Plate CXIV.(a): Bone in the Right Elbow. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 5(4), 105-105.
Holland's, C. T. (1901). Description of Plates: Plate CXVII.(b) and (c). Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 5(4), 106-106.
Holland, C. T. (1901). Description of Plates: Plate CXX: Syphilitic Disease of the Radius. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 6(1), 21-21.
Newbolt, G. P., & Holland, C. T. (1901). TWO CASES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF THE X RAYS IN SURGERY. The Lancet. 157(4045), 699-701.
Holland, C. T. (1902). Description of Plates: Plate CXLIX.(b): Fragments of Needles in the Knee-Joint. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 7(3), 53-53.
Holland, C. T. (1903). Description of Plates: Plate CLIII.(a): Aortic Aneurism. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 7(4), 70-70.
Holland, C. T. (1903). X Rays at the Liverpool Hospitals. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 7(7), 112-114.
Holland, C. T. (1904). Note on the x-ray treatment of malignant growth. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 8(12), 220-224.
Holland, C. T. (1904). Description of Plate: Plate I: The Left and Right Kidney Regions: Plate A.(the Left) shows the Shadow of One Stone. Plate B.(the Right) shows the Shadow of Three Stones. Journal of the Röntgen Society. 1(2), 51-51.
Holland, C. T. (1904). Description of Plates: Plate CCII: Radiograph of Chest, Showing Stricture of the Œsophagus (Taken after the Patient had Swallowed Two Ounces of Strong Bismuth Mixture). Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 9(6), 134-134.
Holland, C. T. (1904). Exhibition of Radiographs Taken with a “Pressure Tube” Apparatus. Journal of the Röntgen Society. 1(2), 45-45.
Holland, C. T. (1904). The Diagnostic Value of Skiagraphs in Renal Calculus. British Medical Journal. 2(2286), 1117.
Holland, C. T. (1905). A Note on Sarcoma of Bone. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 9(9), 187-188.
Holland, C. T. (1905). Description of Plate: Plate X.: Malignant Growth of Right Forearm. Journal of the Röntgen Society. 1(4), 95-95.
Holland, C. T. (1905). Description of Plates: Plate CCVIII.(Fig. 2): Sarcoma of Left Femur; Male, Aged Twenty-Two Years. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 9(9), 207-207.
1906 - 1909
Holland, C. T. (1906). A Case of Gall-Stones with Radiograph. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 10(9), 242-243.
Holland, C. T. (1906). ON THE X RAY DIAGNOSIS OF KIDNEY STONES. The Lancet. 167(4318), 1527-1531.
Holland, C. T. (1906). On the use of the diaphragm compressor. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 10(9), 241-242.
Holland, C. T. (1907). Some difficulties in the x-ray diagnosis of renal calculus. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 12(3), 61-65.
Holland, C. T. (1907). Description of Plates: Plates CCLXX., CCLXXI, CCLXXII.(Figs. 1 to 12). Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 12(3), 88-88.
Holland, C. T. (1908). The Berlin Roentgen Congress. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 13(1), 13-14.
Holland, C. T. (1908). The X-ray Treatment of Exophthalmic Goitre. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 13(2), 39-41.
Holland, C. T. (1908). PELVIC “BLOTCHES” AND THE ROENTGEN RAYS. British Medical Journal. 2(2502), 1781-1781.
Holland, C. T., Barclay, A. E., & Hertz, A. F. (1908). Discussion On The Use Of Bismuth In The Diagnosis Of Conditions Of The Oesophagus And Stomach. The British Medical Journal. 711-716.
Holland, C. T. (1909). The x-ray examination of the thorax. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 14(7), 205-210.
Holland, C. T. (1909). Tooth-Plate in the Œsophagus. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 13(12), 327-328.
Holland, C. T. (1909). Short Exposures in Kidney Work with a Mercury Break. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 13(8), 196-197.
1910 - 1914
Holland, C. T. (1910). Points in the diagnosis of ureteral calculi. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 3(Electro Ther Sect), 87.
Holland, C. T. (1910). A screen for examination in the upright position. The British Medical Journal. 514-515.
Holland, C. T. (1911). Exposure in the X-Ray Examination of the Kidney Region. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 16(4), 132-133.
Holland, C. T. (1911). A Note on the X-Ray Appearances in Certain Cases of Hour-Glass Stomach. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 15(11), 416-417.
Holland, C. T. (1911). Description of Plates: Plate CCCLIX: Hour-Glass Stomach. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 15(11), 440-440.
Holland, C. T. (1911). The X-Ray Diagnosis of Subphrenic Abscess. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 15(12), 451-453.
Holland, C. T. (1911). Description of Plates: Plates CCCLXIX. and CCCLXX. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 16(4), 160-160.
Holland, C. T. (1911). Recent Developments in Pyelography. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 15(10), 371-371.
Holland, C. T. (1912). Plastic Radiography. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 17(6), 207-207.
Holland, C. T. (1912). The Roentgen Diagnosis of Calculus of the Bladder. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 16(12), 458-463.
Holland, C. T. (1913). Plastic Radiographs. Journal of the Röntgen Society. 9(34), 5-5.
Holland, C. T. (1913). On the Statistics of the X-ray Examination for Stone. In Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, Sect (Vol. 22, p. 87).
Holland, C. T. (1913). Radiography in a Case of Hairball in the Stomach. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 18(2), 46-47.
Holland, C. T. (1913). A Method of Obtaining a Radiograph of the Stomach at any Particular Phase of its Contraction. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 18(3), 98-98.
Holland, C. T. (1914). A Hair-Ball in the Stomach. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 18(10), 373-374.
Holland, C. T. (1914). Description of Plates: Plate CCCCLV: Radiograph of a Large Needle in the Pharynx and Upper Oesophagus of a Pekingese Dog. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 19(6), 234-234.
Holland, C. T. (1914). Description of Plates: Plate CCCCLVI: Three Pieces of Glass in the Stomach of an Adult Female. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 19(6), 234-234.
Holland, C. T. (1914). On the Making of Small Bromide Prints from Large Negatives. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 18(8), 304-307.
1915 - 1919
Holland, C. T. (1915). On the x-ray work at the First Western Base Hospital. Archives of the Roentgen Ray. 19(9), 307-321.
Holland, C. T. (1915). Uric Acid Stones Under The X Rays. British Medical Journal. 2(2860), 624.
Holland, C. T. (1915). Stone in the Submaxillary Gland. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 20(1), 18-18.
Holland, C. T. (1916). A Note on Renal Calculi with an Account of an Interesting Case. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 21(3), 83-88.
Holland, C. T. (1917). The Organization Of Military X-Ray Work. British Medical Journal. 2(2959), 372.
Holland, C. T. (1917). Röntgen Society. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 21(12), 397-403.
HOLLAND, C. T. (1917). Report on the X-Ray Examination of Dysentery and Other Cases. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 10(4), 357-359.
Holland, C. T. (1917). An Address ON RADIOLOGY IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY: Delivered to the Medical Students' Debating Society at the University of Liverpool. British Medical Journal. 1(2931), 285.
Holland, C. T. (1918). Two cases of rare deformity of feet and hands. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 22(8), 234-239.
1920s
Holland, C. T. (1920). X-Ray Therapy: An Address to the Southport Medical Society, March, 1920. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 25(7), 199-214.
Holland, C. T. (1920). Radiology: lessons of the war. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 13(Electro Ther Sect), 57.
Holland, C. T. (1920). An Address ON WAR LESSONS FOR RADIOLOGY: Delivered before the Electro-therapeutic Section of the Royal Society of Medicine. British Medical Journal. 1(3089), 353.
Holland, C. T. (1921). Cervical Ribs. British Medical Journal. 2(3167), 418.
Holland, C. T. (1921). An Address On The Hour-Glass Stomach. British Medical Journal. 1(3131), 6.
Holland, C. T. (1922). Note on sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 4(2), 215-219.
Holland, C. T. (1923). X-Rays and Diagnosis. Journal of the Röntgen Society. 19(76), 123-147.
Jones, H. Wallace, & Holland, C. T. (1923). A Case of Osteitis Deformans. Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy. 28(1), 17-19.
Holland, C. T., & Melville, S. (1925). 1st International Congress of Radiology, July 1925. Acta Radiologica. (6), 665-665.
Holland, C. T., & Melville, S. (1926). First International Congress of Radiology, July, 1925. British Journal of Radiology: Röntgen Society Section. 22(86), 38-38.
Holland, C. T., Barclay, A. E., & Batten, G. B. (1928). Robert Knox. The British Journal of Radiology. 1(10), 344-348.
Williams, H., & Holland, C. T. (1928). An Unusual Case Of Ureteral Stone. British Medical Journal. 2(3535), 600-2.
Holland, C. T. (1928). The accessory bones of the foot. The Robert Jones Birthday Volume, 157.
Holland, C. T. (1929). A radiographical note on injuries to the distal epiphyses of the radius and ulna. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 22(5), 695.
Holland, C. T. (1929). Radium—A Warning. The British Journal of Radiology. 2(23), 501-505.
1930s
Holland, C. T. (1933). Sir Robert Jones, Bart. The British Journal of Radiology. 6(62), 116-116.
Holland, C. T. (1933). George Hook Rodman, MD. The British Journal of Radiology. 6(67), 436-436.
Holland, C. T., & Barclay, A. E. (1933). Robert Craig Rodgers, DMRE (Liverpool), MRCS (Engd.), LRCP (Lond.). The British Journal of Radiology. 6(69), 566-566.
Girdlestone, G. R., & Holland, C. T. (1933). A Rare Ossification in the Lumbo-Sacral Region. The British Journal of Radiology. 6(70), 621-624.
Holland, C. T. (1934). The Benign Giant-Cell Tumour of Bone. The British Journal of Radiology. 7(76), 227-232.
Holland, C. T. (1938). X Rays in 1896. The British Journal of Radiology. 11(121), 1-24.
References
External links
British radiologists
1863 births
1941 deaths
People from Bridgwater |
44282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning%20the%20other%20cheek | Turning the other cheek | Turning the other cheek is a phrase in Christian doctrine from the Sermon on the Mount that refers to responding to injury without revenge and allowing more injury. This passage is variously interpreted as accepting one's predicament, commanding nonresistance or advocating Christian pacifism.
Scriptural references
The phrase originates from the Sermon on the Mount in the New Testament. In the Gospel of Matthew chapter 5, an alternative for "an eye for an eye" is given by Jesus:
In the Sermon on the Plain in the Gospel of Luke chapter 6, as part of his command to "love your enemies", Jesus says:
Interpretations
This phrase, as with much of the Sermon on the Mount, has been subject to both literal and figurative interpretations.
Christian anarchist interpretation
According to this interpretation the passages call for total nonresistance to the point of facilitating aggression against oneself, and since human governments defend themselves by military force, some have advocated Christian anarchism, including Leo Tolstoy who elucidated his reasoning in his 1894 book The Kingdom of God Is Within You.
Nonviolent resistance interpretation
The scholar Walter Wink, in his book Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination, interprets the passage as ways to subvert the power structures of the time.
At the time of Jesus, says Wink, striking backhand a person deemed to be of lower socioeconomic class was a means of asserting authority and dominance. If the persecuted person "turned the other cheek," the discipliner was faced with a dilemma: The left hand was used for unclean purposes, so a back-hand strike on the opposite cheek would not be performed. An alternative would be a slap with the open hand as a challenge or to punch the person, but this was seen as a statement of equality. Thus, by turning the other cheek, the persecuted was demanding equality.
Wink continues with an interpretation of handing over one's cloak in addition to one's tunic. The debtor has given the shirt off his back, a situation forbidden by Hebrew law as stated in Deuteronomy (24:10–13). By giving the lender the cloak as well, the debtor was reduced to nakedness. Wink notes that public nudity was viewed as bringing shame on the viewer, and not just the naked, as seen in Noah's case (Genesis 9:20–23).
Wink interprets the succeeding verse from the Sermon on the Mount as a method for making the oppressor break the law. The commonly invoked Roman law of Angaria allowed the Roman authorities to demand that inhabitants of occupied territories carry messages and equipment the distance of one mile post, but prohibited forcing an individual to go further than a single mile, at the risk of suffering disciplinary actions. In this example, the nonviolent interpretation sees Jesus as placing criticism on an unjust and hated Roman law, as well as clarifying the teaching to extend beyond Jewish law.
See also
Brotherly love (philosophy)
Christian pacifism
Expounding of the Law#Retaliation
Live by the sword, die by the sword
Matthew 5:29, Matthew 10
Tolstoyan
Violence begets violence
Law of attraction (New Thought)
Just war theory
References
Further reading
Jim Douglass, Lightning from East to West: Jesus, Gandhi, and the nuclear age, 1983
External links
Christian Nonviolence
The Limits of "Turn The Other Cheek"
Doctrines and teachings of Jesus
Christian nonviolence
Christian terminology
Ethical principles
New Testament words and phrases
Sermon on the Mount
Gospel of Matthew
Matthew 5
Nonviolence |
8576578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Made%20It | You Made It | You Made It was an American television program on ZDTV, which was later renamed to TechTV, from 2000 to 2001 that showcased video clips that were created by the show's viewers. The 30 minute program, filmed in San Francisco, California, was hosted by Michaela Pereira.
External links
References
TechTV original programming
2000 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series |
26029260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nini%20Haslund%20Gleditsch | Nini Haslund Gleditsch | Nini Haslund Gleditsch (28 June 1908 – 25 July 1996) was a Norwegian political activist and advocate for peace.
Personal life
Nini (née Ingrid Margaret Haslund) was born in Moss as the daughter of deputy education officer Johannes Emmanuel Haslund and Aagot Mathilde Løken. She married fellow Mot Dag activist and geodesist Kristian Gleditsch in 1934. They were the parents of Nils Petter Gleditsch.
Nini Haslund Gleditsch died in Oslo in 1996.
Career
Pre-war career
While working as a joiner's mate in Copenhagen in the late 1920s she was part of the circle around the organization Clarté. She moved to Oslo as a student in 1930. In the early 1930s she joined the leftist organization Mot Dag. She worked full-time with publishing house Fram Forlag, and contributed to the development of the workers' encyclopaedia Arbeidernes Leksikon. She participated in the Spanish Civil War from 1937 to 1939, by organizing international humanitarian aid.
World War II
During World War II she participated in the flight of the Norwegian National Treasury to England in 1940, on the stage between Åndalsnes and Tromsø. She and her husband were responsible for the transport of two coffins of the "light luggage" (bank notes) by car from Åndalsnes to Molde. One third of the gold was sent with the British cruiser HMS Galatea from Åndalsnes to United Kingdom, while 24 trucks brought the rest to Molde. Nini followed the transport of four truckloads of gold by ships from Molde to Tromsø, first part with the coastal steamer , and later the ten tons of gold was distributed on smaller fishing vessels. During the transport Driva was attacked by German bombers, but managed to escape from the bombs. She then worked for Minister Anders Frihagen at the Ministry of Trade in Balsfjord. When Terje Wold took over the Ministry, Haslund Gleditsch started working for Trygve Lie at the Ministry of Supply. She followed the British cruiser from Tromsø to Greenock in Scotland, along with part of the Norwegian Government and the Norwegian Royal Family. From 1940 to 1945 she worked as a secretary with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the Norwegian government-in-exile in London.
Post-war career
In the 1950s, while a housewife with young children, she was active in feminist organizations, and also co-edited the magazine Kvinnen og Tiden from 1953 to 1955. Along with her husband she wrote the memoir book Glimt fra kampårene, published in 1954. She worked with the Statistics Norway () from 1960 to 1978. She was a co-founder of the political publishing house Pax Forlag in 1964. In her older days she was active in the anti-nuclear organization Bestemødre mot atomvåpen (Grandmothers against nuclear weapons).
Selected books
(with Kristian Gleditsch)
References
1908 births
1996 deaths
People from Moss, Norway
Mot Dag
Norwegian activists
Norwegian feminists
Norwegian women activists
Norwegian memoirists
Norwegian people of the Spanish Civil War
Norwegian women in World War II
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian socialist feminists
Women in war 1900–1945
Women in war in Spain
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century memoirists |
22768442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/778%20%28disambiguation%29 | 778 (disambiguation) | 778 is the year 778 AD.
778 may also refer to:
778 (number)
Area code 778, an area code in British Columbia, Canada
778 Theobalda, a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the main asteroid belt
777-8 |
57663274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Tanja, New South Wales | Tanja is a locality in the Bega Valley Shire of New South Wales, Australia. At the , Tanja had a population of 157.
Tanja Public School is situated on Barrabooka Road. The school had an enrolment of 17 in 2017. It dates from 1878, having originally begun in a room of the school teacher's own residence.
Tanja Post Office opened on 1 September 1878 and closed on 28 August 1980.
Heritage listings
Tanja has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Haighs Road (within Mimosa Rocks National Park): Penders
Nelson Lake Road, Nelson Lagoon, Mimosa Rocks National Park: Baronda
References
Localities in New South Wales
Bega Valley Shire |
41272510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derlin | Derlin | Derlin may refer to:
Science
A family of membrane proteins
Derlin-1 (Degradation in endoplasmic reticulum protein)
Derlin-2
Derlin-3
People
Émile Derlin Zinsou (1918-2016), Beninese physician and president of Dahomey (now Benin)
Bruce Derlin (born 1961), tennis player from New Zealand
Roberto Derlin (1942–2021), Italian football player and manager
See also
Delrin, a brand of Polyoxymethylene |
64529624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio%20Nebuloni | Fabio Nebuloni | Fabio Nebuloni (born 28 February 1969) is an Italian modern pentathlete. He competed in the men's individual event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
1969 births
Living people
Italian male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes of Italy
Modern pentathletes at the 1996 Summer Olympics
People from Busto Arsizio |
3587244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Springfield%20Center | Bank of Springfield Center | Bank of Springfield Center (originally Prairie Capital Convention Center) is a 7,700-seat multi-purpose arena located in Springfield, Illinois.
The facility is adaptable to host a variety of events, including large concerts, theatrical performances, trade shows, sporting events, and school graduation ceremonies, as well as smaller gatherings such as professional training meetings, weddings and banquets.
The facility contains of column-free space in the main hall and of meeting room space in the lower level. It connects, via a tunnel, to the President Abraham Lincoln Hotel.
History
It was built in 1978 and is operated by the Springfield Metropolitan Exposition and Auditorium Authority (SMEAA).
The arena hosts local concerts and sporting events for the area, and is the former home of the Illinois Express of the World Basketball League and the Springfield Stallions indoor football team.
Prairie Capital Convention Center underwent a renovation between 2011–2014 to modernize its facilities and expand the types of events it can accommodate. This transformation included extensive expansion of the lobby by , the addition of the outdoor BOS Plaza, additional concessions areas, an upper level patio terrace, and two upper level terrace areas.
In November 2015, the arena hosted Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball for five games while renovations to the State Farm Center were completed. College wrestling tournaments have also been held at the convention center.
On June 5, 2017, the SMEAA announced that it approved an agreement to sell the naming rights for the facility to the Bank of Springfield for ten years.
In January 2021, the Illinois House of Representatives convened in the arena rather than the State Capitol in order to maintain social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
See also
List of convention centers in the United States
References
External links
Official Site
Arena football venues
Basketball venues in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Springfield, Illinois
College basketball venues in the United States
Convention centers in Illinois
Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball
Indoor arenas in Illinois
Sports venues in Springfield, Illinois
Tourist attractions in Springfield, Illinois
Wrestling venues in Illinois
Event venues established in 1978
Sports venues completed in 1978
1978 establishments in Illinois |
35173701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow%27s%20End | Rainbow's End | Rainbow's End may refer to:
Film
Rainbow's End (1935 film), a 1935 American Western film
Rainbow's End (1995 film), a 1995 Australian TV film
Television
"Rainbow's End", a 1978 episode of The Incredible Hulk
Music
Rainbow's End (album), a 1979 album by Resurrection Band
Rainbow's End: An Anthology 1973–1985, a 2010 compilation album by Camel
"Rainbow's End", a song by Amanda Palmer and Edward Ka-Spel from I Can Spin a Rainbow, 2017
"Rainbow's End", a song by Camel from Breathless, 1978
"Rainbow's End", a song by Sérgio Mendes from his self-titled album, 1983
"Rainbows End", a song by Modern English from Ricochet Days, 1984
Other uses
Rainbow's End, a 1995 novel by Martha Grimes
Rainbow's End (theme park), an amusement park in Auckland, New Zealand
See also
Rainbows End, a 2006 novel by Vernor Vinge |
43674209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo%20Gennari | Bartolomeo Gennari | Bartolomeo Gennari (10 July 1594 – 29 January 1661) was an Italian Renaissance painter.
Son of the painter Benedetto Gennari and Giulia Bovi, his baptism is recorded in the collegiate church of San Biagio in Cento, Io Ercole Dondini Arciprete etc. ho battizato Bertolomio filiolo di M. Benedetto Genari et la Consorte Mad. Julia Buovi, et fu tenuto da M. Agustino di Faci et la Comar Mad. Jacoma Burgnona li 10 de Julio 1594. Together with his younger brother Ercole Gennari (1597-1658) he was a lifetime associate of Guercino, of which he copied several works.
His style puts him in the Bolognese School of painting.
Works
Among his works are Saint Thomas, formerly in the church of the Most Holy Rosary of Hundred and now in the Pinacoteca of the town. He has also painted Madonna and Child with St. Felix of Cantalice, preserved in the Pinacoteca Comunale di Cesena. The painting St. John the Evangelist Preaches to his Disciples is in the church of San Filippo Neri. Among his students was the Forlì painter Giuseppe Maria Galleppini. He died in Bologna and was buried in the church of San Nicolò of Bologna Albari.
References
JA Calvi, News of the life and works of the knight Giovanni Francesco Barbieri Guercino, Bologna 1808
The School of Guercino, edited by E. Negro, M. and N. Pirondini Roio, with a preface by DM Stone, Modena 2004
Painters from Bologna
Italian Renaissance painters
1594 births
1661 deaths
Italian male painters
People from Cento
17th-century Italian painters |
649906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood%20Potato%20Chip | Hollywood Potato Chip | Hollywood Potato Chip is the tenth studio album by the Southern California punk rock band The Vandals, released in 2004 by Kung Fu Records. A music video starring guitarist and producer Warren Fitzgerald was filmed for the band's cover version of Queen's "Don't Stop Me Now". The album's title is a euphemism for dried semen on a casting couch. Its original cover art used lettering that parodied the logo of Variety, prompting legal action and a cease and desist order from the magazine which resulted in a replacement cover with redesigned lettering. In 2010 the magazine brought further legal action against the band over third-party uses of the original cover appearing on the internet.
Cover artwork controversy
The album's cover was a source of legal controversy. A few months after the album's release, entertainment industry magazine Variety issued a cease and desist order against The Vandals over the design of the band's name on the album cover. The design mimicked the logo of the magazine as an intentional comment on the materialistic culture of Hollywood, and the magazine accused the band of trademark infringement. The lawsuit was settled with redesigned lettering which appears on all subsequent pressings of the album.
However, in April 2010 Variety filed a lawsuit against the band in a Delaware court, suing them over images of the original cover appearing on the internet. The magazine claimed that the band "ignored their agreement" and were "misusing our mark". The Vandals claimed that they had ceased using the parody logo per the terms of the cease and desist order, and they were not responsible for images placed on the internet by third parties:
We agreed not to use this logo anymore and we have no product for sale with this logo so their claims that we are intentionally using it and harming the Daily Variety are ludicrous. Now they are in the process of punishing us with an abusive lawsuit filed in Delaware, where none of the parties reside or do business, because this will cause us the most financial harm and when we get sick of it, and realize we can't afford to fight them, we will pay them the money. That is our opinion of what is going on because we cooperated in every way to try to take the images down, but they filed the suit anyway.... in Delaware.
The Vandals planned a benefit show to raise money to cover their legal fees, and considered legal action against Variety to lift the injunction against use of the original logo: "After reading the public filing against us by the Daily Variety it is clear they are abusing this injunction to shake us down for money, and by filing against us when there are no prohibited images on any sites under our control, they have breached the settlement agreement between us. We did not agree to be responsible for third party distributors of this product. That was clear in the settlement agreement." The band promised two tickets to the benefit to anyone who was able to notify them of a usage of the Variety-mocking logo on a site under the band's control. In April 2011 The Vandals successfully petitioned to have the case moved from Delaware to California. The band used their website to taunt Variety lawyer Henry Horbaczewski and editor Peter Bart, saying "The Plaintiffs should all be ashamed and it is the Vandals' opinion that [Variety's lawyers] are liable for malpractice damages by ruining their client's reputation in a frivolous attempt to act like Godzilla when it comes to hoarding their precious font and inhibiting protected free speech." Variety agreed to drop the case in February 2012. Bassist Joe Escalante, who has a background as an entertainment lawyer and represented The Vandals in the lawsuit, called it "the worst thing that's ever happened to me, and to the band, and the hardest thing I've ever done. However, the crash course in federal court litigation made me a better lawyer."
Track listing
Personnel
Band
Dave Quackenbush – vocals
Warren Fitzgerald – guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on Don't Stop Me Now, producer
Joe Escalante – bass guitar, backing vocals
Josh Freese – drums
Production
Greg Koller and Kevin Augunas – recording engineers
Jeremy Mackenzie and Jon St. James – assistant engineers
Jason Gossman and Seth Waldman – mix engineers
Brain Gardner – audio mastering
Tony Vitali – illustrations and art direction
Lisa Johnson – band photos
References
2004 albums
Kung Fu Records albums
The Vandals albums |
6406997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary%20course%20of%20business | Ordinary course of business | In United States law, the ordinary course of business (OCB) covers the usual transactions, customs and practices of a certain business and of a certain firm. This term is used particularly to judge the validity of certain transactions. It is used in several different sections of the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States.
Section 1-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code defines a "Buyer in the ordinary course of business" by a four-part test:
a person that buys goods in good faith,
without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods [e.g. a security interest],
and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind.
A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices.
[emphasis added]
American legal terminology
Business law |
394877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.coop | .coop | The domain coop is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for the use of cooperatives, their wholly owned subsidiaries, and other organizations that exist to promote or support cooperatives.
The TLD was proposed by the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA) as a response to the announcement by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in late 2000 of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains in an expansion of the Internet domain name space.
The proposal was backed by many cooperatives and similar trade groups around the world, including the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). The technical infrastructure for the TLD was developed by the worker cooperative Poptel in the United Kingdom and became operational on January 30, 2002.
The domain's sponsoring organization is DotCooperation LLC (also known as dotCoop), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA). DotCooperation is responsible for the TLD operation, including the enforcement of registration requirements. In 2005, the Midcounties Co-operative assumed operation of the domain registry through a subsidiary unit (Midcounties Co-operative Domains). DynDNS was contracted as the sole DNS provider for the registry in 2006.
Active domains holders are automatically included in an online co-op directory and registrants receive a periodic newsletter. Registrations are processed via accredited ICANN domain name registrars or their resellers.
domains are in use around the world, however, many co-ops, as businesses in the global community, also maintain domain names in other generic or country code top-level domains to identify themselves both as a co-op and as a business.
See also
Domain name
References
External links
IANA .coop WHOIS info
.coop registry
List of .coop accredited registrars
Sponsored top-level domains
Cooperatives
Computer-related introductions in 2001
sv:Toppdomän#Generiska toppdomäner |
1967584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural%20Digest | Architectural Digest | Architectural Digest is an American monthly magazine founded in 1920. Its principal subjects are interior design and landscaping, rather than pure external architecture. The magazine is published by Condé Nast, which also publishes international editions of Architectural Digest in Italy, China, France, Germany, India, Russia, Spain, Mexico, and Latin America.
Architectural Digest is aimed at an affluent and style-conscious readership, and is subtitled "The International Design Authority." The magazine releases the annual AD100 list, which recognizes the most influential interior designers and architects around the world.
Architectural Digest also hosts a popular online video series entitled Open Door that gives an in-depth look at the unique homes of various prominent celebrities and public figures.
History
Originally a quarterly trade directory called The Architectural Digest: A Pictorial Digest of California's Best Architecture, the magazine was launched in 1920 by John Coke Brasfield (1880–1962). Brasfield, born in Tennessee, moved to southern California in the early 1900s, where he founded the John C. Brasfield Publishing Corporation in Los Angeles. Interiors and exteriors of residences were featured in the magazine, along with floor plans.
By 1963, the magazine's subtitle had been altered to A Pictorial Digest of Outstanding Architecture, Interior Design, and Landscaping, and it began publishing on a bimonthly schedule. In 1965, The Architectural Digest and its publishing company were purchased by Cleon T. Knapp, who was the magazine's "jack-of-all-trades" and Brasfield's grandson. Knapp son of Brasfield's daughter Sarah "Sally" Brasfield Knapp (1910–1996), who served, at various times, as the magazine's editor in chief, managing editor, and associate publisher. The magazine's subtitle was altered to The Quality Guide to Home Decorating Ideas in 1966, and was changed again, in 1971, to The Connoisseur's Magazine of Fine Interior Design, and in 1976 to The International Magazine of Fine Interior Design. The John C. Brasfield Publishing Company was renamed Knapp Communications Corporation in 1977.
Condé Nast Publications purchased Architectural Digest, as well as its sister publication Bon Appétit, from Knapp in 1993.
In 2011 the Chinese version of the magazine, AD China, was launched. The magazine is also published in other countries, including Germany, India, France, Russia, Italy, United States and Spain.
Architectural Digest won the 2020 Webby People’s Voice Award for Architecture & Design in the category Web.
Editors in chief
John C. Brasfield, 1920–1960
(James) Bradley Little 1960–1965; a former interior designer, who served as editorial director and editor in chief from 1964 until his death in 1971.
Cleon T. Knapp, 1965–1974 (also served as publisher during the same period)
Paige Rense, 1975–2010; she previously served as the magazine's associate editor, 1968–1971, and its executive editor, 1971–1975.
Margaret Russell, 2010–2016
Amy Astley, 2016–present
Since the 2010 change in leadership, the magazine has seen a shift towards featuring lighter, more open interiors, brighter photography, and a modern graphic style.
References
External links
Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Architecture magazines
Condé Nast magazines
Magazines established in 1920
Magazines published in New York City
Design magazines |
67723786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseg%C3%A9 | Esegé | Segundo García González (1958 – 18 May 2021), best known by his pseudonym Esegé, was a Spanish comics artist. He worked for Mortadelo and Mister K.
He began his professional career at magazine TBO, where between 1977 and 1979 he produced the section La Habichuela alongside Paco Mir, Sirvent, Tha and T.P. Bigart.<ref>La Habichuela (del TBO), "13 Rue Bruguera" (in Spanish)</ref> Since 1981 he wrote for the magazine Mortadelo the series Neronius (a continuation of the French series Résidus, tyran de Rome by Blareau and Pierre Guilmard) about a crazy Roman emperor.
After the closure of Bruguera publisher, he worked for the magazine Garibolo with the series Tito Sidecar, Pomponius Triponum and later for Ediciones B with Don Pyme (about the owner of a small business) and Parsley (about a jester in a medieval court). His last series was El Pequeño Quijote for Mister K''.
García González died on 18 May 2021, aged 63.
References
External links
Lambiek Comiclopedia article.
Spanish comics artists
1958 births
2021 deaths
People from the Province of Albacete
Place of death missing
20th-century Spanish artists |
40860690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%20Lumia%202520 | Nokia Lumia 2520 | The Nokia Lumia 2520 is a Windows RT tablet computer originally developed by Nokia. It is Nokia's first and only Windows-based tablet, and the company's first tablet since its Nokia Internet Tablet line. Sharing its design and marketed with the Nokia Lumia series of Windows Phone products, the device incorporates a quad-core Snapdragon 800 chip with 4G LTE support, along with a 10.1-inch (26 cm) 1080p display and an optional "Power Keyboard" dock adding additional battery capacity, USB ports, and a physical hardware keyboard. Following a period of speculation and leaks, the Lumia 2520 was officially unveiled on 22 October 2013, and released in North America on 21 November 2013.
The 2520 was met with mostly positive reviews, praising its design, display, and for being the first Windows RT tablet to offer cellular data (although Microsoft's own Surface 2 was soon available with such an option). However, the device also received criticism for the lack of available software for its operating system (due to the inability of Windows RT to run full Windows desktop programs), along with the design of its keyboard dock.
From April 2014 it was maintained and sold by Microsoft Mobile. The Nokia Lumia 2520 was discontinued by Microsoft on February 2, 2015, being the last Windows RT device, coming a month after the production halt of the Surface 2.
After Nokia's phone business was sold to Microsoft, Nokia started making the Nokia N1. The Nokia N1 ultimately succeeded Nokia's former Lumia 2520.
In September 2017, HMD global gained rights for design patent of Lumia 2520.
Development and release
In mid-August 2013, details began leaking surrounding a Windows RT tablet being produced by Nokia codenamed "Sirius", which featured a 10.1-inch (26 cm) screen, LTE support and a design similar to Nokia's Lumia series of Windows Phone devices. A press render leaked in October 2013, along with its branding as the "Lumia 2520". The Lumia 2520 was officially unveiled during a Nokia press event on 22 October 2013 at a Nokia World event in Abu Dhabi, where it also unveiled Lumia 1320 and 1520 running Windows Phone 8. The device marks Nokia's first Microsoft Windows-based tablet device, and its first tablet product since its Internet Tablet range.
The Lumia 2520 was first released in the United States by Verizon Wireless on November 21, 2013. In the U.S., carrier-branded versions were released by Verizon and AT&T. The Verizon Wireless model differs only in its use of different LTE bands, and a lack of support for GSM networks, unlike the international and AT&T version. No Wi-Fi-only version of the Lumia 2520 was released.
In April 2014, Nokia recalled the AC-300 travel charger for the Lumia 2520 after it was discovered that the cover on its plug could separate and expose internal parts, posing an electric shock hazard when in use. While sold as an accessory in the United States, it was bundled with European models; as a result, Nokia also suspended sales of the Lumia 2520 in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Russia, and Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
Hardware
The Lumia 2520 uses a quad-core, 2.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 system-on-chip with 2 GB of RAM and support for LTE networks, and has either 32 or 64 GB of internal storage which can be expanded up to 64 GB with a MicroSD card. Its display is a 10.1-inch (26 cm), 1080p IPS panel with Nokia's "ClearBlack" technology, coated with Corning Gorilla Glass 2. The Lumia 2520 also includes an 8000 mAh battery rated for 10 hours of use, a 6.7-megapixel rear-facing camera identical to that of the Lumia 720, micro HDMI and USB 3.0 ports, and a proprietary dock connector. The Lumia 2520's hardware design uses a similar polycarbonate-based style to Nokia's line of Lumia smartphones, available in either red, cyan, black, or white finishes. An optional keyboard dock accessory known as the "Power Keyboard" adds a keyboard, kickstand, two full-sized USB ports and a supplemental battery, rated for 5 hours of additional use.
Software
As the Lumia 2520 uses the ARM architecture rather than x86, it runs the Windows RT 8.1 operating system. It can only run Windows Store apps and, like all Windows RT products, is pre-loaded with Microsoft Office RT. In common with all Lumia products, it comes with a suite of exclusive Nokia-provided apps, such as a customized Nokia Camera app, Here Maps, MixRadio, Storyteller, and Video Director. A unique augmented reality game, DreamWorks Dragons Adventure, is also included.
Reception
The Lumia 2520 was released to positive reviews; early reviews praised the tablet for its display and design, and praised its performance for showing a notable improvement over early Windows RT devices such as the first-generation Surface.
Engadget gave the Lumia 2520 a 79 out of 100, considering it to be a "strong" entry into the Windows tablet market, but criticizing the limitations of Windows RT and the poor Windows Store app selection, the fact that there was no Wi-Fi-only model, the keyboard dock's key layout being too "cramped", and the dock's kickstand was criticized for echoing the design of the original Microsoft Surface, which was poor for "in-lap" use because it only had one angle. However, the Lumia 2520 was praised for having a light build, and a relatively better camera than other tablets (but criticizing the quality of its video recording, describing it as an afterthought). The battery life of the device was noted for being even longer than Nokia claimed, reaching 13 and a half hours of video playback with Wi-Fi enabled and the display on 50% brightness. The Verge believed that the Lumia 2520 had better performance than the Microsoft Surface 2, and was more "portable" due to its LTE support, but criticized the keyboard dock for being too heavy, and shared concerns surrounding the application selection for Windows Store.
References
External links
Lumia 2520
Windows Phone devices
Microsoft Lumia
Tablet computers introduced in 2013
Tablet computers
Touchscreen portable media players |
40462818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar%20Experience%20Festival | Guitar Experience Festival | The Guitar Experience Festival is the major electric guitar´s exhibition in Argentina.
Overview
In 2009, Maycown Reichembach - a professional guitarist who shares stage with international musicians such as Greg Howe, Stu Hamm, Kiko Loureiro among others - decided to create the local Guitar Festival and called it Guitar Experience Festival, an Argentine electric guitar´s tribute. He is also the Producer and Participant of the next editions. Sometimes, guitarists Fernando Pareta and Pat Tomaselli also cooperated with Reichembach in the organization.
The festival focuses on three or four shows per night playing instrumental themes: a showcase and a fellows´ meeting point for guitarists and virtuous performances for guitar´s fans.
The exhibition takes place once a year, in Buenos Aires. Not local guitar players are invited but also Latin American colleagues coming from Chile and Brazil. Other professional musicians are included as guest appearances.
This international multi - genre festival is hosted by BA MÚSICA, Buenos Aires´ Culture Secretary.
Editions
2009 Edition
The first exhibition was held in Sarmiento Theater, Paso de los libres, Corrientes. It was an unusual location, Buenos Aires was chosen as the official venue for the next editions. On 20 November, Argentine musicians- Juan Cortés, Ignacio “Chowy” Fernández, Maycowwn Reichembach – were in charge of The Festival´s release.
2010 Edition
On 26 June 2010, the first edition introduced a large number of musicians on stage. Fifteen Latin American guitarists gave a show for more than three hours at the IFT Theatre.
The artists were: Maycown Reichembach (founder) ; from Argentina: (Juan Cortés, Chowy Fernández, Silvio Gazquez, Fernando Pareta, Pablo Sebastián Rovner, Miguel Sigales, Pablo Soler) ; from Brazil: (Denison Fernandes, Zé Filho, Tiago de Moura, João Neto, Claudio Passamani, André Viegas) and from Chile, Pat Tomaselli. The only band invited was Machaca Böffe.
2011 Edition
In 2011, The Guitar Experience Festival was produced as a Pocket Show - short-time presentations with few participants -. Fernando Pareta, Claudio Passamani, Maycown Reichembach, Pat Tomaselli were the guitarists invited to the third edition at the Pilar Auditorium, on 7 May 2011. Guest appearances: Ariel Pozzo - Miguel Mateos´ guitarist- and Matías Rocha. A jam between Tomaselli and Pozzo with Jimi Hendrix´s themes closed the Festival.
2012 Edition
On 9 November 2012, the pocket shows continued with Fernando Pareta, Maycown Reichembach, Ariel Pozzo, Pat Tomaselli at La Roca Bar, but also included Javier Viñas, Leonardo Esjaita, Ariel Ferreyrola among others.
2013 Edition
The fifth exhibition took place at Baruyo Bar on 12 April 2013. Felipe Staiti - Enanitos Verdes’ guitar player- joined the usual participants, Maycown Reichembach and Fernando Pareta. A second date is scheduled for the end of the year.
References
External links
Official Homepage
Maycown Reichembach official website
Fernando Pareta official website
Leonardo Esjaita official website
Zé Filho official website
Silvio Gazquez official website
Tiago de Moura official website
Claudio Passamani official website
Ariel Pozzo official website
Pablo Sebastián Rovner official website
Pablo Soler official website
Pat Tomaselli official website
Argentine music
Festivals in Buenos Aires
Music festivals in Argentina
Music festivals established in 2009 |
48166836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold%20Szygu%C5%82a | Witold Szyguła | Witold Henryk Szyguła (22 November 1940 – 4 September 2003) was a Polish international footballer and manager who played as a goalkeeper. He signed for Scottish club Hamilton Academical in June 1971, alongside fellow Polish internationals Alfred Olek and Roman Strazalkowski. They were "the first players from behind the Iron Curtain […] to play in Britain." The deal was orchestrated by Hamilton's chairman Jan Stepek, who was himself Polish, in return for electronic goods being sent to Poland. Szyguła also played in Poland for Zagłębie.
References
External links
1940 births
2003 deaths
Sportspeople from Chorzów
Polish footballers
Poland international footballers
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Association football goalkeepers
Polish expatriate footballers
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Ekstraklasa players
Zagłębie Sosnowiec players
Polish football managers
Zagłębie Sosnowiec managers |
33643323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Dederer | Dave Dederer | David Dederer (born October 5, 1964) is an American guitarist and singer. He was a member of the alternative rock band The Presidents of the United States of America,. An alumnus of Seattle, Washington's The Bush School and Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, he founded The Presidents with fellow Bush School alumnus Chris Ballew. He has also been a member of The Gentlemen and Loaded with Guns N' Roses bassist Duff McKagan, also a Seattle native, and Subset, a collaboration between The Presidents and Sir Mix-a-Lot.
Dederer currently heads programming and editorial at Amazon Music and manages The Presidents' ongoing business interests.
Dederer worked for Seattle web/mobile media company Melodeo from 2007 to 2010 as Vice President, Business Development. Melodeo was acquired by Hewlett Packard in June 2010. He previously worked for four years as a public affairs consultant at Seattle firm Pyramid Communications.
Prior to The Presidents' success, Dederer taught high school English at Kent Denver School and The Bush School, did public relations work on environmental issues, and attended graduate school in urban planning at the University of Washington. He has 2 daughters who play in the critically acclaimed Jazz Ensemble 1 at Bellevue High School.
Dederer is the older brother of writer Claire Dederer.
References
External links
Dave Dederer on reddit
The Melodeo Team
1964 births
Living people
Musicians from Seattle
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
The Presidents of the United States of America (band) members
Loaded (band) members
The Minus 5 members
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Kent Denver School alumni
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni
Brown University alumni |
14757431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebbia | Bebbia | Bebbia, common name sweetbush, is a genus of aromatic shrubs in the daisy family.
It is native to the southwestern United States (California, Nevada, Arizona, southwestern Utah, southwestern New Mexico, and extreme western Texas (El Paso County)) and northern Mexico (Sonora, Baja California, Baja California Sur). It bears plentiful yellow discoid flowers.
Species
Some authors combine the entire genus into one species, B. juncea. The Global Compositae Checklist and The Plant List accept two species, with B. juncea divided into two varieties:
Bebbia atriplicifolia (A.Gray) Greene - Baja California Sur
Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene
Bebbia juncea var. juncea
Bebbia juncea var. aspera (Benth.) Greene
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment of Bebbia
USDA Plants Profile for Bebbia
Calflora Database: Bebbia native to California
Photo gallery
Heliantheae
Monotypic Asteraceae genera
North American desert flora
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of California
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene |
36796595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash%20Roshanipour | Arash Roshanipour | Arash Roshanipour () is an Iranian football midfielder, who currently plays for Saba Qom in Iran's Premier Football League.
Career
Roshanipour joined Mes Kerman in summer 2012. He made his debut for Mes Kerman on 17 August, when he was brought on as a substitute.
Club career statistics
References
External links
Arash Roshanipour at PersianLeague.com
Iranian footballers
Association football midfielders
Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. players
F.C. Aboomoslem players
Steel Azin F.C. players
1988 births
Living people |
13851041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser%20%28disambiguation%29 | Budweiser (disambiguation) | Budweiser is an American-style pale lager produced by Anheuser-Busch.
Budweiser may also refer to:
Budweiser, a term German in origin that refers to a person or product from České Budějovice, Czech Republic
Budweiser Bier Bürgerbräu, a brewery founded in 1795 in České Budějovice
Budweiser Budvar Brewery, a brewery founded in 1895 in České Budějovice
Budweiser Budvar, a pale lager produced by Budweiser Budvar Brewery
Budweiser trademark dispute, the ongoing legal conflict between Anheuser-Busch and Budweiser Budvar Brewery
A nickname for the U.S. Navy Special Warfare insignia
See also
Budweiser Rocket, a land rocket vehicle |
23610292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buriti%20River%20%28Mato%20Grosso%29 | Buriti River (Mato Grosso) | The Buriti River is a river of Mato Grosso state in western Brazil.
See also
List of rivers of Mato Grosso
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Mato Grosso |
22085443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Ronda | A Ronda | A Ronda is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Boal, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
It is in size with a population of 79 (INE 2007).
Villages
A Baxada
A Ronda
Brañadesella
Brañavara
El Villar de San Pedro
References
Parishes in Boal |
24685026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK%20Alfa | HK Alfa | Hokejski klub Alfa (), commonly referred to as HK Alfa or simply Alfa, was an ice hockey club from Ljubljana, Slovenia. The club was established in 2005 and dissolved in 2009.
References
Ice hockey clubs established in 2005
Defunct ice hockey teams in Slovenia
Sports clubs in Ljubljana
2005 establishments in Slovenia
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Slovenia
Slovenian Ice Hockey League teams |
8577099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20de%20V%C3%A9zins | Château de Vézins | The Château de Vézins is a much-altered castle in the commune of Vézins-de-Lévézou between Millau and Rodez in the Aveyron département of France. It has been in the possession of the Vézins family for 900 years.
The first fortress was built in 1120 by Vesian de Vézins to command the Lévezou district. Following a disastrous fire in 1642, the only remains of this original castle are the vaulted rooms of the ground floor. The castle was then redeveloped in the Renaissance style.
Modern-day visitors to the horseshoe-shaped château can see the vaulted hall from the Middle Ages and the first floor rooms. Of particular note are the sculpted coats of arms on the chimney places, Aubusson tapestries from the 16th and 17th centuries and a canopied bed.
The château was awarded the 2000 Prix du Patrimoine 2000 (heritage prize) for the Midi-Pyrénées region. It is one of a group of 23 castles in Aveyron that have joined together to provide a tourist itinerary as the Route des Seigneurs du Rouergue.
In 1990 the Château de Vézins was listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
See also
List of castles in France
Route des Seigneurs du Rouergue
References
External links
Castles in Aveyron
Châteaux in Aveyron
Historic house museums in Occitania (administrative region)
Museums in Aveyron
Monuments historiques of Aveyron |
19258022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Sihotang | Tommy Sihotang | Dr. Tommy Sihotang S.H., LL.M (born 3 December 1957) is a noted Indonesian lawyer of Batak descent. Coming from a lower-class family background, Tommy is now a professional and one of the leading Indonesian attorneys, involved in notable cases such as the case in East Timor. He is the current leader of the Christian Democratic Party Indonesia. He is mainly active in Human Rights law.
Personal life
Sihotang grew up in a Christian family with twelve other siblings, as a devoted Christian until today. He was raised in a small town of Pematang Siantar, North Sumatra. Later moved to the capital city of Indonesia, in Jakarta along with his family. Sihotang then received his bachelor's degree in Law (Sarjana Hukum) at Universitas Jaya Baya, Faculty of Law in 1986. Later he moved to Sheffield, England with his wife and two children and obtained his Master's degree (LL.M) in International, Commercial, and European Law at the University of Sheffield for less than one and a half year in 1999. In 2007, he graduated his doctorate certificate at Universitas Padjadjaran (Bandung) with an excellent thesis resulting a cum laude honor. Sihotang is also the current leader of the Indonesian Christian Democratic Party. Sihotang still manages time to lecture at Universitas Atma Jaya He has produced two books that was supported by the Indonesian Defense Minister, Juwono Sudarsono entitled "Ketika Komandan Didakwa Melanggar Hak Asasi Manusia" and "Hukum Acara di Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia".
References
1957 births
People of Batak descent
Indonesian Christians
Indonesian lawyers
Living people |
61712775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafurovo | Gafurovo | Gafurovo () is a rural locality (a selo) in Gafurovsky Selsoviet, Tuymazinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,083 as of 2010. There are 25 streets.
Geography
Gafurovo is located 9 km south of Tuymazy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Timirovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Tuymazinsky District |
67345490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2030080 | HD 30080 | HD 30080 (HR 1509) is a high proper motion star located in the southern constellation Caelum. With an apparent magnitude of 5.66, its faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. This star is currently from Earth based on parallax, and is currently drifting closer to it, with a radial velocity of .
Physical properties
HD 30080 has a classification of "K3 III", which states it's a giant star that has exhausted hydrogen at its core and left the main sequence. It has a similar mass to the Sun, but has expanded to 31.43 times the Sun's girth. It radiates at 299 times the Sun's luminosity, and has an effective temperature of 4,280 K, which gives it a yellow-orange hue. Like many other giants, it rotates rather slowly.
References
Caelum
K-type giants
30080
1509
Durchmusterung objects
021958
TIC objects |
3761613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk%20Przymorze-Uniwersytet%20railway%20station | Gdańsk Przymorze-Uniwersytet railway station | Gdańsk Przymorze-Uniwersytet railway station is a railway station serving the city of Gdańsk, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1952 and is located on the Gdańsk Śródmieście–Rumia railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
Its name is derived from Gdańsk University (pl: Uniwersytet Gdański) which is nearby and the neighbourhood of Przymorze. Former names of this stop are Gdańsk Przymorze and Gdańsk Polanki
General information
The platform can be reached by two underways, but only from the eastern side (Kołobrzeska street). There is also a tunnel leading under the tracks and platform connecting both sides. The ticket office is located in separate building near southern underway. There is a press outlet located on the platform.
The stop is commonly used by the Gdańsk University students coming from more distant regions, which are not able to reach it via tram or bus.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Szybka Kolej Miejska services (SKM) Wejherowo - Reda - Rumia - Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk
Nearby transport services
Gdańsk Przymorze-Uniwersytet is connected with bus lines No. 122, 139, 149, 199 and 315.
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of November 2016.
External links
Railway stations served by Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)
Railway stations opened in 1952
Przymore-Uniwersytet |
30959224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20and%20Reconciliation%20Commission%20Act | Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act | The Truth And Reconciliation Commission Act 2008 is an Act of the eighth National Parliament of Solomon Islands establishing the country's Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The bill was introduced by MP Sam Iduri, Minister for Peace and Reconciliation, then adopted by Parliament on August 28, 2008. It was assented to "in Her Majesty's name and on Her Majesty's behalf" by Governor-General Nathaniel Waena on September 4, and was thereby enacted.
The preamble of the Act references the fact that
"in or around 1998, an armed conflict erupted on Guadalcanal between the Guadalcanal militant groups, Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM), Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army (GRA) and Guadalcanal Liberation Front (GLF) and the Malaita Eagle Force (MEF) of East Guadalcanal consisting of South Malaitan Settlers".
The preamble goes on to mention the violence and "gross violations of human rights" which took place during the conflict, followed by the establishment of peace and efforts towards reconciliation. The purpose of the Act is given as establishing "a forum in which both the victims and the perpetrators of human rights violations [can] share their experiences so as to get a clearer understanding of the past in order to facilitate healing and true reconciliation". The preamble also sets the Act within the continuation of the Amnesty Act 2000 and the Amnesty Act 2001.
The Act goes on to provide the functions of the Commission, defines its powers, and the means whereby it shall "promote national unity and reconciliation".
See also
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Solomon Islands)
History of Solomon Islands
8th Parliament of Solomon Islands
External links
Text of the Act as enacted, National Parliament of Solomon Islands
References
Solomon Islands Acts of Parliament 2008 |
53898250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaquelin%20Abdala | Yaquelin Abdala | Yaquelin Abdala (born 1968) is a Cuban mixed media artist, working with traditional and physical media.
Exhibitions
Abdala displayed her brightly colored "faux" paintings, at the Fifth Havana Biennial (6 May – 30 June 1994). The subject of the paintings was a combination of urban and rural Cuba, their mythologies, folk tales, and contrasts, featuring Abdala's personal anecdotes and dreams. Abdala has been featured in several prominent gallery shows, including the acclaimed exhibit "Kuba Ok", which had several pieces purchased and displayed by a patron in Germany.
References
External links
Homepage
Living people
1968 births
20th-century Cuban women artists
21st-century Cuban women artists
Mixed-media artists
Place of birth missing (living people) |
18730106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaea%20fuscovenosa | Idaea fuscovenosa | Idaea fuscovenosa, the dwarf cream wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in the Palearctic,
Distribution
The species is widespread in Central and southern Europe. In the North the range extends up to England and Ireland, Denmark, South Sweden and the southern Baltic Sea region. It is found in the West of the Iberian Peninsula. East it extends to Asia minor, the Ukraine, (European) Russia and the Caucasus. It occurs also on the large Mediterranean islands, Corsica (corsula Schawerda, 1929), Sardinia and Sicily. Earlier reports from North Africa are assigned today to Idaea bigladiata. In the North the species occurs from sea level is to about 500 meters asl. In the Southern Alps it rises 1000 m above sea level, in Corsica up to 2000 m above sea level.
Description
The species has a wingspan of 19–22 mm. The length of the forewings is 9–11 mm. The forewings are relatively wide, the rear edge of the hindwing is slightly concave between the median veins. The ground colour is whitish to light brown. The costa is often greyish brown on the basal half. The wavy crosslines are well developed and they end at the costa as black spots. There are two more wavy lines in the marginal field. Discal marks are almost always present on both fore and hindwings and black. The somewhat stumpy caterpillar is dull smoky brown, marbled and variegated with ochreous, the darker colour most in evidence in front, and the ochreous behind. There an ochreous line along the middle of the dorsum, and one along the region of the spiracles and white spots on rings 5–7.
Biology
The adults fly in one generation from June to August .
The larvae feed on various types of moss, but also fallen leaves.
Idaea fuscovenosa prefer warm and dry habitats. In the North of the range the species is usually limited to sun-exposed hedge rows, dry forests and forest edges, grassy areas, gardens and uncultivated land.
Notes
The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
External links
Dwarf cream wave at UK Moths
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl
Sterrhini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1781
Taxa named by Johann August Ephraim Goeze |
67937983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny%20%C3%85kerstr%C3%B6m | Jenny Åkerström | Johanna Antonia "Jenny" Åkerström-Söderström (7 June 1867–28 October 1957) was a Swedish food writer and home economics teacher.
Early life
Åkerström was born on 7 June 1867 in Lohärad Parish, the daughter of Anton and Maria Åkerström.
Career
Åkerström wrote food articles in Bonniers veckotidning, Vecko-Journalen and Bonniers månadstidning. She ran a famous household school for girls in Stockholm, Jenny Åkerströms Husmodersskola. The school had gained fame due to the fact that the princesses Margaretha, Märtha and Astrid were among the students.
Åkerström also published several cookbooks, including the famous Prinsessornas kokbok (Princess' cookbook), the first edition of which was published in 1929. It contained, among other things, the recipe for "Green cake" which later came to be called Princess cake.
Personal life and death
In 1911, Åkerström married pharmacist Bengt Söderström (1880–1934) in Djursholm, who ran a business in the radio industry. She died on 28 October 1957 and is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen outside Stockholm.
Bibliography
Recept på maizenarätter (1910)
Prinsessornas kokbok : Husmanskost och helgdagsmat (1929)
Mazetti kokbok : Förfriskningar, efterrätter, bakverk etc. (1930)
Maizena : Recept å soppor, såser, efterrätter, bakverk etc. (1931)
Swedish smörgåsbord : 100 recipes for the famous swedish hors d'oeuvres. (1933)
39 utvalda recept på god mat (1933)
Billig sommarmat : praktisk handbok (1934)
Mera god mat : en fortsättning på Prinsessornas kokbok (1939)
Prinsessornas nya kokbok (1948)
References
Further reading
1867 births
1957 deaths
People from Norrtälje Municipality
19th-century Swedish women writers
20th-century Swedish women writers
Swedish food writers |
54047583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Six | Jack Six | Jack Six (July 26, 1930 – 2015) was an American jazz double-bassist and composer.
Six was born in Danville, Illinois, and initially learned trumpet as a teenager before switching to bass. He studied at Juilliard in 1955–1956, then played in several big bands, including the Tommy Dorsey band after Dorsey's death (under Warren Covington's direction) and the bands of Claude Thornhill and Woody Herman. In the first half of the 1960s he played with Don Elliott, Jimmy Raney, Kenny Davern, The Dukes of Dixieland, and Herbie Mann; he continued working with Davern alongside Dick Wellstood as the house band for the Ferryboart, a club in Brielle, New Jersey. He became a member of Dave Brubeck's ensemble in 1968, remaining with Brubeck until 1974, and also played with Tal Farlow during this time. In the 1970s he worked with Illinois Jacquet and Jay McShann, among others. He directed musical events at a casino in Atlantic City in the early 1980s and recorded with Susannah McCorkle and Jack Reilly; later that decade he returned to Brubeck's ensemble, remaining with him until he retired in the 1990s.
Discography
With Dave Brubeck
Blues Roots (Columbia, 1968)
Compadres (Columbia, 1968)
The Gates of Justice (Decca, 1969)
Dave Brubeck Trio with Gerry Mulligan & the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (MCA, 1971)
Summit Sessions (Columbia, 1971)
The Last Set at Newport (Atlantic, 1972)
We're All Together Again for the First Time (Atlantic, 1973)
Live at the Berlin Philharmonic (CBS, 1973)
All the Things We Are (Atlantic, 1976)
Quiet as the Moon (MusicMasters, 1991)
Once When I Was Very Young (MusicMasters, 1992)
Late Night Brubeck (Telarc, 1994)
Young Lions & Old Tigers (Telarc, 1995)
Nightshift (Telarc, 1995)
To Hope! A Celebration (Telarc, 1996)
So What's New? (Telarc, 1998)
Double Live from the USA & UK (Telarc, 2001)
With Herbie Mann
Herbie Mann's African Suite (United Artists, 1959)
My Kinda Groove (Atlantic, 1965)
The Beat Goes On (Atlantic, 1967)
With Jack Reilly
Blue-Sean-Green (Unichrom, 1994)
Masks (Unichrom, 1998)
November (Progressive, 2003)
With others
Tommy Dorsey, The Tommy Dorsey Orchestra (Brunswick, 1958)
Dukes of Dixieland, We Gotta Shout! (CBS, 1963)
Tal Farlow, The Return of Tal Farlow (Prestige, 1970)
Tal Farlow, Guitar Player (Prestige, 1974)
Benny Goodman, Live Down Under 1973 (Jazz Band 1997)
Marty Grosz, I Hope Gabriel Likes My Music (Aviva, 1982)
Woody Herman, 1954 and 1959 (Status, 1996)
Illinois Jacquet, Birthday Party Vol. 2 (JRC, 1976)
Susannah McCorkle, Over the Rainbow (Jazz Alliance, 1996)
Jay McShann, The Big Apple Bash (Atlantic, 1979)
Gerry Mulligan, Watching & Waiting (DRG, 1999)
Gerry Mulligan, The Complete 1972 Berlin Concert (Jazz Row, 2009)
Richard Peaslee, Passage (Linear B 1980)
Dave Pike, Manhattan Latin (Decca, 1964)
Nutty Squirrels, The Nutty Squirrels (Hanover, 1959)
Francis Thorne, Irving Berlin Songs (CRI, 1988)
Francis Thorne, Porter On My Mind (CRI, 1990)
References
"Jack Six". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld.
1930 births
2015 deaths
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American jazz composers
Jazz musicians from Illinois
Dave Brubeck Quartet members |
50462317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/381st | 381st | 381st may refer to:
381st Bombardment Squadron, inactive United States Air Force unit
381st Fighter Squadron or 18th Reconnaissance Squadron, squadron of the United States Air Force
381st Intelligence Squadron, intelligence unit located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska
381st Training Group at Vandenberg AFB, California provides training for the nation's space and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) operations
See also
381 (number)
381, the year 381 (CCCLXXXI) of the Julian calendar
381 BC |
60596533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Time%20Round | Second Time Round | Second Time Round is the second studio album by British funk group Cymande. It was released in 1973 through Janus Records and produced entirely by John Schroeder. Recording sessions took place at De Lane Lea Studios in London.
The album peaked at number 180 on the Billboard 200 and number 41 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. Its lead single "Fug" later appeared in the 2007 video game Tony Hawk's Proving Ground.
Track listing
Personnel
Ray King – vocals, percussion
Peter Serreo – tenor saxophone
Michael "Bami" Rose – alto saxophone, flute, bongos
Pablo Gonsales – Congas
Sam Kelly – drums
Joey Dee – vocals, percussion
Derek Gibbs – alto and soprano saxophone
Steve Scipio – bass
Patrick Eaton Patterson – guitar
John Schroeder – producer, liner notes
Mia Krinsky – coordinator
Charts
References
External links
1973 albums
Cymande albums
Janus Records albums
Albums produced by John Schroeder (musician) |
3392753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamblee%20Charter%20High%20School | Chamblee Charter High School | Chamblee High School, formerly known as Chamblee Charter High School, is a public secondary school located in Chamblee, Georgia, United States. As of 2010, it serves 1512 students in grades 9-12. It is the second oldest high school of the DeKalb County School District, having opened in 1917.
Chamblee was a charter school until 2021 and accepts students from all of Dekalb County as well as from its local district. Chamblee was named a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence in 1996 and is one of 27% of schools in Dekalb to make the AYP of the No Child Left Behind Act. CHS was ranked #215 of the 1500 best public high schools by Newsweek magazine. Its students' SAT scores are ranked first in Dekalb County and sixth in the state.
When adjusted for differences in demographics, Chamblee High School has the highest SAT scores of all Atlanta-metro schools (including Cobb, Gwinnett, and Forsyth). Its 84th percentile ranking is superior to Walton (73rd percentile) and other suburban counterparts. The student body also has one of the highest acceptance rates to tier 1 colleges and universities in the state of Georgia.
The school offers a variety of extracurricular activities, courses, and sports. There are elective performing art classes which are bolstered by performances. CCHS offers 32 AP courses, the most of any high school in Dekalb County, and was named an AP Honor School in 2011 for every category in which it was eligible.
History
Prior to 1917: Chamblee High School and Chamblee Elementary School were housed in a single building on the present site of the First Baptist Church of Chamblee.
1917: DeKalb County authorized the purchase of land for the high school on Chamblee Dunwoody road. Construction began.
1919: The first classes were held in the partially completed school.
1922: M.E. "Prof" Smith was named principal. He served for 35 years.
1924: Ten classrooms and DeKalb County's first gymnasium were added to the campus.
1928: A home economics building was added.
1934: Depression-era WPA funding allowed Chamblee High School to add eight new classrooms, a new gymnasium, a canning plant, and a machine shop. The school became the first in DeKalb County to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
December 8, 1941: The entire campus burned to the ground. Classes were relocated to area hospitals and Baptist and Methodist churches.
December 1942: The high school was rebuilt and classes resumed on campus.
1950: A lighted general athletic field was built for football and baseball games.
1962: North DeKalb Stadium opened next door to Chamblee High School.
1964: The school was remodeled, adding 19 classrooms and five laboratories.
1966: The new basketball gymnasium, chorus rooms, band rooms, and swimming pool were added.
1970: The old basketball gymnasium and home economics building were demolished. A new cafeteria was built on the site.
1973: The old 1942 classrooms were demolished and a new administration building and library were built.
1991: The first magnet class entered Chamblee High School.
1994: Chamblee High was named a National School of Excellence.
2001: Chamblee High was named a State School of Excellence.
2001: Chamblee High became a charter school.
2011: Senior and Sophomore halls were torn down for the rebuilding of the new school.
December 20, 2013: Demolition of the remaining old building started.
January 7, 2014: The new academic building held its first day of school.
Facility
The school is adjacent to North Dekalb Stadium, which is used by many sports teams and local schools. It was last renovated in 2014, using $58 million in federal stimulus bonds as well as $11 million already set aside by the special-purpose local-option sales tax.
Athletics
The Chamblee Bulldogs participate in baseball, basketball, badminton, cheerleading, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, ultimate frisbee, volleyball, water polo, and wrestling. The varsity football, lacrosse and soccer teams play their home games at North DeKalb Stadium in Chamblee.
State championships
As of the 2021–22 season.
Key:
Athletics
Boys' track: 1954, 1960, 1964
Wrestling: 1974, 1979
Boys' tennis: 1998, 2019
Girls' tennis: 2017, 2018, 2019
Girls' cross country: 1981
Boys' cross country: 1986
Boys' soccer: 2008
Cheerleading: 2007, 2008, 2009
Boys' swimming: 400 free relay (2015), 2015, 200 freestyle (2013, 100 breaststroke) (2008, 50 freestyle)
Girls' swimming: 2019 AAAA-AAAAA State Champions, 200 medley relay (2019, 2017, 1975), 100 Butterfly (2019, 2018, 2017, 2016), 200 IM (2019, 2018), (2004, 50 freestyle) (1987, 100 butterfly) (1983, 100 butterfly) (1976, 200 freestyle and 100 freestyle; 1975, 200 freestyle and 100 butterfly; 1974, 200 IM and 100 butterfly) (1974, 500 freestyle), Lanoue (1956, 200 freestyle)
Academics
TEAMS (academic competition): 2009, 2010
PAGE Academic Bowl: 1994, 2011
Science Olympiad: 1997, 1998
Math Team: 2003
Math Counts: 1991, 1992
We The People: The Citizen and the Constitution: 1995, 1996, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2012
Chess: 2006, 2007
GearGrinders - FIRST Robotics Team: 2006
Debate 2006, 2007
Odyssey of the Mind: 2004, 2005, 2006
Feeder schools
The following schools feed into Chamblee Charter High School:
Chamblee Middle School
Sequoyah Middle School
The following schools feed into Chamblee Middle School:
Ashford Park
Huntley Hills
Kittredge Magnet School
Montgomery
School newspaper
The Blue and Gold is Chamblee Charter High School's official school newspaper. The current faculty advisor of the Blue and Gold is Fred Avett. Currently, the Blue and Gold is published online and in a print format.
Notable alumni
This is a list of notable alumni that graduated from Chamblee Charter High School, sorted by year of graduation.
John Casper (class of 1961), space shuttle astronaut
Diana Palmer (class of 1964), author of 115 romance novels written under several pen names
Andy Spiva (class of 1973), former Atlanta Falcons linebacker
J. Max Davis, (Class of 1988) former mayor of Brookhaven, Georgia
Susan Walters (class of 1981), actress and former model
Steve Wallace (class of 1982), former San Francisco 49ers tackle, part of three Super Bowl championships with the San Francisco 49ers (1988, 1989, 1994)
Teresa Tomlinson (class of 1983), mayor of Columbus, Georgia and 2020 Democratic candidate for United States Senate
Troy Sadowski (class of 1984), former Atlanta Falcons tight end
Ryan Gravel (class of 1991), creator of the Atlanta Beltline
Tim Chen (class of 2000), founder and CEO of NerdWallet
Coleman Collins (class of 2003), basketball player and writer
Paul Delaney (class of 2004), basketball player in the Israeli National League
Brandon Armstrong (Class of 2008), viral YouTuber and NBA impressionist
Warren Norman (Class of 2009), former football player for the Vanderbilt Commodores
Unknown graduation year
Paul Delaney (born 1986), basketball player in the Israeli National League
References
External links
Chamblee High School website
DeKalb County School District high schools
Educational institutions established in 1917
Magnet schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Charter schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Chamblee, Georgia
1917 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
16791319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Ste.%20Claire | SS Ste. Claire | SS Ste. Claire is a steamer located in Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1910, she was one of the last propeller-driven excursion steamers to be operated on the Great Lakes. She was declared a US National Historic Landmark in 1992. In 2018, a devastating fire destroyed the upper decks, leaving only the steel structure.
History
The Detroit, Belle Isle, & Windsor Ferry Company was incorporated in 1881 to provide ferry service between Detroit, Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit's Belle Isle Park. In 1898, the company began leasing Bois Blanc Island (later known as "Bob-Lo") and began offering ferry service to the island. Bois Blanc became a popular day trip destination, with picnic grounds, a small amusement area, dancing and other services. In 1901, the company purchased a large part of the island. Service to Bob-Lo became so popular that in 1902, the company hired Frank E. Kirby to design a passenger excursion steamer, . However, passenger volume continued to increase, and soon the Detroit, Belle Isle, & Windsor Ferry Company commissioned another, slightly smaller steamer. This ship was again designed by Frank E. Kirby, and constructed at the Toledo Shipbuilding Company.
The Ste. Claire was launched at Toledo Shipbuilding Company in 1910, and entered service later that year between Detroit and Bob-Lo Island. In 1911, the Detroit, Belle Isle, & Windsor Ferry Company was reorganized as the Detroit and Windsor Ferry Company. However, the construction in the 1920s of the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel between Detroit and Windsor, and the MacArthur Bridge to Belle Isle drastically reduced the company's service, and by the late 1930s their only activity was the Detroit-Bob-Lo Island line. In the early 1940s, the company was renamed simply the "Bob-Lo Excursion Company."
The excursion service and Boblo Island Amusement Park were sold in the 1940s, and again in 1979. However, the Ste. Claire continued operating between Detroit and Bob-Lo Island until 1991, a run of 81 years. After the island park closed, she was sold to a commercial firm and fell into disrepair. In 2003 she was towed to Toledo, Ohio for restoration. In 2015, the vessel was towed to the former Detroit Lime Dock on the Rouge River, while her restoration remained in limbo.
Temporary alterations to both Columbia and Ste. Claire were made for the 2014 feature film Transformers: Age of Extinction.
The Saint Claire was engulfed in an accidental fire while docked on the Detroit River on July 6, 2018. The fire could not be contained and destroyed the historic mahogany woodwork and upper decks. "Yeah, she's 110 years old, but she's well-built and she survived," said boat co-owner, Ron Kattoo. "We are at the point in restoration to where it was a steel skeleton structure ready to be rebuilt." As of 2019, the vessel is docked at Riverside Marina in Detroit.
Description
The Ste. Claire was a propeller-driven excursion steamer with a riveted steel hull and a wooden superstructure strengthened with steel members. The hull was 190 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 17.3 feet in molded depth. She was powered by a triple expansion reciprocating steam engine with Scotch boilers. The main deck overhung the hull, and the open decks above were rounded at the bow, a characteristic of the Bob-Lo fleet.
The main staircase was in the center of the main deck, leading upward to the upper decks. A second stair underneath lead down to the crew spaces in the hull. On either side of the main stair were gangplank openings for loading passengers. Forward of the stair was a large open deck space. Aft of the stair, a passageway ran across the vessel, aft of which is the stack casing and a well that opened down into the engine room, where the main engine could be seen by passengers on the main deck. Food service counters were placed at the aft end of the main deck, surrounded by open spaces, and a pair of stairs leading to decks above. Amidships, public rest rooms and crews quarters were placed on either side of the ship.
The main staircase lead upward to the main cabin on the second deck. The cabin was finished in mahogany with a cream-painted beamed ceiling. Aft of the cabin was a dance floor. The main cabin had doors out to open spaces forward and aft. The main stair leads upward to another, smaller cabin on the third deck. Doors here lead to the open deck and to a "beer garden" located above the dance floor. A final stair on the open deck lead to the top deck. Public access to the top deck was limited; the area also included the pilot house and lifeboat storage.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
References
External links
Southwestern Ontario Digital Archive: S.S. Ste. Claire of Bob-Lo Excursion Co.
Ste. Clair Restoration Project
Ste. Claire Photo Gallery
National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Steamships of the United States
1910 ships
Ships built in Toledo, Ohio |
2438772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier%20League%E2%80%93Football%20League%20gulf | Premier League–Football League gulf | In English football, a gulf has arisen between the finances of clubs from the Premier League and English Football League since the First Division clubs broke away to form the Premier League in 1992. Some have argued that this disparity is wider than in other European leagues where the top flight is combined with at least one division below in a league, such as Germany's Bundesliga, Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga. However, England has five tiers of single national divisions, compared to only two in Spain and Italy and three in Germany.
Finance
Since the Premier League began at the start of the 1992–93 season, its member teams have received larger amounts of money in TV rights than their Football League colleagues. Prior to the formation of the Premier League, television revenues from top flight matches were shared between the 92 Football League clubs across four unified national professional divisions. The breakaway of 22 clubs to form the Premier League resulted in top flight revenues being shared exclusively between Premier League clubs. The Premier League agreed to maintain the promotion and relegation of three clubs with the Football League, but the Football League was now in a far weaker position – without its best clubs and without the clout to negotiate high revenue TV deals. This problem was exacerbated in 2002 when ITV Digital, the holder of the TV rights for the Football League, went into administration. Many League clubs had invested in ground improvements and the player transfer market with anticipated television funds that never materialized, causing several clubs to enter receivership – most notably Bradford City, who were faced with debts of £36 million and almost lost their Football League status as a result.
As a result, financial disparity has been cited as a reason for newly promoted teams finding it increasingly harder to establish themselves in the Premier League, thus worrying more about avoiding relegation than even winning the title. In all but three of the 29 seasons since its introduction, at least one newly promoted club filled one of the three Premier League relegation places, and in the 1997–98 season all three promoted clubs (Bolton Wanderers, Barnsley and Crystal Palace) were relegated.
The only exceptions, in which all three promoted teams survived, were the 2001–02, 2011–12 and 2017–18 seasons. In 2001–02, the teams were Fulham, Blackburn Rovers and Bolton Wanderers; Blackburn and Bolton were eventually relegated in 2011–12, and Fulham in 2013–14. (Fulham have since returned to the Premier League twice, in 2018–19 and 2020–21, on both occasions being relegated again after one season.) In 2011–12, the teams were Queens Park Rangers, Norwich City, and Swansea City; QPR was relegated the following season, and Norwich in 2013–14, while Swansea was eventually relegated in 2017–18. Norwich and QPR both immediately bounced back from their relegations in the following season, earning promotion through winning the Championship play offs in 2014 and 2015 respectively, however, they were both relegated back to the Championship in the seasons that followed. Norwich returned again in 2019–20, but were relegated again. However, they have bounced back and will return for 2021–22. QPR is still yet to return. In 2017–18, the teams were Brighton & Hove Albion, Newcastle United, and Huddersfield Town; Huddersfield were relegated the following season, while the other two teams are still competing in the Premier League.
The Premier League distributes a small portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of "parachute payments". Starting with the 2013–14 season, these payments are in excess of £60 million over four seasons. Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues (the average Premier League team receives £55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £2 million), critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not, leading to the common occurrence of teams returning soon after their relegation.
This, however, does not take into account former Premier League mainstays which currently are in the Football League, such as the former Wimbledon (who were replaced by Milton Keynes Dons in 2004 following their relocation from South London to Milton Keynes), Sheffield Wednesday and Coventry City , who were founding members of the Premier League and stayed there for between eight and nine years before going down, and have yet to return. Q.P.R. (also a founding Premier League club) saw a 15-year absence from the Premier League, before finally returning for the 2011–12 season but relegated again after 2014–15 and since having adopted a more cautious approach to finances due to unsustainable levels of spending in the Premier League. Leeds United saw a 16-year absence from the Premier League, before finally returning for the 2020–21 season, under the guidance of Marcelo Bielsa.
A more extreme example of the struggles associated with adapting to relegation would be that of previous Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers, who were relegated from the top flight on 7 May 2012, and struggled to stay in the EFL Championship over the next five seasons before finally dropping to League One on 7 May 2017, earning the dubious distinction of being the only former Premier League champions to play at that level. This was in spite of Rovers initially spending substantial amounts of money following their relegation from the Premier League, breaking their transfer record to land Jordan Rhodes for £8 million in the 2012–13 season. Rovers would proceed to become a cost-cutting club, due to the exhaustion of their parachute payments across multiple seasons, large amounts of debts beginning to surface reportedly within the region of £100 million, and a lack of investment from their owners Venkys, culminating in their relegation to League One.
Another notable example of a former Premier League club that has struggled both financially and competitively, despite being in receipt of parachute payments, would be that of Bolton Wanderers. Having spent beyond their means throughout the club's 11-year tenure in the top flight, Bolton steadily declined with regards to league position in the years following their Premier League relegation in 2012, eventually dropping down to League One in 2016. That season, the club's perilous financial situation necessitated the sale of their Euxton training ground and a car park in use by the club. The club had amassed debts of £186 million to their previous owner Eddie Davies, of which £171 million was eventually written off in order to assist with selling the club. Bolton Wanderers and its parent company Sports Shield BWFC, have faced multiple winding up petitions from HM Revenue and Customs for unpaid loan debts to various external businesses amounting to approximately £30 million; including an unpaid £5 million loan to BluMarble, a finance company that had provided funds to facilitate a takeover deal for the club in March 2017, and an overdue loan debt of £5.5 million to Prescot Business Park Ltd. Bolton's most recent financial accounts have produced forecasts that predict an annual loss of roughly £11 million, with the club judged "unable to meet ongoing costs". The parent company Sports Shield BWFC was wound up in August 2017 after a court hearing, with initial fears that Bolton would face a points deduction as a result, however the club avoided such sanction.
In spite of the club being under a transfer embargo imposed by the Football League for almost two years from late 2015 to September 2017, with the club being limited to free transfers and loans under a pre-determined wage cap, Bolton earned promotion back to the Championship at the first time of asking under manager Phil Parkinson in the 2016–17 season.
The payments have been also criticised as causing Premier League teams to play more cautiously — playing not to lose instead of playing to win — because the threat of relegation means the loss of payments from the television rights. In fact, as of December 2006, the goals-per-game average is only 2.14, the lowest it has ever been in Premier League history and lower than any other professional league in Europe. Steve Bruce, at the time manager of Birmingham City, stated that,
Ten years later, these words were re-confirmed by the 2016–17 season final table, which showed a distinct trinary hierarchy. The 7 teams gaining places in European football were between 15 and 47 points ahead of the next group of 10, which were all spanned by a difference of just 6 points. A further gap of 6 points separated those mid-ranking teams from the relegation zone.
Curse of Christmas
The Curse of Christmas refers to a trend where the team at the bottom of the Premier League table at Christmas has been relegated at the end of the season. Since the league began, this has happened in every season except three: 2004–05, when West Bromwich Albion finished 17th, Sunderland, who avoided the drop in 2013–14, and Leicester City who survived in the 2014–15 season. Swansea City managed a similar feat by being level on points with bottom club Hull City on Boxing Day, but survived in the 2016–17 season. West Brom were, in fact, still bottom of the table on the morning of the last day of the 2004–05 season (and even at half time in their final match). However, a win over Portsmouth, combined with Norwich City and Southampton defeats and a draw for Crystal Palace, enabled them to move up three places and thus survive, an achievement since dubbed 'The Great Escape'. West Brom remain the only team to be bottom of the Premier League at Christmas, on the last day, and even at halftime on the last day, and still survive.
Every side that lay bottom at Christmas improved their form in the remaining matches – except for Derby County, West Brom, and Portsmouth over the three-year period of 2008 to 2010. This can partially be explained by the January transfer window, enabling the struggling sides to improve their squads.
The three sides to have survived the drop despite being at the foot of the table at Christmas all improved their form by at least 0.64 points per game – just under the equivalent of two additional points for every three matches played. Only three other sides have increased their form by greater than this amount: Sheffield Wednesday (2000), West Ham United (2003) and Sheffield United (2021). Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield United had the third worst and worst forms prior to Christmas respectively, while West Ham achieved the highest points total from a 38 game season for a relegated side – achieving more points at the end of the season than the three sides who survived the drop despite being bottom at Christmas.
The last time a top-division team had achieved this feat was in the penultimate season of the pre-Premier League First Division, in 1990–91. The team in question was Sheffield United, who after 16 matches had no wins and only 4 points, before their form improved dramatically in the second half of the season and a run of seven successive wins helped them to finish in 13th place out of 20.
Certain teams are notable for extremely poor seasons as a result of inability to come to terms with the gulf:
Swindon Town were the first such example in the 1993–94 season, when they won a mere five games out of 42 and conceded 100 goals (still a Premier League record) in their first and, to date, only season in the top flight. One of the few bright spots of the season came when they held Manchester United (who went on to win the league title and FA Cup) to a 2–2 draw at home in March, and having lost 4–2 away to them earlier in the season they scored more goals against the title-winning side than any other club in the league that season (bar Oldham Athletic, who were also relegated).
In 2002–03, Sunderland were relegated having achieved record lows of four wins, 19 points and 21 goals. They returned to the top flight in 2005–06, only to break two of these records - managing just three wins and 15 points - and also equal the record for most losses in a season, 29, which had previously been achieved by Ipswich Town in 1994–95. As some consolation, they scored more goals (26) than they had the previous time.
In 2007–08, Derby County, appearing in the top flight for the first time since 2001–02, won just one game out of 38 (beating Newcastle United 1–0 at home on 17 September 2007 thanks to a Kenny Miller strike), finished with 11 points and scored just 20 goals, thus breaking all three of Sunderland's records. They also set new records for the most consecutive matches without a win (32) and the worst goal difference (−69), and equalled the record jointly held by Ipswich and Sunderland in achieving 29 losses. Finally, they became the first team to be officially relegated from the Premier League in March, and only the second team ever to achieve just one win in an entire season of an English professional league (the other being Loughborough in 1899–1900).
In 2018–19, Fulham, appearing in the top flight for the first time since 2013–14, managed only seven wins all season and were relegated at the beginning of April with five games still to play. Their final tally of 26 points was, however, ten more than the tally achieved by bottom-placed Huddersfield Town.
In 2019–20, Norwich City, who returned for the first time since 2015–16, suffered a terrible season and were relegated in bottom place despite a decent start, losing all nine games after the season was suspended because of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, scoring only one goal in the process. They set a Premier League record with the fewest away goals in a season and became the fourth team in five seasons to finish below 25 points, relegated with three games to spare after a defeat to West Ham United.
Unexpected performances
There have been some strong performances by newly promoted clubs in the Premier League – particularly in its first few seasons. Blackburn Rovers were among the three teams who won promotion to the Premier League upon its formation, and bankrolled by owner Jack Walker's millions they were able to attract some of the best players in English football – most notably £3.6 million national record signing Alan Shearer. They finished fourth in their first Premier League season after leading in the early stages. Ipswich Town, one of the other promoted teams that season, were among the top five clubs as late as February 1993 and were being tipped as surprise title contenders, but a late slump in form dragged them down to 16th place.
1990s
In the second season of the Premier League, newly promoted Newcastle United finished third – the same position which was occupied by another newly promoted side, Nottingham Forest, the following year. Except Ipswich Town in 2001, this was the last time a newly promoted club finished in the top five.
Middlesbrough finished 12th in the 1995–96 season after promotion, but 10 games into the season they occupied fourth place – high enough for UEFA Cup qualification - – and were being touted as outsiders for the Premier League title.
In 1996–97, newly promoted Leicester City achieved top-flight survival for the first time since 1986 by finishing ninth and also winning the Football League Cup to end their 33-year trophy drought. Middlesbrough had been relegated from the Premier League in 1997 two years after promotion (though only through a points deduction) and were promoted back at the first attempt, and in their first Premier League campaign following relegation they finished ninth in the Premier League and only narrowly missed out on UEFA Cup qualification.
Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League as Division One champions with a new record of 105 league points in 1999 and marked their return to the top flight by finishing seventh and only missing out on UEFA Cup qualification on goal difference.
2000s
Charlton Athletic's return to the Premier League as Division One champions for the 2000–01 season was marked with a ninth-place finish – their highest for some 50 years.
In 2001–02, Blackburn Rovers returned to the Premier League two years after relegation and marked it with their first League Cup triumph, and a late surge in form following the trophy win took them clear of the relegation zone to a tenth-place finish. Manchester City returned to the Premier League in 2002 a year after relegation by securing the Division One title, and marked their return to the top flight with a ninth-place finish – their highest in a decade. After two seasons of newly promoted clubs either being relegated or narrowly scraping survival, West Ham United finished ninth in the Premier League in 2005–06 and almost won the FA Cup (only missing out due to a late Liverpool equaliser and a penalty shoot-out defeat), while fellow promoted side Wigan Athletic enjoyed an even more remarkable season. They were rarely outside the top five in the first half of the season, and then reached their first major cup final – the League Cup final – which they lost to Manchester United. They eventually finished 10th in the final table.
Reading reached the top flight for the first time in their history for the 2006–07 season and finished eighth – narrowly missing out on UEFA Cup qualification.
Hull City reached the Premier League for the 2008–09 season, the first time they had ever appeared in the top flight and all the more remarkable considering they had begun the decade almost bankrupt in the league's basement division. An excellent start to the season saw them level on points in third place with the leading pack of Liverpool and Arsenal in mid-October, though their season gradually fell away from December onwards and they ended up surviving by just one point. Hull were relegated the following season but made a return to the Premier League several years later by finishing second in the 2012–13 Championship season, with experienced manager Steve Bruce in charge. Hull again survived their first season in the Premier League following promotion, finishing 16th in the 2013–14 season but they were relegated again the following season after drawing 0–0 with Manchester United on the last day of the season. Hull sticked with Bruce after relegation, who in the 2015–16 season got Hull promoted for the second time as manager through winning the 2016 Championship play-off final. Bruce left the club during the summer after disagreements with the board and frustration over the club's lack of transfer activity, leaving Hull in a crisis going into their Premier League season without a manager and an incredibly small squad of only 13 fit senior professionals. The season started well under caretaker manager Mike Phelan, winning their opening two fixtures, including a shock win over champions Leicester City on the opening day of the season, however as expected, Hull struggled throughout the season and were relegated, not helped by discontent amongst fans over the club's ownership, along with the lack of investment with regards to player transfers and effective preparation while the club was up for sale, and poor performances on the pitch. Marco Silva replaced Phelan in January and rejuvenated the team, getting some good results, in particular in a 2–0 home win over Liverpool and a point away at Old Trafford, however the damage had been done in the first half of the season, and Hull finished 18th. The following summer saw a large number of player departures and a new manager joined Hull, Leonid Slutsky.
Stoke City returned to the top flight at the same time as Hull's promotion, having been in exile for 23 years and returned in reasonable style with a 12th-place finish. Stoke have since established themselves as a consistent mid-table Premier League club, under the management of Tony Pulis and more recently Mark Hughes, finishing 9th in the league for three consecutive seasons between 2013–14 to 2015–16, before eventually relegated in 2017-18.
Birmingham City, who had two spells in the Premier League between 2002 and 2008, returned to the elite for the 2009–10 campaign one season after relegation and secured a ninth-place finish, the club's best in decades and one of their highest ever.
2010s
Norwich City returned to the top flight for the first time in seven years, a season when the team had to win against Fulham at Craven Cottage in order to survive but were relegated straight back to The Championship after a 6–0 defeat. After the 2008–09 season, the club were relegated to League One, only to win the league at the first time of asking despite an opening day 7–1 record league loss to Colchester United. The season after in 2010–11, Norwich earned their place back amongst the elite by gaining the second automatic promotion spot in the a Championship, with many pundits tipping the team for immediate relegation. However, they were consistent for most of the season, never being in any real danger of relegation, before finishing the season in 12th position. Norwich remained a Premier League club for two more seasons under the management of Chris Hughton but were relegated in the 2013–14 season, with the club sacking Hughton towards the tail end of the season as Norwich sat just above the relegation zone in 17th, appointing Neil Adams only to be relegated by not winning any of their remaining five games. Norwich bounced back to the Premier League at the first time of asking, under new manager Alex Neil, after winning the 2015 Championship play-off final against Middlesbrough, however their stay back in the Premier League was short lived as Norwich finished 19th in the 2015–16 season. They returned again in 2019–20 but were relegated again in last place after a terrible season despite a shocking 3–2 win over defending champions Manchester City. Their fate was sealed with a 4–0 defeat to West Ham United. They have bounced back and returned for 2021–22. However, as of Christmas 2021, the club sits at the bottom of the table at 20th place.
Swansea City also returned to the top flight at the same time as Norwich’s promotion, having been playing below the top division since their relegation in 1983, and were also in danger of leaving The Football League itself in 2003, only for a 4–2 win over Hull City on the final day at Vetch Field to confirm their survival. Two seasons later, in 2004–05, the team won League Two, under the guidance of Kenny Jackett, before following this up three seasons later, by winning League One under Roberto Martínez gaining a club record 92 points in the process. In the 2010–11 season, Swansea finally won promotion to the Premier League being the first Welsh team to do so, under Brendan Rodgers, after beating his former team Reading 4–2 in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium.
The season proved successful for the Welsh team, despite being heavily tipped by many pundits to be relegated. They returned in reasonable style finishing in 11th position, only one goal away to being in 10th position. Their season saw surprise wins over Arsenal, Manchester City, and Liverpool. The team also despite being newly promoted, scored the fastest goal of the 2011–12 season, when Andrea Orlandi scored within 24 seconds against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 4–4 draw at the Liberty Stadium, a match that also confirmed Swansea's place in the 2012–13 Premier League season. In the 2012–13 season, Swansea qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League by winning the 2012–13 Football League Cup and finishing ninth in the Premier League. They would spend a further five seasons in the Premier League before being relegated on the final day during the 2017–18 season after a 2–1 loss to also relegated Stoke City.
In 2015, AFC Bournemouth earned promotion to the Premier League by winning the 2014–15 Football League Championship under the stewardship of young English manager Eddie Howe. The promotion formed part of an incredible rise up the Football League with the club having been close to liquidation only ten years prior when they were in League Two, and as recently as 2008 had gone into administration and nearly lost their Football League status. The club have since surprised many by consolidating themselves in the Premier League, finishing 16th in their first season in the top flight and then an impressive 9th in their second season, in spite of having limited spending power in relation to modern day Premier League figures. Key to Bournemouth's success was keeping a core of home-grown players together that had risen through the leagues with the club, Harry Arter and Marc Pugh establishing themselves at the highest level, having been lower league players beforehand. They stayed in the Premier League for five seasons before getting relegated in 2019–20 on the final day of the season.
In 2017, Brighton & Hove Albion earned promotion to the Premier League for the first time in their history after finishing second in the 2016–17 EFL Championship, having missed out on top spot to Newcastle United on the final day of the season after failing to win any of their final three games. Their first Premier League season went well and they secured their Premier League status after a 1–0 victory against Manchester United on 4 May 2018, finishing in 15th place. They have since maintained their Premier League status for a further three seasons finishing in 17th, 15th and 16th in the 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons respectively.
Also in 2017, Huddersfield Town also earned promotion to the Premier League for the first time in their history by winning the 2017 Championship play-off final, having finished in 19th place in the Championship the season prior and having only had a £12 million playing budget in their possession, a significantly lower figure in comparison to other clubs such as Aston Villa, who were backed by the wealthy Recon Group and were in receipt of parachute payments. Many had tipped Huddersfield to struggle in the Championship in a similar manner to previous seasons, however the club made an unexpected appointment in former Borussia Dortmund II manager David Wagner, who employed a high-tempo pressing style of play and made shrewd acquisitions in the transfer market, mainly utilising loan deals from larger clubs and with Christopher Schindler being the club's record transfer at £1.2 million. They finished 16th in the 2017–18 season, after drawing with Manchester City and Chelsea. However, Huddersfield was relegated in the following season, suffering relegation in the month of March; becoming only the second team in Premier League history to achieve this feat. Manager David Wagner left Huddersfield by mutual consent in January with the club rooted to the bottom of the table having only earned 11 points throughout the season, and his replacement Jan Siewert could not mastermind an unlikely survival, losing eight of his first nine games in charge; a solitary victory against Wolverhampton Wanderers, plus a later draw vs. Manchester United and Southampton, left Huddersfield finishing on 16 points and 20 points adrift of safety.
In 2018, Wolverhampton Wanderers was promoted to the Premier League only five years after enduring a "double drop", being relegated from the 2011–12 Premier League and 2012–13 Football League Championship. In the 2018–19 Premier League season, Wolves finished seventh and earned 57 points, the most by a promoted team since Ipswich Town's 66-point finish in 2000–01. They also qualified for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League through league position.
In 2019, Sheffield United, who returned to the Premier League after 12 years, finished ninth in the 2019–20 season with 54 points, only missing out on European football by five points. They were the second promoted team in as many seasons to finish with at least 50 points and did not lose a single away game until December when they lost 2–0 at Manchester City.
Second season syndrome
Second season syndrome is a downturn in form suffered by a team in their second season after promotion, having performed relatively well in their first season. In the Football League, Swansea City were a notable example of this so-called syndrome. Once they got promoted to old Division One in 1981–82 and led the league before finishing 6th, but they were relegated following season and in the next three years they crashed into Division Four and narrowly avoided relegation to the Conference. Swansea City were able to return to top flight only 28 years later, competing in the Premier League until 2017–18. Another notable example was Ipswich Town, who were promoted to the Premier League after a five-year exile and finished fifth in 2000–01, qualifying for the UEFA Cup, but were relegated a year later. In 2005–06, for instance, newly promoted West Ham United and Wigan Athletic finished ninth and tenth in the Premier League (it was Wigan's first season as a top division club) and were runners-up in the FA Cup and Football League Cup respectively. The following season, however, they narrowly avoided relegation with respective 17th and 15th-place finishes. In 2006–07, Reading were playing top division football for the first time in their history and finished eighth in the Premier League, with only a defeat on the final day of the season preventing them from qualifying for the UEFA Cup. A year later, however, a drastic loss of form in the second half of the season saw them dragged from mid-table to occupy the final relegation place, and they were relegated on the last day of the season. Another example is Birmingham City, who after securing ninth position with over 50 points, were then relegated in 2010–11 after suffering a horrific downturn in form despite claiming the Carling Cup. Indeed, that season saw a surprisingly high number of points claimed by the clubs that went down, with West Ham United finishing bottom with 33 points, which would have secured 17th place the previous year, and Birmingham and shock 'new boys' Blackpool both going down on 39 points. In 2017–18 Huddersfield Town were playing Premier League football for the first time in their history, and top flight football for the first time since 1972 and finished 16th, securing top flight status with 1 game to spare. However, they were relegated next season after winning a mere 3 matches from their first 32 and becoming just the second club ever to be relegated in March (after Derby County). This could in part be attributed to burn out, newly promoted or under resourced clubs lack the strength in depth of larger established teams leaving them more vulnerable to injuries of key players and exhaustion from lack of rotation allowing players to rest. The same can be said about Sheffield United who began the 2020–21 season with just two points from 14 games after finishing 9th the previous season. They got relegated with six games to spare after a 1–0 defeat against Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Second season syndrome is far from guaranteed, however; after surviving their first season back in the Premier League in 2014–15 by six points, Leicester City stunned the football world by winning the Premier League the following season. In addition, in Bournemouth's second season, they managed to finish 9th after a strong performance from them at the end of the season. Furthermore, in Burnley's second season after their third promotion, they managed to finish 7th and qualify for the Europa League — their best in 54 years. Another example is Aston Villa in the 2020–21 season. They only survived by a point in the previous season when they were promoted but finished 11th in 2020–21 with over 50 points thanks to a strong start, including an incredible 7-2 win over defending champions Liverpool.
Project Big Picture
Project Big Picture was a plan proposed by leading Premier League clubs Manchester United and Liverpool F.C. and their owners Joel Glazer and John W. Henry. The plan would have diverted £250 million to support Football League clubs and reduce the size of the Premier League to 18 teams. It was opposed by the Premier League leadership and the UK government's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.
Tottenham Hotspur expressed support for the plans. It was reported that other Premier League teams had either expressed concerns about the plan or were opposed to it. Despite being one of the teams that would seemingly benefit from the project, it has been said that West Ham United were "very much against" it. Critics of the plan stated that it would put the "Big Six" clubs into a position of control over all of English football. The Daily Telegraph described the plan as a "brazen power grab", and "a hostile takeover spun as a rescue package" by the top clubs. However, the plan was supported by EFL chair Rick Parry and the vast majority of EFL clubs.
In a virtual meeting on 14 October 2020, all 20 Premier League clubs rejected the proposal, but agreed to further financial assistance to League One and League Two teams.
See also
Doing a Leeds
Premier League parachute and solidarity payments
References
English Football League
Premier League |
20332885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Phillips | Howard Phillips | Howard Phillips may refer to:
Howard Phillips (politician) (1941–2013), three-time United States presidential candidate
Howard Phillips (consultant), American video game consultant and producer
Howard Phillips (philanthropist) (1902–1979), American businessman and philanthropist in Florida
Howard Phillips (cricketer) (1872–1960), English cricketer
See also
H. P. Lovecraft (Howard Phillips Lovecraft, 1890–1937), fiction author |
81254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano | Vulcano | Vulcano () or Vulcan is a small volcanic island belonging to Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about north of Sicily and located at the southernmost end of the seven Aeolian Islands. The island is in area, rises to above sea level, and it contains several volcanic calderas, including one of the four active volcanoes in Italy that are not submarine.
The word "volcano", and its equivalent in several European languages, derives from the name of this island, which derives from the Roman belief that the tiny island was the chimney of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. In November 2021, 150 people were evacuated from the island's harbour area due to increased volcanic activity and gases; an amber alert had been issued in October 2021 after several significant changes in the volcano's parameters.
History
The Romans used the island mainly for raw materials, harvesting timber, and mining alum and sulfur. These were the principal activities on the island until the end of the nineteenth century.
After Bourbon rule collapsed in 1860, the Scottish industrialist and philanthropist James Stevenson bought the northern part of the island. He then built a villa, reopened the local mines, and planted vineyards for making Malmsey wine. Stevenson lived on Vulcano until the last major eruption on the island, in 1888. This eruption lasted the better part of two years, by which time Stevenson had sold all of his property to the local populace. He never returned to the island. His villa is still intact.
Geology
Volcanic activity in the region is largely the result of tectonic activity, the northward-moving African plate meeting the Eurasian plate. There are three volcanic centres on the island:
At the southern end of the island are old stratovolcano cones, Monte Aria (), Monte Saraceno (), and Monte Luccia (), which have partially collapsed into the Il Piano Caldera.
The most recently active centre is the Gran Cratere at the top of the Fossa cone, the cone having grown in the Lentia Caldera in the middle of the island, and has had at least nine major eruptions in the last 6,000 years.
At the north of the island is the islet, Vulcanello (), connected to Vulcano by an isthmus that may be flooded in bad weather. It emerged from the sea during an eruption in 183 BCE, as a separate islet. Occasional eruptions from its three cones with both pyroclastic flow deposits and lavas occurred from then until 1550, with the last eruption creating a narrow isthmus connecting it to Vulcano.
Vulcano has been quiet since the eruption of the Fossa cone on 2 August 1888 to 22 March 1890, which deposited about of pyroclastic material on the summit. The style of eruption seen on the Fossa cone is called a Vulcanian eruption, being the explosive emission of pyroclastic fragments of viscous magmas caused by the high viscosity preventing gases from escaping easily. This eruption of Vulcano was carefully documented at the time by Giuseppe Mercalli. Mercalli described the eruptions as "...explosions sounding like a cannon at irregular intervals..." As a result, vulcanian eruptions are based on his description. A typical vulcanian eruption can hurl blocks of solid material several hundreds of metres from the vent. Mercalli reported that blocks from the 1888–1890 eruption fell into the sea between Vulcano and neighboring Lipari, and several that had fallen on the island of Vulcano were photographed by him or his assistants.
Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a multicomponent gas analyzer system, which detects degassing of rising magmas before an eruption, improving prediction of volcanic activity.
A survey on local groundwater from 1995 to 1997 found temperatures of 49–75 °C, sodium sulfate-chloride chemical composition, and near neutral pH in the water wells closest to the slopes of the volcanic cone. This is mainly due to condensation onto the slopes of the volcanic cone and water-rock interaction buffering.
Population
At the 2011 Census, Vulcano had a population of 953 residents, living in three localities – Vulcano Porto, Vulcano Piano and Vulcanello.
Biology
Since Vulcano island has volcanic activity, it is a place where thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are likely to be found. In fact, the hyperthermophilic archaean Pyrococcus furiosus was described for the first time when it was isolated from sediments of this island by Gerhard Fiala and Karl Stetter.
Mythology
The Ancient Greeks named this island Therasía (Θηρασία) and Thérmessa (Θέρμεσσα, source of heat). The island appeared in their myths as the private foundry of the Olympian god Hephaestus, the patron of blacksmiths. Their myths noted two more of his foundries, at Etna and Olympus. Strabo also mentions Thermessa as sacred place of Hephaestus (ἱερὰ Ἡφαίστου), but it is not certain whether this was a third name for the island, or merely an adjective.
Similarly, the Romans believed that Vulcano was the chimney of their god Vulcan's workshop and, therefore, named the island after him. According to the Roman myths, the island had grown due to his periodic clearing of cinders and ashes from his forge. They also explained earthquakes that either preceded or accompanied the explosions of ash as being due to Vulcan making weapons for their god Mars for his armies to wage war.
First historical ascent and reception in medieval literature
The first ascent of the volcanic cone is documented for the 13th century. The Dominican monk Burchard of Mount Sion, in his pilgrimage report to the Holy Land, tells of his return journey via Sicily, which probably took place in 1284. On Vulcano he had climbed the summit "crawling on his hands and feet". His ascent can be considered authentic, as he reports in detail on his observations of the landscape and nature, for example describing the fumaroles or the diameter of the crater.
The island of Vulcano as well as the Aeolian Islands are already known to Isidor of Seville, the Gallic bishop Arculf, who dictated his journey to the Holy Land to the Irishman Adomnan (before 680), or Bartholomew Anglicus. They are an integral part of medieval knowledge of the geography of the Mediterranean, but none of them wrote about Vulcano on their own initiative.
Vulcano is also mentioned in the pilgrimage report (ca. 1350) by Ludolf von Sudheim, who, however, claims that he did not dare to climb it. Unlike Burchard of Mount Sion, Ludolf expected to find the entrance to hell at the crater. The Provençal knight Antoine de La Sale tells of an excursion to the island in 1406. His text is a didactic textbook for his pupil John of Calabria, the son of Duke Rene I of Anjou.
Appearances in contemporary culture
The film Vulcano (released in the U.S. as Volcano) was filmed on Vulcano and the nearby island of Salina between 1949 and 1950.
An asteroid is named for this island, 4464 Vulcano.
The island of Vulcano is featured in the Battle Tendency story arc of the manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure by Hirohiko Araki, as the scene of the final clash between the protagonist Joseph Joestar and the antagonist Kars, leader of the Pillar Men.
The American attorney and writer, Richard Paul Roe, asserts that the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare is set on the island of Vulcano, rather than the more authoritative interpretation that the setting was based on reports about Bermuda in the Americas and a hurricane encountered there.
The island is referred to by a hologram of Leonardo da Vinci in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Concerning Flight" while speaking to Tuvok, an alien from a planet named Vulcan.
See also
Fumarole mineral
List of volcanoes in Italy
List of islands of Italy
References
Sources
External links
Photos and explanatory captions
Stratovolcanoes of Italy
Calderas of Italy
VEI-4 volcanoes
Aeolian Islands
Vulcanian eruptions |
25340101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Church%20of%20the%20Theotokos | New Church of the Theotokos | The New Church of the Theotokos () was a Byzantine church erected in Jerusalem by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565).
Like the later Nea Ekklesia (Νέα Ἐκκλησία) in Constantinople, it is sometimes referred to in English as "The Nea".
The church was completed in 543 but was severely damaged or destroyed during the Persian conquest of the city in 614. It was further used as a source of building material by the Umayyads few decades later.
Primary sources
Two contemporary accounts survive that describe the building of the Nea, but neither author has much to say about the shape and organization of the church complex. Cyril of Scythopolis, a Christian monk who lived in 525–558, records that the church was begun by the Patriarch Elias but left unfinished until Justinian allocated funds for its completion at the behest of St. Sabas in 531. A more detailed account of the church and its construction comes from Procopius, the principal historian of the sixth century and the primary source of information for the rule of the Emperor Justinian. In his De Aedificiis, he writes that “in Jerusalem he [Justinian] dedicated to the Mother of God a shrine with which no other can be compared.” The Nea was situated on Mount Zion, the highest hill in the city, near the Church of the Holy Apostles (built in 347) and the Basilica of Hagia Sion (built in 390). Due to the rugged topography, the architect Theodoros first had to extend the southeastern part of the hill and support the church with huge substructures. This account by Procopius corresponds with the excavations of Yoram Tsafrir, as well as a tablet uncovered on the vaulted subterranean cistern that securely dates the building to 543.
Location
Mount Zion was not a new site in Jerusalem for Christian patrons to erect their monuments, and as a result of past projects, monasteries, churches, and cult sites already existed there. Consequently, the highest available spot for the Nea to be constructed was on the southeastern slope of the hill, a far way down from the hegemonic vistas afforded to the Basilica of Hagia Sion that perched on the mount's peak. Yet by choosing this site, Justinian was attempting to position the Nea within the hierarchical power structure that was connected to the topographical highpoints of Jerusalem. There are numerous motivations behind establishing a building such as the Nea on a height. The limited accessibility and semiotic significance of heights afford political and ideological control to its inhabitants, who maintain a panoptic view of control over those below. Heights traditionally held religious significance as well, as attested in the numerous theophanic accounts shared by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (resources requested for this statement, particularly for Islam). The decision to build on Mount Zion furthermore situated the Nea within the dialogue of the other two sacred religious buildings that occupied highpoints in the city, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on Golgotha and the Basilica of Hagia Sion on Mount Zion.
Form and function of the Nea
The Nea was a building of great complexity. Although the longitudinal basilican structure was a relatively common typology for sixth-century churches in Palestine, the forecourt's arrangement, along with the placement of the adjoining hostel, hospital, and monastery remains problematic. According to Procopius, exterior porticoes on the south, west, and northern sides surrounded the structure. Two huge columns stood in front of the western entrance, which was preceded by a colonnaded atrium. In front of the atrium was a round courtyard that opened onto the Cardo. Due to the sparse archaeological evidence and the obscurity of Procopius’ description, this plan is difficult to reconstruct. Despite the obscurity of literary details, Tsafrir has proposed that west of the atrium, there were monumental gates that opened into an area that contained a gatehouse and an arch. Beyond this, Tsafrir has hypothesized two semicircles: one would have connected the church complex to the Cardo, while the other was located across the street and provided access to the hospital and hospice.
In the interior of the church, the nave terminated at a large apse that was flanked by two symmetrical smaller rooms with apses inscribed in their eastern walls. It is unclear whether the nave of the Nea had three or five aisles, but due to the unprecedentedly large dimensions of the church (approximately 100 m long by 52 m wide), archaeologists Yoram Tsafrir and Nahman Avigad both agree that while only two rows of interior columns have been uncovered, two additional rows would have likely been needed to adequately support the roofing structure.
In addition to being the largest known basilica in Palestine, the Nea also included a monastery, hostel, and hospital, as attested by Antoninus of Piacenza, who visited the basilica of St. Mary in 570, “with its great congregation of monks, and its guest houses for men and women. In catering for travelers they have a vast number of tables, and more than three thousand beds for the sick.” It is unclear where these other buildings were located. Based on archaeological finds of a southern revetment wall of the Nea church complex, and assuming that the complex was symmetrical, archaeologists estimate the overall width of the complex at 105 m.
According to Graham (2008), "The Nea gave architectural articulation to a theologoumenon [theological opinion] in Jerusalem, and conveyed, architecturally, a message regarding Justinian’s imperial policy, imperial presence in Palestine, and a self-conception as a Christian emperor."
The Nea and the Madaba Map
In addition to the contemporary literary accounts and archaeological evidence, the Madaba Map preserves a sixth-century perception of the topography, cities, and monuments of the Mediterranean. The mosaic was discovered on the floor of the Church of St. George in Madaba, Jordan, and has been dated from 560–565, less than twenty years after the inauguration of the Nea in 543, and it is the oldest surviving cartographic representation of the Holy Land. The map depicts the Mediterranean world from Lebanon in the North to the Nile Delta in the South, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Eastern Desert. The city of Jerusalem is given prominence by its size and the mosaicists’ devotion to the detail of its monuments. No city represented in the map is larger. The central location of Jerusalem in the mosaic further supports Jerusalem's importance in the minds of the map's creators.
A closer look at Jerusalem reveals a pictorial representation of the city and its surrounding landscape. It is depicted from a diagonal bird's eye perspective with no topographical impediments. The city's two cardos extend south from the Damascus Gate, with the main cardo horizontally bisecting the walled city. The street is opened up so that each of its colonnaded sides is equally visible. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the largest building in the map, suggesting its importance in the city's architectural hierarchy. It is situated perpendicular to the main cardo on its western side. All components of the church – the rotunda, the basilica, the atrium, the eastern façade, and the exterior stairs – are visible. Although the Holy Sepulchre is geographically located to the north of the Tetrapylon, the main road running perpendicular to the cardo from David's Gate, on the map it is situated where the decumanus should be. Not only does its size emphasize the church's importance, its central location on the cardo furthers its reputation as the most sacred and popular pilgrimage site in the Holy City. The Nea is the third most prominent monument in the city after the Holy Sepulchre and Hagia Sion, even though in actuality it was the largest church in Jerusalem. The hieratic scale of monuments leads one to question how the Nea functioned in relation to the other monuments within the topography of the sixth century.
The selective details of Jerusalem's monuments reveal the Madaba Map to be concerned with providing the viewer with a topographical hierarchy of Old and New Testament places. When viewed as a rendition of Jerusalem that is reflective of the sixth century habitus of Jerusalem, the map reveals a conception of the Christian sacred spaces and their interconnectedness. The shift in Christian topography to the western part of the city is clearly visible. For example, the Temple Mount, the central religious monument to Jewish identity, is relegated to the eastern periphery of the city, eclipsed by the towering Christian monuments that occupy the center of the city. Yoram Tsafrir has identified this area to be an open esplanade, marking the place of the Temple Mount.
The map provides a guide for pilgrims and viewers to the holy spaces, supporting Justinian's campaign to integrate the Nea as a sacred site that matched the holiness of the Holy Sepulchre and Hagia Sion. In order to provide access to the Nea, Justinian extended the cardo south to the Nea and the newly constructed Zion Gate. This decision undoubtedly had political motivations, for it situated the Nea on the main route for pilgrims traveling between the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Church of the Holy Apostles. Processions, stational liturgies, and individual worshipers passed between the Holy Sepulchre and Hagia Sion, thus including Justinian's church, but the Nea still failed to gain a place in the Christian collective memory as a site that was as holy as the other two main churches. According to Antoninus of Piacenza, worshipers went straight from the Holy Sepulchre to Hagia Sion, only to double back to the Nea. Furthermore, by the 630s, Patriarch Sophronius does not even mention the Nea in his review of pilgrimage sites in Jerusalem.
The Nea and Solomon's Temple
Justinian attempted to leave his imperial mark on Jerusalem by situating a building of unprecedented size and splendor within the context of Jerusalem's oldest and most sacred monuments. Procopius's panegyric, the de Aedificiis (English: "Buildings"), is perhaps the richest source that survives which offers possible motivations for Justinian's architectural restructuring of Jerusalem. A masterful work of propaganda, de Aedificiis was less concerned with extolling the greatness of the buildings that were constructed, and more so with celebrating the man who built them. In order to situate Justinian within the tradition of grand builders in Jerusalem, Procopius most likely modeled his account after the biblical narrative of Solomon's Temple. There are several literary parallels between the two accounts, the most foremost being that, according to Procopius, both of the building projects were blessed by God. Furthermore, it seems beyond coincidence that the measurements of the Nea are roughly twice the size of the Temple.
Like Herod’s engineers, who had to extend the southern end of the Temple platform, so too did Justinian’s architects; and just as Solomon imported cedars from Hiram of Tyre for the Temple’s roofing, Justinian had cedars brought in from Lebanon. Procopius alludes to the monumental columns Jachim and Boaz that flanked the entrance into the Temple when describing those that decorated the entrance into the Nea. Finally, there is an etymological link between the Nea and the Temple in Procopius’ work. The New Testament uses two different Greek words for "Temple." More frequently "hieron" refers to the general temple precincts (e.g., Matthew 21:14–15). To refer to the actual Temple, or the inner sanctum, the New Testament uses "naos" (e.g., Matthew 23:16–17). This latter term was appropriated and reinterpreted by Procopius, thus relocating the sacred term to apply to the newly built Nea. The implications of creating a new sacred space dedicated to the Virgin that attempted to appropriate the sacred mythology of Solomon's Temple are quite profound. Not only was Justinian's attempt at producing sacrality charged with political motivations, but for sixth-century Christians, the Nea undoubtedly symbolized the supremacy of Christianity and the Virgin over the abandoned Temple Mount that represented Judaism.
The demise of the Nea
The date of the destruction of the Nea Church is not known precisely. According to accounts preserved in The Capture of Jerusalem (Expugnationis Hierosolymae) the conquering Persians and their Jewish allies destroyed the church and killed the clergy in 614. The extent of the damage is unclear as Patriarch Sophronius delivered his Nativity sermon in the Nea Church in 634. Further damage to the church may have occurred from an earthquake in 746. In 808, a reference to the church appeared in the Commemoratorium de casis Dei and, in 870, it was mentioned by Bernard the Monk who stayed in a hospice next to the church. In the tenth century, Eutychius, the Melkite Patriarch of Alexandria, noted the Nea Church ruins. The damage by the Persians, in 614, may have been severe as the Persians may have searched for treasure believed stored within the church as speculated from Procopius' report of the Emperor Justinian sending sacred items to Jerusalem.
References
Ancient churches in the Holy Land
Basilica churches in Asia
Buildings of Justinian I
Byzantine sacred architecture
Churches in Jerusalem
Former buildings and structures in Jerusalem
6th-century churches |
55270627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Girabola | 1985 Girabola | The 1985 Girabola was the seventh season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Estrela Clube Primeiro de Maio were the defending champions.
The league comprised 14 teams, the bottom three of which were relegated.
Primeiro de Maio were crowned champions, winning their 2nd title, while Gaiatos de Benguela, Dínamos do Kwanza Sul and Leões do Planalto were relegated.
Osvaldo Saturnino aka Jesus of Petro de Luanda finished as the top scorer with 19 goals.
Changes from the 1984 season
Relegated: M.C.H. do Uíge, Nacional de Benguela, Progresso do Sambizanga
Promoted: Dínamos do Kwanza Sul (ex-Andorinhas), Gaiatos de Benguela, Leões do Planalto
League table
Results
Season statistics
Most goals scored in a single match
Top scorers
Champions
External links
Federação Angolana de Futebol
Angola
Angola
Girabola seasons |
68557148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Pinkney%20%28sailor%29 | Bill Pinkney (sailor) | William Pinkney (born 1935) is an American sailor and retired executive. In 1992, he became the first African American to sail around the world solo via the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn.
Early life
Pinkney was born and raised on the South Side of Chicago. His parents, Marion Henderson and William Pinkney Sr, divorced when he was young. He attended Tilden Technical High School and graduated in 1954.
Navy and later career
Pinkney joined the United States Navy in 1956, serving as a hospital corpsman. He left the Navy in 1964, and moved to Puerto Rico for a few years, where he learned how to sail.
After returning to the mainland in 1961, Pinkney worked as a marketing manager for Revlon and later the Johnson Products Company. He started planning to sail around the world in 1985, after being made redundant from his job at the Department of Human Services, and fundraised throughout the late 1980s.
Voyage
Pinkney's voyage around the world lasted 22 months. He traveled approximately . He departed from Boston on August 5, 1990, sailing first to Bermuda, then along the eastern South American coastline, across the Atlantic Ocean to Cape Town, South Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Hobart, Tasmania, across the South Pacific Ocean, around Cape Horn, and up the eastern South American coastline, finally ending up back in Boston.
Pinkney sailed on a Valiant 47, a 47-foot cutter named The Commitment. The expedition cost around $1 million.
On June 9, 1992, he arrived at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston Harbor where he was greeted by over 1,000 school students and 100 officers from the Navy, Coast Guard, and National Park Service.
The story of his trip was told in the documentary The Incredible Voyage of Bill Pinkney, based on Pinkney's own footage. The film won a 1992 Peabody Award. He also wrote a children's book about his experiences called Captain Bill Pinkney's Journey.
Amistad replica
From 2000 to 2002, Pinkney served as the first captain of the replica of the Amistad. As captain, he took a group of teachers to Africa as part of a trip that traced the route of the Middle Passage crossing from Senegal to the Americas.
Awards and honors
He was named Chicago Yacht Club’s Yachtsman of the Year in 1992. In 1999, he was named one of the Chicagoans of the Year by Chicago magazine.
He is a member of the National Sailing Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Capt. William "Bill" Pinkney, interview archive with The HistoryMakers (African American video oral history archive)
1935 births
Living people
People from Chicago
African-American sailors
United States Navy corpsmen
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
African-American United States Navy personnel |
2896362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrundia | Barrundia | Barrundia is a valley and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. It includes the village of Guevara (Gebara). Ozaeta is the capital. A stream of the same name runs through the valley, pouring into the Ullíbarri-Gamboa reservoir.
References
External links
BARRUNDIA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia
Municipalities in Álava |
4615691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scruffy | Scruffy | Scruffy may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Scruffy (1938 film), a British film
Scruffy (1980 film), an animated film based on the children's book Scruffy: The Tuesday Dog
Scruffy, a 1962 novel by Paul Gallico and the title character, a Barbary ape
Scruffy (Futurama), a recurring character in the Futurama animated series
Scruffy, the Muirs' dog in the TV series The Ghost & Mrs. Muir
Bill "Scruffy" McGuffey, a character in the BBC children's series Grange Hill - see List of Grange Hill characters
Scruffy, a character in the Pet Alien computer-animated series
Scruffy Banister, a cat in the 1990 movie Madhouse
Other uses
Neats vs. scruffies, in the field of artificial intelligence, a school of thought that prefers empiricism to formalism
Scruffy, a graphical library in Ruby programming language
Walter H. Longton (1892–1927), English First World War flying ace and later air racer
Scruffy Wallace (), Scottish-born Canadian bagpipe player and member of the punk group Dropkick Murphys |
38742659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexon | Plexon | Plexon (from "plexus," a term describing a network of nerve cells) is an American company that "invents, develops, and manufactures hardware and software that acquires, amplifies, records, and analyzes signals from individual brain cells." It is based in Dallas, Texas and is very close to the campus of Southern Methodist University with a satellite office in Brussels, Belgium. It primarily services academic researchers doing work in neuroscience and electrophysiology. Plexon equipment has been used in "areas of study including autism, prosthetic limb control for paralysis patients, and the effects of drugs on brain processing and memory." In addition, it also develops equipment and software for behavioral video tracking.
History
Harvey Wiggins of Dallas, Texas founded Spectrum Scientific in 1983. In the early days of Spectrum Scientific, design and manufacturing was conducted solely by Wiggins with backing and most funding being provided by Don Woodward at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School and the National Institutes of Health. In 1988, the original Multichannel Data Acquisition system (abbreviated as MAP or "Harvey box") was developed and uses hardware filtering of data signals. The replacement for the MAP, the Omniplex system, was released in 2009 and replaces the hardware filtering components with filtering in software. Due to many contributions like these, Plexon and Harvey Wiggins have become iconic in the neuroscience community. Dr. Regina Carelli, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina, describes Harvey as "wonderful--A scientist much more than a salesman."
Spectrum Scientific became known as Plexon in 1996. Plexon celebrated its 30th anniversary in February 2013.
Since 2001, Plexon has been repeatedly recognized by the technology business community in Dallas, Texas for rapid growth.
Educational training
Plexon sponsors an annual educational training workshop in Dallas
References
Medical technology companies of the United States |
5401995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Rhoads%20Fisher | Samuel Rhoads Fisher | Samuel Rhoads Fisher was the secretary of the Navy of the Republic of Texas.
He was born in Pennsylvania on December 31, 1794 and settled in Texas in 1830 with his wife and four children in the Matagorda area. He represented Matagorda Municipality in the Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos where he signed the Texas Declaration of Independence. President Sam Houston nominated Fisher as Secretary of the Texas Navy and the appointment was confirmed by the Senate on October 28, 1836.
A letter to presidential candidate Mirabeau B. Lamar in August 1838 from George Wheelwright urged reconsideration of Fisher for Secretary for the good of the navy and defense of the Republic and Houston suspended Fisher from office in October 1837, to secure "harmony and efficiency". Many in the senate opposed the move and the Senate ordered Fisher's reinstatement on October 18, 1837. This event was a major incident in the early days of the Republic of Texas and added to the severe split between the various factions in the government.
Sam Houston Dixon in "The Men Who Made Texas Free" wrote that "when Mr. Fisher died, Richard Ellis, who was president of the convention which declared Texas independent of Mexico, said from the floor of the Senate: 'In the death of Rhodes Fisher the Republic has lost one of its wisest defenders. He was a man of poise even midst times of stress and excitement. Well do some of us remember his cool and deliberate consideration of our acts at Old Washington, March, 1836; how his voice of caution rang out as men of zeal vied with one another in their precipitous rush to complete their labors of establishing a government and returning to their homes. So earnestly did he plead and so logical was his appeal that we were persuaded to follow his advice........There was nothing of the braggadocio about him and he did not lack courage to express his opinions.'"
Fisher died on March 14, 1839, and was buried at Matagorda. Fisher County, established in 1876, was named after him.
See also
Battle of the Brazos River
References
Sources
Detailed biography
The Handbook of Texas Online.
Linda Ericson Devereaux, The Texas Navy (Nacogdoches, Texas, 1983).
Jim Dan Hill, The Texas Navy (New York: Barnes, 1962).
Louis Wiltz Kemp, The Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence (Salado, Texas: Anson Jones, 1944; rpt. 1959).
1794 births
1839 deaths
People of the Texas Revolution
Texas Navy
People from Pennsylvania
Signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence |
52346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar%20II | Nebuchadnezzar II | Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; Biblical Hebrew: Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar), also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II, was the second king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from the death of his father Nabopolassar in 605 BC to his own death in 562 BC. Historically known as Nebuchadnezzar the Great, he is typically regarded as the empire's greatest king. Nebuchadnezzar remains famous for his military campaigns in the Levant, for his construction projects in his capital, Babylon, and for the important part he played in Jewish history. Ruling for 43 years, Nebuchadnezzar was the longest-reigning king of the Chaldean dynasty. At the time of his death, Nebuchadnezzar was among the most powerful rulers in the world.
Possibly named after his grandfather of the same name, or after Nebuchadnezzar I ( 1125–1104 BC), one of Babylon's greatest ancient warrior-kings, Nebuchadnezzar II already secured renown for himself during his father's reign, leading armies in the Medo-Babylonian war against the Assyrian Empire. At the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar inflicted a crushing defeat on an Egyptian army led by Pharaoh Necho II, and ensured that the Neo-Babylonian Empire would succeed the Neo-Assyrian Empire as the dominant power in the ancient Near East. Shortly after this victory, Nabopolassar died and Nebuchadnezzar became king. Despite his successful military career during his father's reign, the first third or so of Nebuchadnezzar's reign saw little to no major military achievements, and notably a disastrous failure in an attempted invasion of Egypt. These years of lacklustre military performance saw some of Babylon's vassals, particularly in the Levant, beginning to doubt Babylon's power, viewing the Neo-Babylonian Empire as a "paper tiger" rather than a power truly on the level of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The situation grew so severe that people in Babylonia itself began disobeying the king, some going as far as to revolt against Nebuchadnezzar's rule.
After this disappointing early period as king, Nebuchadnezzar's luck turned. In the 580s BC, Nebuchadnezzar engaged in a successful string of military actions in the Levant against the vassal states in rebellion there, likely with the ultimate intent of curbing Egyptian influence in the region. In 587 BC, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Kingdom of Judah, and its capital, Jerusalem. The destruction of Jerusalem led to the Babylonian captivity as the city's population, and people from the surrounding lands, were deported to Babylonia. The Jews thereafter referred to Nebuchadnezzar, the greatest enemy they had faced until that point, as a "destroyer of nations". The biblical Book of Jeremiah paints Nebuchadnezzar as a cruel enemy, but also as God's appointed ruler of the world and a divine instrument to punish disobedience. Through the destruction of Jerusalem, the capture of the rebellious Phoenician city of Tyre, and other campaigns in the Levant, Nebuchadnezzar completed the Neo-Babylonian Empire's transformation into the new great power of the ancient Near East.
In addition to his military campaigns, Nebuchadnezzar is remembered as a great builder-king. The prosperity ensured by his wars allowed Nebuchadnezzar to conduct great building projects in Babylon, and elsewhere in Mesopotamia. The modern image of Babylon is largely of the city as it was after Nebuchadnezzar's projects, during which he, among other work, rebuilt many of the city's religious buildings, including the Esagila and Etemenanki, repaired its current palace and constructed a brand new palace, and beautified its ceremonial centre through renovations to the city's Processional Street and the Ishtar Gate. As most of Nebuchadnezzar's inscriptions deal with his building projects, rather than military accomplishments, he was for a time seen by historians mostly as a builder, rather than a warrior.
Sources
There are very few cuneiform sources for the period between 594 BC and 557 BC, covering much of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, and the reigns of his three immediate successors; Amel-Marduk, Neriglissar and Labashi-Marduk. This lack of sources has the unfortunate effect that even though Nebuchadnezzar had the longest reign of all of them, less is confidently known of Nebuchadnezzar's reign than of the reigns of almost all the other Neo-Babylonian kings. Though the handful of cuneiform sources recovered, notably the Babylonian Chronicle, confirm some events of his reign, such as conflicts with the Kingdom of Judah, other events, such as the 586 BC destruction of Solomon's Temple and other potential military campaigns Nebuchadnezzar conducted, are not covered in any known cuneiform documents.
As such, historical reconstructions of this period generally follow secondary sources in Hebrew, Greek and Latin to determine what events transpired at the time, in addition to contract tablets from Babylonia. Though using the sources written by later authors, many of them created several centuries after Nebuchadnezzar's time and often including their own cultural attitudes to the events and figures discussed, presents problems in and of itself, blurring the line between history and tradition, it is the only possible approach to gain insight into Nebuchadnezzar's reign.
Background
Ancestry and early life
Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son of Nabopolassar (626–605 BC), the founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. This is confirmed by Nabopolassar's inscriptions, which explicitly name Nebuchadnezzar as his "eldest son", as well as inscriptions from Nebuchadnezzar's reign, which refer to him as the "first" or "chief son" of Nabopolassar, and as Nabopolassar's "true" or "legitimate heir". The Neo-Babylonian Empire was founded through Nabopolassar's rebellion, and later war, against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which liberated Babylonia after nearly a century of Assyrian control. The war resulted in the complete destruction of Assyria, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which rose in its place, was powerful, but hastily built and politically unstable.
As Nabopolassar never clarified his ancestry in lineage in any of his inscriptions, his origin is not entirely clear. Subsequent historians have variously identified Nabopolassar as a Chaldean, an Assyrian or a Babylonian. Although no evidence conclusively confirms him as being of Chaldean origin, the term "Chaldean dynasty" is frequently used by modern historians for the royal family he founded, and the term "Chaldean Empire" remains in use as an alternate historiographical name for the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Nabopolassar appears to, regardless of his ethnic origin, have been strongly connected to the city of Uruk, located south of Babylon. It is possible that he was a member of its ruling elite before becoming king and there is a growing body of evidence that Nabopolassar's family originated in Uruk, for instance that Nebuchadnezzar's daughters lived in the city. In 2007, Michael Jursa advanced the theory that Nabopolassar was a member of a prominent political family in Uruk, whose members are attested since the reign of Esarhaddon (681–669 BC). To support his theory, Jursa pointed to how documents describe how the grave and body of "Kudurru", a deceased governor of Uruk, was desecrated due to the anti-Assyrian activities of Kudurru's two sons, Nabu-shumu-ukin and a son whose name is mostly missing. The desecration went so far as to drag Kudurru's body through the streets of Uruk. Kudurru can be identified with Nebuchadnezzar (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, "Kudurru" simply being a common and shortened nickname), a prominent official in Uruk who served as its governor under the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC) in the 640s BC. In Assyrian tradition, the desecration of a dead body showed that the deceased individual and their surviving family were traitors and enemies of the state, and that they had to be completely eradicated, serving to punish them even after death. The name of the son whose name is unpreserved in the letter ended with either ahi, nâsir or uṣur, and the remaining traces can fit with the name Nabû-apla-uṣur, meaning that Nabopolassar could be the other son mentioned in the letter and thus a son of Kudurru.
Strengthening this connection is that Nebuchadnezzar II is attested very early during his father's reign, from 626/625 to 617 BC, as high priest of the Eanna temple in Uruk, where he is often attested under the nickname "Kudurru". Nebuchadnezzar must have been made high priest at a very young age, considering that his year of death, 562 BC, is 64 years after 626 BC. The original Kudurru's second son, Nabu-shumu-ukin, also appears to be attested as a prominent general under Nabopolassar, and the name was also used by Nebuchadnezzar II for one of his sons, possibly honoring his dead uncle.
Name
Nebuchadnezzar II's name in Akkadian was Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir". The name was often interpreted in earlier scholarship as "Nabu, protect the boundary", given that the word kudurru can also mean 'boundary' or 'line'. Modern historians support the 'heir' interpretation over the 'boundary' interpretation in terms of this name. There is no reason to believe that the Babylonians intended the name to be difficult to interpret or to have a double meaning.
Nabû-kudurri-uṣur is typically anglicised to 'Nebuchadnezzar', following how name is most commonly rendered in Hebrew and Greek, particularly in most of the Bible. In Hebrew, the name was rendered as נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר (Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar) and in Greek it was rendered as Ναβουχοδονόσορ (Nabouchodonosor). Some scholars, such as Donald Wiseman, prefer the anglicisation "Nebuchadrezzar", with an "r" rather than an "n", following the assumption that "Nebuchadnezzar" is a later, corrupted form of the contemporary Nabû-kudurri-uṣur. The alternate anglicisation "Nebuchadrezzar" derives from how the name is rendered in the books of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר (Nəḇūḵaḏreʾṣṣar), a more faithful transliteration of the original Akkadian name. The Assyriologist Adrianus van Selms suggested in 1974 that the variant with an "n" rather than an "r" was a rude nickname, deriving from an Akkadian rendition like Nabû-kūdanu-uṣur, which means 'Nabu, protect the mule', though there is no concrete evidence for this idea. Van Selms believed that a nickname like that could derive from Nebuchadnezzar's early reign, which was plagued by political instability.
Nebuchadnezzar II's name, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, was identical to the name of his distant predecessor, Nebuchadnezzar I ( 1125–1104 BC), who ruled more than five centuries before Nebuchadnezzar II's time. Like Nebuchadnezzar II, Nebuchadnezzar I was a renowned warrior-king, who appeared in a time of political upheaval and defeated the forces of Babylon's enemies, in Nebuchadnezzar I's case the Elamites. Although theophoric names using the god Nabu are common in texts from the early Neo-Babylonian Empire, the name Nebuchadnezzar is relatively rare, only being mentioned four times with certainty. Though there is no evidence that Nabopolassar named his son after Nebuchadnezzar I, Nabopolassar was knowledgeable in history and actively worked to connect his rule to the rule of the Akkadian Empire, which preceded him by nearly two thousand years. The significance of his son and heir bearing the name of one of Babylon's greatest kings would not have been lost on Nabopolassar.
If Jursa's theory concerning Nabopolassar's origin is correct, it is alternatively possible that Nebuchadnezzar II was named after his grandfather of the same name, as the Babylonians employed patronymics, rather than after the previous king.
Nebuchadnezzar as crown prince
Nebuchadnezzar's military career began in the reign of his father, though little information survives. Based on a letter sent to the temple administration of the Eanna temple, it appears that Nebuchadnezzar participated in his father's campaign to take the city of Harran in 610 BC. Harran was the seat of Ashur-uballit II, who had rallied what remained of the Assyrian army and ruled what was left of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian victory in the Harran campaign, and the defeat of Ashur-uballit, in 609 BC marked the end of the ancient Assyrian monarchy, which would never be restored. According to the Babylonian Chronicle, Nebuchadnezzar also commanded an army in an unspecified mountainous region for several months in 607 BC.
In the war against the Babylonians and Medes, Assyria had allied with Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt, who had been interested in ensuring Assyria's survival so that Assyria could remain as a buffer state between his own kingdom and the Babylonian and Median kingdoms. After the fall of Harran, Psamtik's successor, Pharaoh Necho II, personally led a large army into former Assyrian lands to turn the tide of the war and restore the Neo-Assyrian Empire, even though it was more or less a lost cause as Assyria had already collapsed. As Nabopolassar was occupied with fighting the Kingdom of Urartu in the north, the Egyptians took control of the Levant largely unopposed, capturing territories as far north as the city of Carchemish in Syria, where Necho established his base of operations.
Nebuchadnezzar's greatest victory from his time as crown prince came at the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, which put an end to Necho's campaign in the Levant by inflicting a crushing defeat on the Egyptians. Nebuchadnezzar had been the sole commander of the Babylonian army at this battle as his father had chosen to stay in Babylon, perhaps on account of illness. Necho's forces were completely annihilated by Nebuchadnezzar's army, with Babylonian sources claiming that not a single Egyptian escaped alive. The account of the battle in the Babylonian Chronicle reads as follows:
The story of Nebuchadnezzar's victory at Carchemish reverberated through history, appearing in many later ancient accounts, including in the Book of Jeremiah and the Books of Kings in the Bible. It is possible to conclude, based on subsequent geopolitics, that the victory resulted in all of Syria and Palestine coming under the control of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, a feat which the Assyrians under Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC) only accomplished after five years of protracted military campaigns. The defeat of Egypt at Carchemish ensured that the Neo-Babylonian Empire would grow to become the major power of the ancient Near East, and the uncontested successor of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Reign
Accession to the throne
Nabopolassar died just a few weeks after Nebuchadnezzar's victory at Carchemish. At this point in time, Nebuchadnezzar was still away on his campaign against the Egyptians, having chased the retreating Egyptian forces to the region around the city of Hamath. The news of Nabopolassar's death reached Nebuchadnezzar's camp on 8 Abu (late July), and Nebuchadnezzar quickly arranged affairs with the Egyptians and rushed back to Babylon, where he was proclaimed king on 1 Ulūlu (mid-August). The speed in which Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon might be due to the threat that one of his brothers (two are known by name: Nabu-shum-lishir and Nabu-zer-ushabshi) could claim the throne in his absence. Though Nebuchadnezzar had been recognised as the eldest son and heir by Nabopolassar, Nabu-shum-lishir, Nabopolassar's second-born son, had been recognised as "his equal brother", a dangerously vague title. Despite these possible fears, there were no attempts made at usurping his throne at this time.
One of Nebuchadnezzar's first acts as king was to bury his father. Nabopolassar was laid in a huge coffin, adorned with ornamented gold plates and fine dresses with golden beads, which was then placed within a small palace he had constructed in Babylon. Shortly thereafter, before the end of the month in which he had been crowned, Nebuchadnezzar returned to Syria to resume his campaign. The Babylonian Chronicle records that "he marched about victoriously" (meaning that he faced little to no resistance), returning to Babylon after several months of campaigning. The Syrian campaign, though it resulted in a certain amount of plunder, was not a complete success in that it did not ensure Nebuchadnezzar's grasp on the region. He had seemingly failed to inspire fear, given that none of the westernmost states in the Levant swore fealty to him and paid tribute.
Early military campaigns
Though little information survives concerning them, the Babylonian Chronicle preserves brief accounts of Nebuchadnezzar's military activities in his first eleven years as king. In 604 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant once again, conquering the city of Ashkelon. According to the Babylonian Chronicle, Ashkelon's king was captured and taken to Babylon, and the city was plundered and levelled to the ground. Modern excavations at Ashkelon have confirmed that the city was more or less destroyed at this point in time. The Ashkelon campaign was preceded by a campaign in Syria, which was more successful than Nebuchadnezzar's first, resulting in oaths of fealty from the rulers of Phoenicia.
In 603 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in a land whose name is not preserved in the surviving copy of the chronicle. The chronicle records that this campaign was extensive, given that the account mentions the construction of large siege towers and a siege of a city, the name of which does not survive either. Anson Rainey speculated in 1975 that the city taken was Gaza, whereas Nadav Na'aman thought in 1992 that it was Kummuh in south-eastern Anatolia. In the second half of the 5th century BC, some documents mentioned the towns Isqalanu (the name derived from Ashkelon) and Hazzatu (the name possibly derived from Gaza) near the city of Nippur, indicating that deportees from both of these cities lived near Nippur, and as such possibly that they had been captured at around the same time.
In both 602 BC and 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant, though little information survives beyond that a "vast" amount of booty was brought from the Levant to Babylonia in 602 BC. On account of the entry for 602 BC also referring to Nabu-shum-lishir, Nebuchadnezzar's younger brother, in a fragmentary and unclear context, it is possible that Nabu-shum-lishir led a revolt against his brother in an attempt to usurp the throne in that year, especially since he is no longer mentioned in any sources after 602 BC. The damage to the text however makes this idea speculative and conjectural.
In the 601 BC campaign, Nebuchadnezzar departed from the Levant and then marched into Egypt. Despite the defeat at Carchemish in 605 BC, Egypt still had a great amount of influence in the Levant, even though the region was ostensibly under Babylonian rule. Thus, a campaign against Egypt was logical in order to assert Babylonian dominance, and also carried enormous economic and propagandistic benefits, but it was also risky and ambitious. The path into Egypt was difficult, and the lack of secure control of either side of the Sinai Desert could spell disaster. Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Egypt did fail–the Babylonian Chronicle states that both the Egyptian and Babylonian armies suffered a huge number of casualties. Though Egypt was not conquered, the campaign did result in momentarily curbing Egyptian interest in the Levant, given that Necho II gave up his ambitions in the region. In 599 BC, Nebuchadnezzar marched his army into the Levant and then attacked and raided the Arabs in the Syrian desert. Though apparently successful, it is unclear what the achievements gained in this campaign were.
In 598 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned against the Kingdom of Judah, succeeding in capturing the city of Jerusalem. Judah represented a prime target of Babylonian attention given that it was at the epicenter of competition between Babylon and Egypt. By 601 BC, Judah's king, Jehoiakim, had begun to openly challenge Babylonian authority, counting on that Egypt would lend support to his cause. Nebuchadnezzar's first, 598–597 BC, assault on Jerusalem is recorded in the Bible, but also in the Babylonian Chronicle, which describes it as follows:
Jehoiakim had died during Nebuchadnezzar's siege and been replaced by his son, Jeconiah, who was captured and taken to Babylon, with his uncle Zedekiah installed in his place as king of Judah. Jeconiah is recorded as being alive in Babylonia thereafter, with records as late as 592 or 591 BC listing him among the recipients of food at Nebuchadnezzar's palace and still referring to him as the 'king of the land of Judah'.
In 597 BC, the Babylonian army departed for the Levant again, but appears to not have engaged in any military activities as they turned back immediately after reaching the Euphrates. The following year, Nebuchadnezzar marched his army along the Tigris river to do battle with the Elamites, but no actual battle happened as the Elamites retreated out of fear once Nebuchadnezzar was a day's march away. In 595 BC, Nebuchadnezzar stayed at home in Babylon but soon had to face a rebellion against his rule there, though he defeated the rebels, with the chronicle stating that the king "put his large army to the sword and conquered his foe." Shortly thereafter, Nebuchadnezzar again campaigned in the Levant and secured large amounts of tribute. In the last year recorded in the chronicle, 594 BC, Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant yet again.
There were several years without any noteworthy military activity at all. Notably, Nebuchadnezzar spent all of 600 BC in Babylon, when the chronicle excuses the king by stating that he stayed in Babylon to "refit his numerous horses and chariotry". Some of the years when Nebuchadnezzar was victorious can also hardly be considered real challenges. Raiding the Arabs in 599 BC was not a major military accomplishment and the victory over Judah and the retreat of the Elamites were not secured on the battlefield. It thus appears that Nebuchadnezzar achieved little military success after the failure of his invasion of Egypt. Nebuchadnezzar's poor military record had dangerous geopolitical consequences. If the biblical record is to be believed, in Zedekiah's fourth year as king of Judah (594 BC), the kings of Ammon, Edom, Moab, Sidon and Tyre met in Jerusalem to deal with the possibility of throwing off Babylonian control. Evidence that Babylonian control was beginning to unravel is also clear from contemporary Babylonian records, such as the aforementioned rebellion in Babylonia itself, as well as records of a man being executed in 594 BC at Borspippa for "breaking his oath to the king". The oath-breaking was serious enough that the judge in the trial was Nebuchadnezzar himself. It is also possible that Babylonian–Median relations were becoming strained, with records of a "Median defector" being housed in Nebuchadnezzar's palace and some inscriptions indicating that the Medes were beginning to be seen as "enemies". By 594 BC, the failure of the Egyptian invasion, and the lacklustre state of Nebuchadnezzar's other campaigns, loomed high. According to the Assyriologist Israel Ephʿal, Babylon at this time was seen by its contemporaries more like a "paper tiger" (i. e. an ineffectual threat) than a great empire, like Assyria just a few decades prior.
Destruction of Jerusalem
From his appointment as king of Judah, Zedekiah waited for the opportune moment to throw off Babylonian control. After Pharaoh Necho II's death in 595 BC, Egyptian intervention in affairs in the Levant increased once again under his successors, Psamtik II (595–589 BC) and Apries (589–570 BC), who both worked to encourage anti-Babylonian rebellions. It is possible that the Babylonian failure to invade Egypt in 601 BC helped inspire revolts against the Babylonian Empire. The outcome of these efforts was Zedekiah's open revolt against Nebuchadnezzar's authority. Unfortunately, no cuneiform sources are preserved from this time and the only known account of the fall of Judah is the biblical account.
In 589 BC, Zedekiah refused to pay tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, and he was closely followed in this by Ithobaal III, the king of Tyre. In response to Zedekiah's uprising, Nebuchadnezzar conquered and destroyed the Kingdom of Judah in 586 BC, one of the great achievements of his reign. The campaign, which probably ended in the summer of 586 BC, resulted in the plunder and destruction of the city of Jerusalem, a permanent end to Judah, and it led to the Babylonian captivity, as the Jews were captured and deported to Babylonia. Archaeological excavations confirm that Jerusalem and the surrounding area was destroyed and depopulated. It is possible that the intensity of the destruction carried out by Nebuchadnezzar at Jerusalem and elsewhere in the Levant was due to the implementation of something akin to a scorched earth-policy, aimed at stopping Egypt from gaining a foothold there.
Some Jewish administration was allowed to remain in the region under the governor Gedaliah, governing from Mizpah under close Babylonian monitoring. According to the Bible, and the 1st-century AD Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, Zedekiah attempted to flee after resisting the Babylonians, but was captured at Jericho and suffered a terrible fate. According to the narrative, Nebuchadnezzar wanted to make an example out of him given that Zedekiah was not an ordinary vassal, but a vassal directly appointed by Nebuchadnezzar. As such, Zedekiah was supposedly taken to Riblah in northern Syria, where he had to watch his sons being executed before having his eyes gouged out and sent to be imprisoned in Babylon.
Per the Books of Kings in the Bible, the campaign against Judah was longer than typical Mesopotamian wars, with the siege of Jerusalem lasting 18–30 months (depending on the calculation), rather than the typical length of less than a year. Whether the unusual length of the siege indicates that the Babylonian army was weak, unable to break into the city for more than a year, or that Nebuchadnezzar by this time had succeeded in stabilising his rule in Babylonia and could thus wage war patiently without being pressured by time to escalate the siege, is not certain.
Later military campaigns
It is possible that the Egyptians took advantage of the Babylonians being preoccupied with besieging Jerusalem. Herodotus describes Pharaoh Apries as campaigning in the Levant, taking the city of Sidon and fighting the Tyrians, which indicates a renewed Egyptian invasion of the Levant. Apries is unlikely to have been as successful as Herodotus describes, given that it is unclear how the Egyptian navy would have defeated the superior navies of the Phoenician cities, and even if some cities had been taken, they must have shortly thereafter fallen into Babylonian hands again. Tyre had rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar at around the same time as Judah, and Nebuchadnezzar moved to retake the city after his successful subduing of the Jews.
The biblical Book of Ezekiel describes Tyre in 571 BC as if it had been recently captured by the Babylonian army. The supposed length of the siege, 13 years, is only given by Flavius Josephus, and is subject to debate among modern scholars. Josephus's account of Nebuchadnezzar's reign is obviously not entirely historic, as he describes Nebuchadnezzar as, five years after the destruction of Jerusalem, invading Egypt, capturing the Pharaoh and appointing another Pharaoh in his place. Josephus states that Nebuchadnezzar besieged Tyre in the seventh year of "his" reign, though it is unclear whether "his" in this context refers to Nebuchadnezzar or to Ithobaal III of Tyre. If it refers to Nebuchadnezzar, a siege begun in 598 BC and lasting for thirteen years, later simultaneously with the siege of Jerusalem, is unlikely to have gone unmentioned in Babylonian records. If the seventh year of Ithobaal is intended, the beginning of the siege may conjecturally be placed after Jerusalem's fall. If the siege lasting 13 years is taken at face value, the siege would then not have ended before 573 or 572 BC. The supposed length of the siege can be ascribed to the difficulty in besieging the city: Tyre was located on an island 800 metres from the coast, and could not be taken without naval support. Though the city withstood numerous sieges, it would not be captured until Alexander the Great's siege in 332 BC.
In the end, the siege was resolved without a need of battle and did not result in the Tyre being conquered. It seems Tyre's king and Nebuchadnezzar came to an agreement for Tyre to continue to be ruled by vassal kings, though probably under heavier Babylonian control than before. Documents from Tyre near the end of Nebuchadnezzar's reign demonstrate that the city had become a centre for Babylonian military affairs in the region. According to later Jewish tradition, it is possible that Ithobaal III was deposed and taken as a prisoner to Babylon, with another king, Baal II, proclaimed by Nebuchadnezzar in his place.
It is possible that Nebuchadnezzar campaigned against Egypt in 568 BC, given that a fragmentary Babylonian inscription, given the modern designation BM 33041, from that year records the word "Egypt" as well as possibly traces of the name "Amasis" (the name of the then incumbent Pharaoh, Amasis II, 570–526 BC). A stele of Amasis, also fragmentary, may also describe a combined naval and land attack by the Babylonians. The evidence for this campaign is scant however, and the readings of the relevant inscriptions are not certain. If Nebuchadnezzar did campaign against Egypt again, he was unsuccessful again, given that Egypt did not come under Babylonian rule.
Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns in the Levant, most notably those directed towards Jerusalem and Tyre, completed the Neo-Babylonian Empire's transformation from a rump state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to the new dominant power of the ancient Near East. Still, Nebuchadnezzar's military accomplishments can be questioned, given that the borders of his empire, by the end of his reign, had not noticeably increased in size and that his main rival, Egypt, had not submitted to his rule. Even after a reign of several decades, Nebuchadnezzar's greatest victory remained his victory over the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BC, before he even became king.
Building projects
The Babylonian king was traditionally a builder and restorer, and as such large-scale building projects were important as a legitimizing factor for Babylonian rulers. Nebuchadnezzar extensively expanded and rebuilt his capital city of Babylon and the most modern historical and archaeological interpretations of the city reflect it as it appeared after Nebuchadnezzar's construction projects. The projects were made possible through the prospering economy during Nebuchadnezzar's reign, sustained by his conquests. His building inscriptions record work done to numerous temples, notably the restoration of the Esagila, the main temple of Babylon's national deity Marduk, and the completion of the Etemenanki, a great ziggurat dedicated to Marduk.
Extensive work was also conducted on civil and military structures. Among the most impressive efforts was the work done surrounding the city's northern ceremonial entrance, the Ishtar Gate. These projects included restoration work on the South Palace, inside the city walls, the construction of a completely new North Palace, on the other side of the walls facing the gate, as well as the restoration of Babylon's Processional Street, which led through the gate, and of the gate itself. The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's North Palace are poorly preserved and as such its structure and appearance are not entirely understood. Nebuchadnezzar also constructed a third palace, the Summer Palace, built some distance north of the inner city walls in the northernmost corner of the outer walls.
The restored Ishtar Gate was decorated with blue and yellow glazed bricks and depictions of bulls (symbols of the god Adad) and dragons (symbols of the god Marduk). Similar bricks were used for the walls surrounding the Processional Street, which also featured depictions of lions (symbols of the goddess Ishtar). Babylon's Processional Street, the only such street yet excavated in Mesopotamia, ran along the eastern walls of the South Palace and exited the inner city walls at the Ishtar Gate, running past the North Palace. To the south, this street went by the Etemenanki, turning to the west and going over a bridge constructed either under the reign of Nabopolassar or Nebuchadnezzar. Some of the bricks of the Processional Street bear the name of the Neo-Assyrian king Sennacherib (705–681 BC) on their underside, perhaps indicating that construction of the street had begun already during his reign, but the fact that the upper side of the bricks all bear the name of Nebuchadnezzar suggests that construction of the street was completed under Nebuchadnezzar's reign. Glazed bricks such as the ones used in the Procession Street were also used in the throne room of the South Palace, which was decorated with depictions of lions and tall, stylized palm trees.
Nebuchadnezzar also directed building efforts on the city of Borsippa, with several of his inscriptions recording restoration work on that city's temple, the Ezida, dedicated to the god Nabu. Additionally, Nebuchadnezzar also restored the ziggurat of the Ezida, the E-urme-imin-anki, and also worked on the temple of Gula, Etila, as well as numerous other temples and shrines in the city. Nebuchadnezzar also repaired Borsippa's walls.
Other great building projects by Nebuchadnezzar include the Nar-Shamash, a canal to bring water from the Euphrates close to the city of Sippar, and the Median Wall, a large defensive structure built to defend Babylonia against incursions from the north. The Median Wall was one of two walls built to protect Babylonia's northern border. Further evidence that Nebuchadnezzar believed the north to be the most likely point of attack for his enemies comes from that he fortified the walls of northern cities, such as Babylon, Borsippa and Kish, but left the walls of southern cities, such as Ur and Uruk, as they were. Nebuchadnezzar also began work on the Royal Canal, also known as Nebuchadnezzar's Canal, a great canal linking the Euphrates to the Tigris which in time completely transformed the agriculture of the region, but the structure was not completed until the reign of Nabonidus, who ruled as the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 556 to 539 BC.
Death and succession
Nebuchadnezzar died at Babylon in 562 BC. The last known tablet dated to Nebuchadnezzar's reign, from Uruk, is dated to the same day, 7 October, as the first known tablet of his successor, Amel-Marduk, from Sippar. Amel-Marduk's administrative duties probably began before he became king, during the last few weeks or months of his father's reign when Nebuchadnezzar was ill and dying. Having ruled for 43 years, Nebuchadnezzar's reign was the longest of his dynasty and he would be remembered favourably by the Babylonians.
Amel-Marduk's accession does not appear to have gone smoothly. Amel-Marduk was not the eldest living son of Nebuchadnezzar and the reason why he was picked as crown prince is not known. The choice is especially strange given that some sources suggest that the relationship between Nebuchadnezzar and Amel-Marduk was particularly poor, with one surviving text describing both as parties in some form of conspiracy and accusing one of them (the text is too fragmentary to determine which one) of failing in the most important duties of Babylonian kingship through exploiting Babylon's populace and desecrating its temples. Amel-Marduk also at one point appears to have been imprisoned by his father, possibly on account of the Babylonian aristocracy having proclaimed him as king while Nebuchadnezzar was away. It is possible that Nebuchadnezzar intended to replace Amel-Marduk as heir with another son, but died before doing so.
In one of Nebuchadnezzar's late inscriptions, written more than forty years into his reign, he wrote that he had been chosen for the kingship by the gods before he was even born. Mesopotamian rulers typically only stressed divine legitimacy in this fashion when their actual legitimacy was questionable, a method often employed by usurpers. Given that Nebuchadnezzar at this point had been king for several decades and was the legitimate heir of his predecessor, the inscription is very strange, unless it was intended to help legitimize Nebuchadnezzar's successor, Amel-Marduk, who as a younger son and a former conspirator could be seen as politically problematic.
Family and children
No surviving contemporary Babylonian documents provide the name of Nebuchadnezzar's wife. According to Berossus, her name was Amytis, daughter of Astyages, king of the Medes. Berossus writes that '[Nabopolassar] sent troops to the assistance of Astyages, the tribal chieftain and satrap of the Medes in order to obtain a daughter of Astyages, Amyitis, as wife for his son [Nebuchadnezzar]'. Though the ancient Greek historian Ctesias instead wrote that Amytis was the name of a daughter of Astyages who had married Cyrus I of Persia, it seems more likely that a Median princess would marry a member of the Babylonian royal family, considering the good relations established between the two during Nabopolassar's reign. Given that Astyages was still too young during Nabopolassar's reign to already have children, and was not yet king, it seems more probable that Amytis was Astyages's sister, and thus a daughter of his predecessor, Cyaxares. By marrying his son to a daughter of Cyaxares, Nebuchadnezzar's father Nabopolassar likely sought to seal the alliance between the Babylonians and the Medes. According to tradition, Nebuchadnezzar constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, featuring exotic shrubs, vines and trees as well as artificial hills, watercourses and knolls, so that Amytis would feel less homesick for the mountains of Media. No archaeological evidence for these gardens has yet been found.
Nebuchadnezzar had six known sons. Most of the sons, with the exceptions of Marduk-nadin-ahi and Eanna-sharra-usur, are attested very late in their father's reign. It is possible that they might have been the product of a second marriage and that they could have been born relatively late in Nebuchadnezzar's reign, possibly after his known daughters. The known sons of Nebuchadnezzar are:
Marduk-nadin-ahi (Akkadian: Marduk-nādin-aḫi) – the earliest attested of Nebuchadnezzar's children, attested in a legal document, probably as an adult as he is described as being in charge of his own land, already in Nebuchadnezzar's third year as king (602/601 BC). Presumably Nebuchadnezzar's firstborn son, if not eldest child, and thus his legitimate heir. He is also attested very late in Nebuchadnezzar's reign, named as a "royal prince" in a document recording the purchase of dates by Sin-mār-šarri-uṣur, his servant, in 563 BC.
Eanna-sharra-usur (Akkadian: Eanna-šarra-uṣur) – named as a "royal prince" among sixteen people in a document at Uruk from 587 BC recorded as receiving barley "for the sick".
Amel-Marduk (Akkadian: Amēl-Marduk), originally named Nabu-shum-ukin (Nabû-šum-ukīn) – succeeded Nebuchadnezzar as king in 562 BC. His reign was marred with intrigues and he only ruled for two years before being murdered and usurped by his brother-in-law, Neriglissar. Later Babylonian sources mostly speak ill of his reign. Amel-Marduk is first attested, notably as crown prince, in a document 566 BC. Given that Amel-Marduk had an older brother in Marduk-nadin-ahi, alive as late as 563 BC, why he was named crown prince is not clear.
Marduk-shum-usur (Akkadian: Marduk-šum-uṣur or Marduk-šuma-uṣur) – named as a "royal prince" in documents from Nebuchadnezzar's 564 BC and 562 BC years, recording payments by his scribe to the Ebabbar temple in Sippar.
Mushezib-Marduk (Akkadian: Mušēzib-Marduk) – named as a "royal prince" once in a contract tablet from 563 BC.
Marduk-nadin-shumi (Akkadian: Marduk-nādin-šumi) – named as a "royal prince" once in a contract tablet from 563 BC.
Three of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters are known by name:
Kashshaya (Akkadian: Kaššaya) – attested in several economic documents from Nebuchadnezzar's reign as "the king's daughter". Her name is of unclear origin; it might be derived from the word kaššû (kassite). Kashshaya is attested from contemporary texts as a resident of (and landowner in) Uruk. Kashshaya is typically, although speculatively, identified as the daughter of Nebuchadnezzar who married Neriglissar.
Innin-etirat (Akkadian: Innin-ēṭirat) – attested as "the king's daughter" in a 564 BC document which records her granting mār-banûtu status ("status of a free man") to a slave by the name Nabû-mukkê-elip. The document in question was written at Babylon, but names including the divine prefix Innin are almost unique to Uruk, suggesting that she was a resident of that city.
Ba'u-asitu (Akkadian: Ba'u-asītu) – attested as the owner of a piece of real estate in an economic document. The precise reading and meaning of her name is somewhat unclear. Paul-Alain Beaulieu, who in 1998 published the translated text which confirms her existence, believes that her name is best interpreted as meaning "Ba'u is a/the physician". The document was written at Uruk, where Ba'u-asitu is presumed to have lived.
It is possible that one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters married the high official Nabonidus. Marriage to a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar could explain how Nabonidus could became king, and also explain why certain later traditions, such as the Book of Daniel in the Bible, describe Nabonidus's son, Belshazzar, as Nebuchadnezzar's son (descendant). Alternatively, these later traditions might instead derive from royal propaganda. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus names the "last great queen" of the Babylonian Empire as "Nitocris", though that name (nor any other name) is not attested in contemporary Babylonian sources. Herodotus's description of Nitocris contains a wealth of legendary material that makes it difficult to determine whether he uses the name to refer to Nabonidus's wife or mother, but William H. Shea proposed in 1982 that Nitocris may tentatively be identified as the name of Nabonidus's wife and Belshazzar's mother.
Legacy
Assessment by historians
Because of the scarcity of sources, assessment by historians of Nebuchadnezzar's character and the nature of his reign have differed considerably over time. He has typically been regarded as the greatest and most prestigious king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Since military activity was not a major issue described in the inscriptions of any Neo-Babylonian king regardless of their actual military accomplishments, in sharp contrast to the inscriptions of their Neo-Assyrian predecessors, Nebuchadnezzar's own inscriptions talk very little about his wars. Out of the fifty or so known inscriptions by the king, only a single one deals with military action, and in this case only small-scale conflicts in the Lebanon region. Many Assyriologists, such as Wolfram von Soden in 1954, thus initially assumed that Nebuchadnezzar had mainly been a builder-king, devoting his energy and efforts to building and restoring his country. A major change in evaluations of Nebuchadnezzar came with the publication of the tablets of the Babylonian Chronicle by Donald Wiseman in 1956, which cover the geopolitical events of Nebuchadnezzar's first eleven years as king. From the publication of these tablets and onwards, historians have shifted to perceiving Nebuchadnezzar as a great warrior, devoting special attention to the military achievements of his reign.
According to the historian Josette Elayi, writing in 2018, Nebuchadnezzar is somewhat difficult to characterise on account of the scarcity of Babylonian source material. Elayi wrote, about Nebuchadnezzar, that "He was a conqueror, even though reservations can be had about his military capabilities. There was no lack of statesmanlike qualities, given his success in building the Babylonian Empire. He was a great builder, who restored a country that for a long time had been devastated by war. That is roughly all we know about him because the Babylonian Chronicles and other texts say little about his personality."
In Jewish and biblical tradition
The Babylonian captivity initiated by Nebuchadnezzar came to an end with the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great in 539 BC. Within a year of their liberation, the captured Jews returned to their homeland. Their liberation did little to erase the memory of five decades of imprisonment and oppression. Instead, Jewish literary accounts ensured that accounts of the hardship endured by the Jews, as well as the monarch responsible for it, would be remembered for all time. The Book of Jeremiah calls Nebuchadnezzar a "lion" and a "destroyer of nations".
Nebuchadnezzar's story thus found its way into the Old Testament of the Bible. The Bible narrates how Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Kingdom of Judah, besieged, plundered and destroyed Jerusalem, and how he took away the Jews in captivity, portraying him as a cruel enemy of the Jewish people. The Bible also portrays Nebuchadnezzar as the legitimate ruler of all the nations of the world, appointed to rule the world by God. As such, Judah, through divine ruling, should have obeyed Nebuchadnezzar and not rebelled. Nebuchadnezzar is also depicted as carrying out death sentences pronounced by God, slaying two false prophets. Nebuchadnezzar's campaigns of conquest against other nations are portrayed as being in-line with God's will for Nebuchadnezzar's dominance.Despite Nebuchadnezzar's negative portrayal, he is notably referred with the epithet 'my servant' (i.e. God's servant) in three places in the Book of Jeremiah. Nebuchadnezzar's attack on the Kingdom of Judah is theologically justified in the Book of Jeremiah on account of its populace's 'disobedience' of God, and the king is called "Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant". The Book of Jeremiah also states that God has made all the Earth and given it to whom it seemed proper to give it to, deciding upon giving all of the lands of the world to "Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant". The Book of Jeremiah also prophesises Nebuchadnezzar's victory over Egypt, stating that "Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant" will invade Egypt and "deliver to death those appointed for death, and to captivity those appointed for captivity, and to the sword those appointed for the sword". Given that Nebuchadnezzar was the enemy of what the Bible proclaims as God's chosen people, possibly the worst enemy they had faced until this point, there must be a special reason for referring to him with the epithet "my servant". Other uses of this epithet are usually limited to some of the most positively portrayed figures, such as the various prophets, Jacob (the symbol of the chosen people) and David (the chosen king). Klaas A. D. Smelik noted in 2004 that "in the Hebrew Bible, there is no better company conceivable than these; at the same time, there is no candidate less likely for this title of honour than the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar". It is possible that the epithet is a later addition, as it is missing in the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, perhaps added after Nabuchadnezzar began to be seen in a slightly more favourable light than immediately after Jerusalem's destruction. Alternatively, possible theological explanations include Nebuchadnezzar, despite his cruelty, being seen as an instrument in fulfilling God's universal plan, or perhaps that designating him as a "servant" of God was to show that readers should not fear Nebuchadnezzar, but his true master, God.
In the Book of Daniel, recognised by scholars as a work of historical fiction, Nebuchadnezzar is given a portrayal that differs considerably from his portrayal in the Book of Jeremiah. He is for the most part depicted as a merciless and despotic ruler. The king has a nightmare, and asks his wisemen, including Daniel and his three companions Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, to interpret the dream, but refuses to state the dream's contents. When the servants protest, Nebuchadnezzar sentences all of them (including Daniel and his companions) to death. By the end of the story, when Daniel successfully interpreted the dream, Nebuchadnezzar is nevertheless shown to be very grateful, showering Daniel with gifts, making him the governor of the "province of Babylon" and making him the chief of the kingdoms' wisemen. A second story again casts Nebuchadnezzar as a tyrannical and pagan king, who after Daniel and his companions refuse to worship a newly erected golden statue sentences them to death through being thrown into a furnace. After Daniel interprets another dream as meaning that Nebuchadnezzar will lose his mind and live like an animal for seven years before being restored to his normal state, Nebuchadnezzar saves Daniel and his companions from their fiery fate and acknowledges Daniel's god as the "lord of kings" and "god of gods". Though Nebuchadnezzar is also mentioned as acknowledging the Jewish god as the true god in other passages of the Book of Daniel, it is apparent that his supposed conversion to Judaism does not change his violent character, given that he proclaims that anyone who speaks amiss of God "shall be cut in pieces and their houses shall be made a dunghill". The portrayal of Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel is a fickle tyrant who is not particularly consistent in his faith, far from the typical "servants of God" in other books of the Bible.
Given that Nebuchadnezzar is referred to as the father of Belshazzar in the Book of Daniel, it is probable that this portrayal of Nebuchadnezzar, especially the story of his madness, was actually based on Belshazzar's real father, Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (556–539 BC). Separate Jewish and Hellenistic traditions exist concerning Nabonidus having been mad, and it is likely that this madness was simply reattributed to Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel through conflation. Some later traditions conflated Nebuchadnezzar with other rulers as well, such as the Assyrian Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC), the Persian Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC), the Seleucids Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC) and Demetrius I Soter (161–150 BC) and the Armenian Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC). The apocryphal Book of Judith, which probably applies the name Nebuchadnezzar to Tigranes the Great of Armenia, refers to Nebuchadnezzar as a king of the Assyrians, rather than Babylonians, and demonstrates that Nebuchadnezzar was still viewed as an evil king, responsible for destroying Jerusalem, looting its temple, taking the Jews hostage in Babylon, and for the various misdeeds ascribed to him in later Jewish writings.
Titles
In most of his inscriptions, Nebuchadnezzar is typically only titled as "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon" or "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the one who provides for Esagil and Ezida, son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon". In economic documents, Nebuchadnezzar is also ascribed the ancient title "king of the Universe", and he sometimes also used the title "king of Sumer and Akkad", used by all the Neo-Babylonian kings. Some inscriptions accord Nebuchadnezzar more elaborate version of his titles, including the following variant, attested in an inscription from Babylon:
See also
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
Nebuchadnezzar (Blake) – famous 19th-century painting depicting the biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar's madness
Nabucco – 19th-century opera by Giuseppe Verdi based loosely on the biblical story of Nebuchadnezzar
Notes
References
Bibliography
Web sources
630s BC births
560s BC deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
7th-century BC Babylonian kings
6th-century BC Babylonian kings
6th-century BC biblical rulers
7th-century BC biblical rulers
Babylonian kings
Book of Daniel people
Babylonian captivity
Monarchs of the Hebrew Bible
Chaldean kings
Kings of the Universe
Chaldean dynasty
7th-century BC religious leaders
6th-century BC religious leaders |
58850231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Chiodi | Giovanni Chiodi | Giovanni Chiodi (born 25 April 1961) is an Italian politician. He was the Mayor of Teramo from 2004 to 2008. He has served as President of Abruzzo from 2009 to 2014.
Biography
Chiodi graduated in Economy at the LUISS University and began his career as a chartered accountant.
In 1999, Chiodi entered politics as the Pole for Freedoms candidate for the seat of Mayor of Teramo, but loses against The Olive Tree candidate and incumbent Mayor Angelo Sperandio.
In 2004, Chiodi tries once again to run for Mayor of Teramo and wins, gaining the support of the whole House of Freedoms coalition; he left the office in December 2008, in order to run for the office of President of Abruzzo, winning the electoral competition.
In 2014, Chiodi tried to seek for a second term, but was defeated by the Democratic Party candidate Luciano D'Alfonso.
References
1961 births
Living people
People from Teramo
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
Presidents of Abruzzo
Mayors of Teramo
Identity and Action politicians
Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli alumni |
2073462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20cybernetics | Second-order cybernetics | Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science". Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s by Margaret Mead, Heinz von Foerster and others. Foerster referred to it as "the control of control and the communication of communication" and differentiated first order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observed systems" and second order cybernetics as "the cybernetics of observing systems". It is closely allied to radical constructivism, which was developed around the same time by Ernst von Glasersfeld. While it is sometimes considered a break from the earlier concerns of cybernetics, there is much continuity with previous work and it can be thought of as a distinct tradition within cybernetics, with origins in issues evident during the Macy conferences in which cybernetics was initially developed. Its concerns include autonomy, epistemology, ethics, language, self-consistency, self-referentiality, and self-organizing capabilities of complex systems. It has been characterised as cybernetics where "circularity is taken seriously".
Overview
Terminology
Second-order cybernetics can be abbreviated as C2 or SOC, and is sometimes referred to as the cybernetics of cybernetics, or, more rarely, the new cybernetics, or second cybernetics.
These terms are often used interchangeably, but can also stress different aspects:
Most specifically, and especially where phrased as the cybernetics of cybernetics, second-order cybernetics is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself. This is closely associated with Mead's 1967 address to the American Society for Cybernetics (published 1968) and Foerster's "Cybernetics of Cybernetics" book, developed as a course option at the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL), where Cybernetic texts were analysed according to the principles they put forward. In this sense, second-order cybernetics can be considered the "conscience" of cybernetics, attending to the subject's consistency and clarity.
More generally, second-order cybernetics is the reflexive practice of cybernetics, where cyberneticians understand themselves and other participants to be part of the systems they study and act in, taking a second-order position whether or not it is termed as such. When cybernetics is practiced in this way, second-order cybernetics and cybernetics may be used interchangeably, with the qualifier 'second-order' being used when drawing distinctions from (or critiquing) other approaches (e.g. differentiating from purely technological applications) or as a way of emphasising reflexivity.
Additionally, and especially where referred to as the new cybernetics, second-order cybernetics may refer to substantial developments in direction and scope taken by cybernetics from the 1970s onwards, with greater focus on social and philosophical concerns.
Initial development
Second-order cybernetics took shape during the late 1960s and mid 1970s. The 1967 keynote address to the inaugural meeting of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) by Margaret Mead, who had been a participant at the Macy Conferences, is a defining moment in its development. Mead characterised "cybernetics as a way of looking at things and as a language for expressing what one sees", calling on cyberneticians to assume responsibility for the social consequences of the language of cybernetics and the development of cybernetic systems. Mead's paper concluded with a proposal directed at the ASC itself, that it organise itself in the light of the ideas with which it was concerned. That is, the practice of cybernetics by the ASC should be subject to cybernetic critique, an idea returned to by Ranulph Glanville in his time as president of the society.
Mead's paper was published in 1968 in a collection edited by Heinz von Foerster. With Mead uncontactable due to field work at the time, Foerster titled the paper "Cybernetics of Cybernetics", a title that perhaps emphasised his concerns more than Mead's. Foerster promoted second-order cybernetics energetically, developing it as a means of renewal for cybernetics generally and as what has been called an "unfinished revolution" in science. Foerster developed second-order cybernetics as a critique of realism and objectivity and as a radically reflexive form of science, where observers enter their domains of observation, describing their own observing not the supposed causes.
The initial development of second-order cybernetics was consolidated by the mid 1970s in a series of significant developments and publications. These included: the 1974 publication of the "Cybernetics of Cybernetics" book, edited by Foerster, developed as a course option at the BCL examining various texts from cybernetics according to the principals they proposed; autopoiesis, developed by biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela; conversation theory, developed by Gordon Pask, Bernard Scott and Dionysius Kallikourdis; radical constructivism, developed by Ernst von Glasersfeld; and other explorations of self-reference, including Foerster's eigen-forms and Glanville's theory of objects.
Participant observers
A key concept in second-order cybernetics is that observers (and other actors, such as designers, modellers, users...) are to be understood as participants within the systems with which they are engaged, in contrast to the detachment implied in objectivity and conventional scientific practice. This includes cyberneticians inclusion of themselves in the practice of cybernetics, as well as the inclusion of participants within the consideration and design of systems more generally.
Second-order cybernetics' emphasis on participation and inclusion has led to affinities and overlaps with action research, design, and the creative arts.
While second-order cybernetics continues to use of the terms observing and observers following Foerster's formulation, Ranulph Glanville has suggested using the terms composition and composers instead to better indicate the active role of participation.
Ethical implications
The critique of objectivity developed in second-order cybernetics has led to a concern with ethical issues. Foerster developed a critique of morality in ethical terms, arguing for ethics to remain implicit in action. Foerster's position has been described as an "ethics of enabling ethics" or as a form of "recursive ethical questioning". Varela published a short book on "ethical know-how". Glanville identified a number of "desirable" ethical qualities implicit in the cybernetic devices of the black box, distinction, autonomy, and conversation. Others have drawn connections to design and critical systems heuristics.
Relationship to "first order" cybernetics
The relationship of first order and second order cybernetics can be compared to that between Isaac Newton's view of the universe and that of Albert Einstein. Just as Newton's description remains appropriate and usable in many circumstances, even flights to the moon, so first order cybernetics also provides everything that is needed in many circumstances. In the same way that the Newtonian view is understood to be a special, restricted version of Einstein's view, so first order cybernetics may be understood as a special, restricted version of second order cybernetics.
The distinction between first- and second-order cybernetics is sometimes used as a form of periodisation. However, this can obscure the continuity between earlier and later cybernetics, with what would come to be called second-order qualities evident in the work of cyberneticians such as Warren McCulloch and Gregory Bateson, and with Foerster and Mead being both Macy conference participants and instigators of second-order cybernetics. Mead and Bateson, for instance, noted that they and Wiener understood themselves as participant observers in contrast to the detached "input-output" approach typical of engineering. In this sense, second-order cybernetics can be thought of as a distinct tradition within cybernetics that developed along different lines to the narrower framing of engineering cybernetics.
Pask summarized the differences between the old and the new cybernetics as a shift in emphasis: from information to coupling, from the reproduction of "order-from-order" (Schroedinger 1944) to the generation of "order-from-noise" (von Foerster 1960), from transmission of data to conversation, and from external observation to participant observation.
Third and higher orders
Some see the definition of third and higher orders of cybernetics as a next step in the development of the discipline, but this has not won widespread acceptance. Attempts to define a third order of cybernetics have been concerned with embedding the participant observer of second-order cybernetics explicitly within broader social and/or ecological contexts.
Foerster discouraged the definition of higher orders, regarding the distinction between first- and second- as an either/or regarding the position of the cyberneticians with regard to their system of concern.
Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory
Second-order cybernetics is closely identified Heinz von Foerster and the work of the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL) at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign.
Foerster attributes the origin of second-order cybernetics to the attempts by cyberneticians to construct a model of the mind:
... a brain is required to write a theory of a brain. From this follows that a theory of the brain, that has any aspirations for completeness, has to account for the writing of this theory. And even more fascinating, the writer of this theory has to account for her or himself. Translated into the domain of cybernetics; the cybernetician, by entering his own domain, has to account for his or her own activity. Cybernetics then becomes cybernetics of cybernetics, or second-order cybernetics.
Associated theories
Theoretical developments closely associated with the development of second-order cybernetics include:
Autopoiesis
Biologists such as Maturana, Varela, and Atlan "realized that the cybernetic metaphors of the program upon which molecular biology had been based rendered a conception of the autonomy of the living being impossible. Consequently, these thinkers were led to invent a new cybernetics, one more suited to the organization mankind discovers in nature."
Conversation theory
Eigenform
The notion of eigenform is an example of a self-referential system that produces a stable form. It plays an important role in the work of Heinz von Foerster and is "inextricably linked with second order cybernetics".
Radical constructivism
Radical constructivism is an approach to epistemology developed initially by Ernst von Glasersfeld. It is closely associated with second-order cybernetics, especially with the work of Heinz von Foerster and Humberto Maturana.
Practice and application
In the creative arts
Second-order cybernetics has been a point of reference in the creative arts, including in theatre studies and music theory.
Practitioners in the creative arts whose work is associated with second-order cybernetics include Roy Ascott, Herbert Brün, and Tom Scholte.
In design
Second-order cybernetics has contributed to design in areas including design computation, design methods, and the relationship between design and research.
Theorists and practitioners working at the intersection of cybernetics and design include Delfina Fantini van Ditmar, Ranulph Glanville, Klaus Krippendorff, John Frazer, and Paul Pangaro.
In enactivism and embodied cognitive science
Enactivism is a position in cognitive science that argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment.
In education
Contributions in education, include:
Pask's work was carried out in the context of the development of theories of teaching and learning, and the development of educational technology.
Radical constructivism has been applied in educational research and practice, where it challenges traditional assumptions about learning and teaching.
In family therapy
The ideas of second-order cybernetics have been influential in systemic and constructivist approaches to family therapy, with Bateson's work at the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto being a key influence. Family therapists influenced by aspects of second-order cybernetics include Lynn Hoffman, Bradford Keeney and Paul Watzlawick.
In management and organisation
Organizational cybernetics is distinguished from management cybernetics. Both use many of the same terms but interpret them according to another philosophy of systems thinking. Organizational cybernetics by contrast offers a significant break with the assumption of the hard approach. The full flowering of organizational cybernetics is represented by Beer's viable system model.
Organizational cybernetics studies organizational design, and the regulation and self-regulation of organizations from a systems theory perspective that also takes the social dimension into consideration. Researchers in economics, public administration and political science focus on the changes in institutions, organisation and mechanisms of social steering at various levels (sub-national, national, European, international) and in different sectors (including the private, semi-private and public sectors; the latter sector is emphasised).
In mathematics and logic
Second-order cybernetics was influenced by George Spencer Brown's Laws of Form, which was later developed by Francisco Varela into a calculus for self-reference. Mathematicians and logicians working in second-order cybernetics include Gotthard Günther, Lars Löfgren, and Louis Kauffman.
In sociocybernetics
In political science in the 1980s unlike its predecessor, the new cybernetics concerns itself with the interaction of autonomous political actors and subgroups and the practical reflexive consciousness of the subject who produces and reproduces the structure of political community. A dominant consideration is that of recursiveness, or self-reference of political action both with regard to the expression of political consciousness and with the ways in which systems build upon themselves.
In 1978, Geyer and van der Zouwen discuss a number of characteristics of the emerging "new cybernetics". One characteristic of new cybernetics is that it views information as constructed by an individual interacting with the environment. This provides a new epistemological foundation of science, by viewing it as observer-dependent. Another characteristic of the new cybernetics is its contribution towards bridging the "micro-macro gap". That is, it links the individual with the society. Geyer and van der Zouten also noted that a transition from classical cybernetics to new cybernetics involves a transition from classical problems to new problems. These shifts in thinking involve, among other things, a change in emphasis on the system being steered to the system doing the steering, and the factors which guide the steering decisions. And a new emphasis on communication between several systems which are trying to steer each other.
Geyer & J. van der Zouwen (1992) recognize four themes in both sociocybernetics and new cybernetics:
An epistemological foundation for science as an observer-observer system. Feedback and feedforward loops are constructed not only between the observer, and the objects that are observed them and the observer.
The transition from classical, rather mechanistic first-order cybernetics to modern, second-order cybernetics, characterized by the differences summarized by Gordon Pask.
These problem shifts in cybernetics result from a thorough reconceptualization of many all too easily accepted and taken for granted concepts – which yield new notions of stability, temporality, independence, structure versus behaviour, and many other concepts.
The actor-oriented systems approach, promulgated in 1978 made it possible to bridge the "micro-macro" gap in social science thinking.
The reformulation of sociocybernetics as an "actor-oriented, observer-dependent, self-steering, time-variant" paradigm of human systems, was most clearly articulated by Geyer and van der Zouwen in 1978 and 1986. They stated that sociocybernetics is more than just social cybernetics, which could be defined as the application of the general systems approach to social science. Social cybernetics is indeed more than such a one-way knowledge transfer. It implies a feed-back loop from the area of application – the social sciences – to the theory being applied, namely cybernetics; consequently, sociocybernetics can indeed be viewed as part of the new cybernetics: as a result of its application to social science problems, cybernetics, itself, has been changed and has moved from its originally rather mechanistic point of departure to become more actor-oriented and observer-dependent.
In summary, the new sociocybernetics is much more subjective and uses a sociological approach more than classical cybernetics approach with its emphasis on control. The new approach has a distinct emphasis on steering decisions; furthermore, it can be seen as constituting a reconceptualization of many concepts which are often routinely accepted without challenge.
Other applications and influence
Others associated with or influenced by second-order cybernetics include:
Henri Atlan, biophysicist influenced by Foerster.
Stewart Brand, associated with Bateson and Foerster. Some of the proceeds from Brand's Whole Earth Catalogue funded the publication of Foerster's Cybernetics of Cybernetics book.
Nicholas Negroponte, for whose Architecture Machine Group Pask worked as a consultant.
William Irwin Thompson.
Other areas of application include:
Artificial neural networks
Living systems
New robotic approaches
Reflexive understanding
Political communication
Social dimensions of cognitive science
Sustainable development
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Systemic group therapy
Organisations
American Society for Cybernetics
Department of Contemporary History of the University of Vienna holds the archives of several second-order cyberneticians including those of Ranulph Glanville, Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, and Stuart Umpleby, as well as the archive of the American Society for Cybernetics.
Journals
Journals with focuses on second-order cybernetics include:
Constructivist Foundations
Cybernetics and Human Knowing
Limitations and criticism
Andrew Pickering has criticised second order cybernetics as a form of linguistic turn, moving away from the performative practices he finds valuable in earlier cybernetics. Pickering does however approvingly reference the work of figures associated with second-order cybernetics, such as Bateson and Pask, and the idea of participant observers which fall within the scope of second order cybernetics broadly considered.
See also
Autonomous agency theory
Constructivism (philosophy of science)
Constructivism (psychological school)
Double-loop learning
Meta
System of systems
Systemics
Systems science
Viable system theory
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Bunnell, Pille. "Dancing with ambiguity." Cybernetics and Human Knowing 22, no. 4 (2015): 101–112.
Chapman, Jocelyn, ed. For the Love of Cybernetics: Personal Narratives by Cyberneticians. Routledge, 2020.
Foerster, Heinz von. Observing Systems. Seaside, California: Intersystems Publications, 1981.
Foerster, Heinz von, Albert Müller, and Karl H. Müller. The Beginning of Heaven and Earth Has No Name: Seven Days with Second-Order Cybernetics. Translated by Elinor Rooks and Michael Kasenbacher. New York: Fordham University Press, 2014.
Glanville, Ranulph. "Living in Cybernetics." Kybernetes 44, no. 8/9 (2015): 1174–1179.
Glasersfeld, Ernst von. "Declaration of the American Society for Cybernetics." In Cybernetics and Applied Systems, edited by C. V. Negiota, 1–5. New York: Marcel Decker, 1992.
Krippendorff, Klaus. "Cybernetics's Reflexive Turns." Cybernetics and Human Knowing 15, no. 3–4 (2008): 173–184.
Maturana, Humberto R, and Francisco J Varela. The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala, 1987.
Müller, Albert, and Karl H. Müller, eds. An Unfinished Revolution? Heinz Von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL), 1958–1976. Vienna: Edition Echoraum, 2007.
Müller, Karl H. The New Science of Cybernetics: The Evolution of Living Research Designs, Vol. I: Methodology, Vienna: Edition Echoraum, 2008.
Poerksen, Bernhard. The Certainty of Uncertainty: Dialogues Introducing Constructivism. Ingram Pub Services, 2004.
Riegler, Alexander, Karl H. Müller, and Stuart A. Umpleby, eds. New Horizons for Second-Order Cybernetics, Series on Knots and Everything, vol. 60. Singapore: World Scientific, 2017.
Scott, Bernard. "Second-Order Cybernetics: An Historical Introduction." Kybernetes 33, no. 9/10 (2004): 1365–1378.
External links
The International Sociological Association (ISA) Research Committee 51 on Sociocybernetics (ISA-RC51)
Cybernetics and Second-Order Cybernetics
New Order from Old: The Rise of Second-Order Cybernetics and Implications for Machine Intelligence
Constructivist Foundations, an international peer-reviewed academic journal that focuses on constructivist approaches to science and philosophy, including radical constructivism, enactivism, second-order cybernetics, the theory of autopoiesis, and neurophenomenology.
Heinz von Foerster's Self Organization
Cybernetic Orders
Cybernetics |
37016142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolmer%20Lecture | Woolmer Lecture | The Woolmer lecture is the flagship lecture of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. It takes place annually during the Institute's Medical Physics and Engineering Conference.
Dedication
The lecture is dedicated to Professor Ronald Woolmer who was the first Director of the Research Department of Anaesthetics at the Royal College of Surgeons. Woolmer convened a meeting at the Royal College of Surgeons, London, to discuss the evolving field of engineering applied to medicine. It was agreed that the group should hold regular meetings and as a result the Biological Engineering Society (BES) was formed with Ronald Woolmer as the first President. Woolmer died two years after the formation of the BES and it was agreed that a memorial lecture would be sponsored in recognition of his achievements.
Lecturers
2002 Anthony Unsworth
2003 Arun Holden
2004 Kevin Warwick
2005 Henrik Gollee
2006 Denis Noble
2007 Michael Brady
2008 Clive Hahn
2009 Martin Birchall
2010 Mark Tooley
2011 Willi Kalender
2012 Lionel Tarassenko
2013 Molly Stevens
2014 David Keating
2015 Anthony Barker
2016 Andrew Taylor
2017 Josef Käs
2018 Alison Noble
See also
List of medicine awards
References
Lecture series
Medicine awards
British science and technology awards |
34599106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot%20Chang | Ascot Chang | Ascot Chang is a brand of bespoke shirts and suits. Ascot Chang opened his first store on Kimberly Road in Hong Kong in 1953. It now has 15 locations across China, Hong Kong, the United States, and the Philippines. High-profile customers include former president George W. Bush, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Andy Warhol.
History
Ascot Chang left his hometown, Fenghua, at age fourteen to apprentice under a master shirtmaker in Shanghai. In 1949, he left for Hong Kong where he started taking orders for custom made shirts. Knocking on door after door, he visited the offices of Shanghainese businessmen who were unable to find high quality shirts in Hong Kong.
By 1953, Ascot Chang opened his first store at 34 Kimberley Road. He opened his first branch at the Peninsula Hotel in 1963, which is still open to this day.
In 1967, with sales negatively impacted by the Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots, Ascot Chang went on his first trunk show: over three months, he visited twenty cities in the United States, including San Francisco, Boston, and New York City.
When Ascot Chang suffered a heart attack in the 1970s, his son, Tony Chang, and his brother, Johnny Chang, started leading the company. Under the second generation of Changs, Ascot Chang spread worldwide, with their first international store opening in New York in 1986.
Currently, Ascot Chang has 15 locations across China, Hong Kong, the United States, and the Philippines.
Style
The Ascot Chang house cut is a continental style that is characterized by medium shoulder padding, strong yet lightweight canvas structure, and a very slight roped shoulder. The styling leans towards a slim fit that balances aesthetics and comfort for a professional silhouette.
References
Clothing companies established in 1953
1953 establishments in Hong Kong
Clothing retailers of Hong Kong
Clothing brands of Hong Kong
Suit makers |
17607221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Beardy | Jackson Beardy | Jackson Beardy (July 24, 1944 – December 7, 1984) was an Indigenous Anishinaabe artist born in Canada. His works are characterized by scenes from Ojibwe and Cree oral traditions and many focus on the relationship between humans and nature. He belonged to the Woodland School of Art and was a prominent member of the Indian Group of Seven. His work has contributed to the recognition of Indigenous contemporary art within Canada.
Early life and education
Jackson Beardy was born July 24, 1944. He was the son of John Beardy and Dinah Monias and fifth of 13 children. Beardy's father supported the family as a trapper, hunter, pedlar, gold miner, fisherman and fish filleter. The Beardys lived in a single-roomed log cabin but despite the lack of material goods, John Beardy provided the necessities and Beardy appears to have had a happy childhood. He lived with his grandmother, from whom he learned the oral traditions and legends of his Anishinaabe ancestors, for most of his childhood.
Beardy attended residential school at Portage la Prairie in Southern Manitoba at the age of seven. Here, he was separated from his sister and could not communicate with her during the school years. Before attending the school, he did not speak English. Beardy quickly distanced himself from the forced nature of education that all Indigenous peoples in that area underwent at the residential schools, and it was from these lessons that he began to assert his Indigenous culture. Beardy's reaction to the mental de-structuring process at the school was to become the school wit. It was at the residential school that he learned how to draw and paint. A kind school teacher, Mary Morris, encouraged Beardy's art and stayed in touch with Beardy after he left the school. When drawing at the school, he was not permitted to visually express the Anishinaabe oral narratives.
At the age of 16, the authorities allowed the students to leave the school, however the principal of the residential school promised Beardy an art education if he stayed two more years to gain his high school certificate. Beardy then chose to stay another two years. At the age of 18, Beardy approached the principal to ask for the promised art education, but quickly learned that the principal would not allow him the art education after all. The principal did not believe that being an artist would make Beardy a "decent" citizen. Instead, he offered Beardy a course in commercial art, since this would be more economically sustainable. When learning this, young Beardy angrily told him, that he would show him that he is capable of becoming an artist.
During his last year in high school, his grades began to fall and Beardy turned to alcoholism. After failing high school, Beardy still wished to pursue an art education; he completed the failed courses and was accepted into a course on commercial art. He completed these courses at Technical Vocational High School and graduated in 1964. Subsequently, Beardy completed his education at the School of Art at the University of Manitoba in 1966.
Art career
Jackson Beardy's first solo exhibition was in 1965 at the University of Winnipeg. He had many subsequent solo exhibitions throughout 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, Beardy was commissioned to create pieces to commemorate the Canadian centennial. That same year he was invited to serve as consultant for the "Canadian Indian Pavilion" at Expo 67.
In 1972 Jackson Beardy, Alex Janvier, and Daphne Odjig held a joint exhibition at the Winnipeg Art Gallery titled "Treaty Numbers 23, 287, 1171". The name of the piece was a reference to the numbered treaties that were negotiated with the Canadian government of each artist's band. From this 1973 exhibition, a group of Indigenous artists formed the "Professional Native Indian Artists Association", better known as the "Indian Group of Seven". Included alongside Jackson Beardy was Alex Janvier, Norval Morrisseau, Daphne Odjig, Carl Ray, Eddy Cobiness and Joseph Sanchez. They collaborated to move their work toward larger mainstream acceptance. They committed to maintaining Indigenous control over Indigenous works of art and emphasized artistic rather than anthropological value.
From 1974 through 1976, Beardy contributed artwork to the covers of numerous books including Ojibway Heritage by Basil Johnston, When the Morning Stars Sang Together by John Morgan, and Almighty Voice by Leonard Peterson. Also in 1976, Beardy was one of the contributing artists for a Royal Ontario Museum exhibit called, "Contemporary Native Art of Canada: The Woodland Indians" which travelled to Germany and England.
In 1977, Beardy had an exhibition in Vancouver, BC entitled, "Images for a Canadian Heritage".
From 1982 through 1983, Jackson Beardy was senior arts advisor for the Federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, now known as Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. He developed the "Indian Fine Arts Guide" which outlined procedures for the acquisition of Indigenous art. Additionally during this time, he held the position of art advisor and cultural consultant for the Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature.
In 1984, Beardy was commissioned to paint a mural at the intersection of Selkirk and Powers in Winnipeg. The paintings were to depict "Peace and Harmony" but Beardy died before he could complete it. It was completed posthumously by students from R.B. Russell Vocational High School. The piece was revealed on September 5, 1985.
In celebration of his body of work, Beardy's art was shown at the Winnipeg Art Gallery from 1993 to 1994. It was again shown in 1995, in an exhibit called "Jackson Beardy: A Life's Work" at the Thunder Bay Art Gallery. Beardy's artwork has been displayed in many museums and other notable institutions both domestically and internationally.
Art style
Beardy, as well as other members from the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated, was a member of the Woodlands School of Indigenous Art. This Woodlands style of artistic expression can be seen in the central role Beardy's Anishinaabe heritage plays within his work. Using a variety of supports, such as canvas, birch bark, and beaver skins, Beardy's artwork often showcases traditional figures from Ojibwe and Cree oral traditions. His art draws on a deep knowledge of his native Cree tradition gained from a close childhood relationship with his grandmother and from his systematic collection of myths and legends in northern Manitoba.
His distinctive graphic style contrasts precise, black outlines with defined areas of rich colour. His art expresses fundamental cosmological and spiritual concepts such as balance in nature, regeneration and growth, and the interdependence of humans and nature.
Death
Jackson Beardy died on December 7, 1984 in Winnipeg, Manitoba from complications after a heart attack.
Notes
References
Hughes, Kenneth. The Life and Art of Jackson Beardy. Winnipeg: Canadian Dimension Publishers. Toronto: J. Lorimer, 1979. .
External links
Seventh Generation Gallery "Native Contemporary Canadian Art Gallery" in the Nederland, inclusive Jackson Beardy.
Mural of Jackson Beardy “Peace and Harmony” in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
1944 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
20th-century First Nations people
Anishinaabe people
Artists from Manitoba
Canadian male painters
First Nations painters
Oji-Cree people
People from Northern Region, Manitoba
Woodlands style |
3485095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%20with%20the%20Embryos | The One with the Embryos | "The One with the Embryos" is the twelfth episode of Friends fourth season. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on January 15, 1998. In the episode, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) agrees to be the surrogate mother for her brother Frank Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi) and his older wife Alice Knight (Debra Jo Rupp). Meanwhile, a display by Chandler (Matthew Perry) and Joey (Matt LeBlanc) of how well they know Monica (Courteney Cox) and Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) by guessing the items in their shopping bag leads to a large-scale bet on a quiz, for which Ross (David Schwimmer) acts as the gamemaster.
The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and co-written by Jill Condon and Amy Toomin. The idea for Kudrow's character Phoebe becoming a surrogate mother coincided with the actress' real-time pregnancy. The producers wanted to find a way to use the pregnancy in a narrative for the fourth season and designated the task to the writers. Ribisi and Rupp reprised their recurring roles of Frank Jr. and Alice respectively which was initially difficult as both had filming commitments.
In its original broadcast on NBC, "The One with the Embryos" acquired a 17.3 Nielsen rating, finishing the week ranked fourth. The episode received critical acclaim, is generally considered one of the best of the entire series, and is a favorite amongst the cast members and producers. In 2009, "The One with the Embryos" was ranked #21 on TV Guide'''s list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time."
Plot
Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) and Monica (Courteney Cox) are woken up too early in the morning by Joey (Matt LeBlanc) and Chandler's (Matthew Perry) chick and duck, as the maturing chick has just begun crowing. Later, as Rachel returns with her shopping and complains to the others about the situation, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) urges the boys to get rid of their birds as they should not be living in an apartment.
As Phoebe leaves for her doctor's appointment to get her brother Frank (Giovanni Ribisi) and his older wife Alice's (Debra Jo Rupp) embryo transferred into her uterus, Monica and Joey enter having an argument after Joey boasts that he and Chandler know more about Rachel and her than vice versa. Chandler backs Joey up, and the two correctly identify the contents of Rachel's shopping bag. Monica suggests a trivia contest to see who knows more about whom: the men or the women. They place a $100 bet on the outcome and Ross (David Schwimmer) puts together some questions and plays as host.
Meanwhile, Phoebe learns that the doctor will implant five of Frank and Alice's embryos into her uterus, which only has a 25% chance of success. She offers to do this as many times as possible for them, but is concerned when the two reveal that they are paying $16,000, which is all of their savings, for the single IVF procedure, and is helpless to influence the results.
The trivia game begins, with various facts about the characters being revealed such as Joey's space-cowboy imaginary friend (Maurice) and Rachel's actual favorite movie (Weekend at Bernie's). A nine-all score leads to a lightning round. Monica raises the stakes: If the women win, Joey and Chandler must give up their birds. Chandler rebuts by suggesting Rachel and Monica give up their apartment to them, which Monica immediately agrees to without consulting Rachel. The girls lose the lightning round because they cannot identify Chandler's job, and the boys win.
As the four pack up their respective apartments—Rachel, in particular, displeased about having to switch—Phoebe returns home and takes a pregnancy test, though it is too soon for a result, so she sits in the apartment for several days waiting for another result. Later with packing complete, Rachel finally refuses to move as Frank and Alice come by with another pregnancy test. The boys and the girls begin to argue along with Ross, which is cut short when Phoebe emerges from the bathroom and joyfully announces she is pregnant, the mood turning to one of celebration.
The tag scene shows Rachel and Monica horrified at having to deal with living in Chandler and Joey's cramped and dirty apartment, while the boys are content to live in the girls' large apartment.
Production
"The One with the Embryos" was co-written by Jill Condon and Amy Toomin and directed by Kevin S. Bright. In October 1997, Lisa Kudrow announced she and her husband Michel Stern were expecting their first child. When Marta Kauffman first learned of Kudrow's pregnancy, she was overjoyed and wanted to find a solution of incorporating it into the show without choosing to cover up. At the time of filming "The One with the Embryos" in December, Kudrow was four months pregnant and the writers discussed ways of narrating the pregnancy on the show, settling with Kudrow's character carrying her brother's embryos.
According to David Crane, the story arc with Phoebe carrying Frank and Alice's baby was considered "risky". When the plot was first discussed, the main concern was whether it was "too crazy … where's the line with Phoebe?". Crane felt if it were not for the actors, the storyline would not have been believable. The producers found it difficult to get Giovanni Ribisi to reprise his role as Frank Jr. on a longer term basis because the actor had continuous filming commitments. A similar situation occurred with Debra Jo Rupp, who was named as a cast member in the upcoming period sitcom, That '70s Show on the Fox network.
The chick and the duck, who first appeared in "The One with a Chick and a Duck" as Chandler and Joey's pets were used "as a spark" for the main plot. The animals were originally intended for one episode but because the producers believed they got "so much mileage out of them", they made recurring appearances. As many television shows used similar fictional pets, the producers settled on a chicken and a duck as they were different.
The idea for the trivia contest came up in the writers' room, partially based on a real game that writer Seth Kurland watched his friends play. The "Miss Chanandler Bong" joke was inspired by an incident from Kurland's childhood when his surname was misspelled on an address label.
Kauffman told TV Guide the writers felt it was important that the trivia contest reveal new information about the characters "otherwise it's just exposition." The answer "Viva Las Gay-gas" in response to 'What is the name of Chandler's dad's show in Vegas?' changed "about a million times" in drafts according to Crane. On the night the show was being filmed, writers continued to pitch for different answers in order to receive a better response from the audience. The staff found it difficult coming up with different points of view for each character as all wanted to win the game.
The writers decided to go through with the apartment switch to avoid creating fake stakes, which they called "schmuck bait". "The discussion was if we do it, we have to stick to it," Crane said. There was never discussion of changing the look of either apartment because "the fun of it was that they were in spaces they 'shouldn't' be in," according to Bright.
Reception
In its original airing, "The One with the Embryos" finished fourth in ratings for the week of January 12–January 18, 1998, with a Nielsen rating of 17.3, equivalent to approximately 16.8 million viewing households. It was the fourth highest-rated show on NBC that week, following ER, Seinfeld and Veronica's Closet–all of which aired on the network's Thursday night Must See TV lineup.
"The One with the Embryos" was Courteney Cox and Matt LeBlanc's favorite episode of the series. Cox liked the episode because she enjoys playing Monica at her most competitive, while LeBlanc spoke fondly of the pace of the episode and the information about the characters that came out. He identified scenes that featured just the six core cast as the best, "because you don't have to introduce a character—you don't have to lay any pipeline—you just get right to the funny". On the DVD audio commentary for the episode, Marta Kauffman cited the episode being "so much fun to do" and enjoyed the writing process. The scene involving Phoebe talking to the embryos was Kevin S. Bright's favorite in the show's history because of Kudrow's ability to "draw you into the scene ... even though it's only her talking to the dish". David Crane highlights how the episode explores generosity; doing a selfless act which pays off when Phoebe gives birth in "The One Hundredth". Bright moreover felt the trivia contest was the catalyst that rejuvenated the entire fourth season and "put Friends in a different place".
In a 2001 review, Entertainment Weekly rated the episode A+, stating that "Thanks to the trivia contest alone, Embryos is quite possibly Friends' finest moment". The article singles out Rachel's line "He's a transpon—transpondster!" (in response to the question "What is Chandler Bing's job?") as the best line of the episode. The authors of Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends called it a "sure-fire contender for the best episode of all time ... not one to be missed under any circumstances". In 2004, Tara Ariano of MSNBC.com wrote that the character trivia is "revealed in a manner completely organic to the plot. Beautifully written and acted, 'The One With The Embryos' encapsulates the whole series in a single episode". The episode was ranked #21 on TV Guides list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time".
In a 2018 oral history marking the episode's 20th anniversary, TV Guide declared it the series' best episode and "Friends'' at its peak, a lightning-in-a-bottle gem." Kauffman said she hopes "the episode's legacy is what people would say about the series, which is it's really funny and real and sweet."
Merchandise
The episode was released as part of Friends: The Complete Fourth Season in Regions 1, 2 and 4. As part of the DVD release, "Who Knows Whom Best? – Ross's Ultimate Challenge" an interactive game was included, based on the quiz in "The One with the Embryos". The game uses clips from the show to provide answers, allows viewers to choose a team (boys or girls) and call the coin toss.
References
External links
"The One with the Embryos" at the Internet Movie Database
Friends (season 4) episodes
1998 American television episodes |
65194590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa%20Street%2C%20Warsaw | Marsa Street, Warsaw | Marsa Street is a road located in Warsaw, Poland.
It is the main road from the center and eastern part of the city towards Sulejówek, Okuniew, Liw and Węgrów, as well as Nieporęt, Zegrze and Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki. It crosses the railway tracks twice and ends at the Warszawa Rembertów railway station. Most of the street runs through a wooded area of the Kawęczyn nature reserve and the Rembertów Forest. In the part from Ignacy Mościcki Roundabout to Rekrucka Street it is a dual carriageway, and then to Cyrulików Street is a single-carriageway with one lane in each direction.
Streets in Warsaw |
45263984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riku%20Immonen | Riku Immonen | Riku Immonen is a retired Finnish professional Muay Thai kickboxer and active muay thai coach. He is an amateur and professional Muay Thai World Champion. He trains fighters out of Turku Muay Thai. Most well known students are UFC fighter Makwan Amirkhani, Topi Helin and Daniel Forsberg. He trains also UFC fighter Teemu Packalen.
Martial arts
Immonen trained Wrestling 6 months as a child around age of 12, but continued to play volleyball instead of wrestling. Started Muay Thai at age of 18 and stopped fighting at age of 25. He has been coaching since. Made short comeback in 2014 at age of 40 to fight singer Daniel Landa.
Author
Riku Immonen has published two books in Finnish. Short humorous stories of "Adventures of Harley-Davidson man" at motorcycle forum moottoripyora.org became popular and Immonen decided to publish his first book "HD-miehen seikkailut" in 2008. It sold 10 000 copies and the second book "HD-mies ja löydetyn respektin menetys" in 2009 sold 5000 copies. First book has been translated to Estonian language. Immonen has also written articles for print magazines Fighter Magazine and FightSport.
Titles
Professional
1999 WMC World Champion (160lbs)
Amateur
2001 Finland Boxing Championships -81 kg
1999 I.A.M.T.F. World Muay Thai World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand -71 kg
1998 I.F.M.A. King's Cup World Championships in Samut Prakan, Thailand -71 kg
1998 I.A.M.T.F. European Muay Thai Championships in Calafell, Spain -71 kg
1998 M.T.A.F. Finland Muay Thai Championships in Helsinki, Finland -71 kg
Awards
1999 Fighter of the Year - Trophy. Muay Thai Association of Finland.
1999 Tournament 2nd Best Fighter - Award. I.A.M.T.F. World Muay Thai World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand.
1998 Tournament Most Technical Fighter - Trophy. I.A.M.T.F. European Muay Thai Championships in Calafell, Spain.
Muay thai record
See also
List of male kickboxers
References
Fight record http://www.muaythai.fi/?page_id=762&fighter_name=riku-immonen
http://www.iltasanomat.fi/muutlajit/art-2000000868501.html
http://www.mtv.fi/viihde/seurapiirit/artikkeli/ufc-tahti-makwan-amirkhani-avautuu-kirjassa-suomi-on-pelastanut-mun-hengen/5498806
http://yle.fi/urheilu/3-7692194
http://www.iltalehti.fi/kamppailulajit/2016030121197986_bw.shtml
https://rizk.com/en/casino/promotions/makwan-amirkhani-documentary/3498
Sources
Suomalaiset kamppailulajien tekijät, Tero Laaksonen,
Muay Thai record at MTAF
Adventures of Harley-Davidson man at Moottoripyora.org
External links
Turku Muay Thai
Riku Immonen facebook
1974 births
Living people
People from Joensuu
Finnish Muay Thai practitioners
Finnish male kickboxers
Muay Thai trainers |
16467007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4045%20Lowengrub | 4045 Lowengrub | 4045 Lowengrub, provisional designation , is a dark Alauda asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1953, by astronomers during the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory in Brooklyn, Indiana, United States. The asteroid was named after American mathematician Morton Lowengrub, dean at Indiana University and one of the fathers of the WIYN Observatory.
Orbit and classification
Lowengrub is a member of the Alauda family (), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702 Alauda.
It orbits the Sun in the outermost main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,121 days; semi-major axis of 3.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as at Uccle Observatory in November 1948, almost five years prior to its official discovery observation at Goethe.
Physical characteristics
Lowengrub is an assumed C-type asteroid.
Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Lowengrub was reported in 1996 and obtained from
photometric observations by group of French astronomers in the early 1990s. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.764 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.40 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lowengrub measures between 29.61 and 37.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.062.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 32.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.17.
Naming
This minor planet was named after American mathematician Morton Lowengrub, dean, professor and administrator at Indiana University. The naming took place on the occasion of the completion of the WIYN Observatory with its 3.5-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Lowengrub was instrumental for the planning and construction of the WIYN and was a charter member of the WIYN Board of Governors
Lowengrub has authored several books on mathematics including "Crack problems in the classical theory of elasticity" (1969) together with Scottish mathematician Ian Sneddon. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 May 1995 ().
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
004045
004045
Minor planets named for people
Named minor planets
19530909 |
53807279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Louise%20Burnham | Clara Louise Burnham | Clara Louise Burnham (, Root; May 25, 1854 – June 20, 1927) was an American novelist. After the success of No Gentlemen (1881), other books followed, including A Sane Lunatic (1882), Dearly Bought (1884), Next Door (1886), Young Maids and Old (1888), The Mistress of Beech Knoll (1890), and Miss Bagg's Secretary (1892). The daughter of George Frederick Root, she wrote the text for several his most successful cantatas. The 1923 film, A Chapter in Her Life is based on Burnham's 1903 novel Jewel: A Chapter in Her Life. Born in Massachusetts, she died at the family home in Maine in 1927.
Early life and education
Clara Louise Root was born in Newton, Massachusetts, May 25, 1854. She was one of six children, and the oldest daughter of Dr. George Frederick Root, the musical composer, and the former Mary Woodman. Her father, becoming the senior partner of the Chicago firm of Root & Cady, removed with his family to that city when Burnham was very young, and Chicago was her home thereafter. A return for several summers to the old homestead in North Reading, Massachusetts, together with the memory of the first years of her life, gave her an acquaintance with New England dialect and character, which she used later in her work. As a girl, she chiefly pursued music.
Career
Burnham married while she was still very young. Shortly after her marriage, a brother, who enjoyed reading her letters, urged her to write a story. The brother persisted for months, and at last, in order to show him the absurdity of his request, she began writing. To Burnham's surprise, her attitude soon changed. She wrote two novelettes and paid to have them critiqued by the reader of a publishing house, keeping her identity unknown. The response was unfavorable, the reader going so far as to say that, if the author were of middle age, she would better abandon all hope of success as a writer. Burnham, not being "of middle age," was as reluctant to stop writing as she had previously been to take it up. Recalling her lifelong ability for rhyming, she wrote some poems for children, which were accepted and published by Wide Awake, and that success fixed her determination.
She wrote No Gentlemen (Chicago, 1881) and offered it to a Chicago publisher. He examined it, said it would be an unsafe first book, and advised her to go home and write another. The author's father, who until that time had not regarded her work seriously, liked No Gentlemen and believed in it. Through his interest, the book immediately found a publisher, and its success was instantaneous. Other books followed including, A Sane Lunatic (Chicago, 1882), Dearly Bought (Chicago, 1884), Next Door (Boston, 1886), Young Maids and Old (Boston, 1888), The Mistress of Beech Knoll (Boston, 1890), and Miss Bagg's Secretary (Boston, 1892). Besides her novels, Burnham wrote the text for several of Root's most successful cantatas, and contributed many poems and stories to "Youth's Companion," "St. Nicholas " and "Wide Awake." The 1923 film, A Chapter in Her Life is based on Burnham's novel Jewel: A Chapter in Her Life.
Personal life
Burnham had no children and she resided with her father. In addition to her write, she was a cultured pianist. In religion, she affiliated with Christian Scientist. Burnham died at the family home at Casco Bay, Bailey Island, Maine, June 20, 1927.
Selected works
The right princess; a play [in three acts]
A sane lunatic, 1882
We, Von Arldens, 1882
Dearly bought : a novel, 1884
The waifs' Christmas : a Christmas cantata for children, 1886 (with G. F. Root)
Flower praise : a floral service for festive occasions such as children's day, flower Sunday, Easter, anniversaries, etc. especially adapted to the children of the Sunday school, 1886 (with G. F. Root)
Snow-White and the seven dwarfs, a juvenile operetta in four scenes. Words by Clara Louise Burnham. Music by Geo. F. Root, 1888
A sane lunatic, 1889
Santa Claus and Co. A Christmas cantata for children, 1889
The last days of George F. Root, 189?
Miss Bagg's secretary : a West Point romance, 1892
The mistress of Beech Knoll, a novel, 1893
Sweet Clover : a romance of the White City, 1894
Kate's wise woman, 1896
S., 1896
Miss Archer Archer, 1897
The bundle of sticks : a Christmas cantata for children, 19-- (with G. F. Root)
Next door, 190-
Miss Pritchard's wedding trip : a novel, 1901
Jewel; a chapter in her life, by Clara Louise Burnham; with illustrations by Maude and Genevieve Cowles ..., 1903
The right princess, 1904
The Quest Flower ... With illustrations in color by Anna Milo Upjohn, 1908
How to keep your child from fear, 1909
The Opened Shutters. A novel, etc., 1909
Flutterfly, 1910
The right princess, 191-
Clever Betsy. A novel ... With illustrations by Rose O'Neill, 1910
The leaven of love : a novel, 1912
The Inner Flame : a novel, 1912
Cupid's trap, 1912
The Golden Dog ... Illustrated by Frank Aveline, 1913
The right track, 1914
The mistress of Beech Knoll : a novel, 1918
In apple-blossom time : a fairy-tale to date, 1919
Hearts' Haven. A novel, etc., 1919
Dr. Latimer; a story of Casco Bay, 1921
The queen of Farrandale : a novel, 1923
The lavarons : a novel, 1925
Tobey's First Case. A novel, 1926
Young Maids and Old
No Gentlemen
References
Bibliography
External links
1854 births
1927 deaths
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American women writers
People from Newton, Massachusetts
American women novelists
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century |
2743335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHKT | CHKT | CHKT (1430 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station, owned by the Fairchild Group service, airs mainly Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese programs as well as weekend shows in the following languages: Cambodian, Filipino, German, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Lao, Macedonian, Polish, Punjabi, Russian, Thai and Vietnamese. CHKT's studios at 151 Esna Park Drive, Unit 26 in Markham.
CHKT is powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum for Canadian AM stations. It uses a directional antenna with a six-tower array, to protect other stations on AM 1430. The transmitter is on one of the Toronto Islands.
History
CKCL and CKEY
The station that was the indirect forerunner of CHKT first signed on the air on May 5, 1925. Its call sign was CKCL, broadcasting at 840 kilocycles, and owned by the Dominion Battery Company. As with many radio stations in the early years of radio broadcasting, the station changed frequencies a number of times in its first years of operation. It settled on 580 kHz frequency in 1931.
In 1945, the station was sold to Jack Kent Cooke's Toronto Broadcasting Co., and adopted the call sign CKEY. It was acquired in 1961 by Shoreacres Broadcasting, a consortium that included Westinghouse and The Globe and Mail.
CKEY changed its frequency to 590 in 1964 as CKWW signed on at 580 that year in Windsor and CKAR, (known today as CFBK-FM), in Huntsville had to change its frequency from 590 to 630 kHz.
Top 40
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, CKEY was the leading Top 40 competitor to 1050 CHUM. One of its DJs was later CFNY staple David Marsden, known as Dave Mickie at CKEY (and later at CHUM as well). Another notable broadcaster was Bryan Fustukian, broadcasting as Vik Armen. The station dropped its Top 40 format for middle of the road music in 1965, now going up against CFRB, and was successful in that arena for a time. Shoreacres, in turn, was acquired by Maclean-Hunter in 1966.
A transmitter for CKEY was once located on Midland Avenue and Eglinton Avenue East in Scarborough. This site was sold to the Scarborough Board of Education in 1964 to build Tabor Park Vocational School for the area's redevelopment. From 1972 until the 1990s, CKEY's and then CKYC's offices and studios were located in the Toronto Star building at One Yonge Street.
MOR and Oldies
From 1970 to 1984, CKEY featured Charles Templeton and Pierre Berton on the commentary show Dialogue with Templeton also reading the morning news for several years. The station also had Stephen Lewis as a commentator in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
On January 1, 1984, CKEY flipped from its long running MOR format to soft rock/oldies as "Solid Gold CKEY."
On April 25, 1988, Key Radio Limited was denied a license to move CKEY from 590 kHz to 99.1 MHz as well The CKO Radio Partnership (CKO) was also denied to move the all-news radio station CKO from 99.1 MHz to 590 kHz.
On June 20, 1988, the station became Key 590 moving from its Soft AC and Oldies mix to all Oldies, once again competing directly with a re-formatted CHUM.
At 7 p.m. on March 14, 1991, CKEY signed off and began stunting with the sound of a heartbeat. The following morning at 9, the station adopted a country format, changing its call sign to CKYC. The CKEY call sign was subsequently picked up by a station in Fort Erie.
Frequency Swap
After Rogers Communications acquired Maclean-Hunter in 1994, CKYC was sold to Telemedia. Telemedia subsequently swapped CKYC's frequency with that of its sports outlet CJCL. On February 6, 1995, at 10 AM, CKYC ceased airing country music, and after stunting with a ticking clock for two hours, CJCL and CKYC swapped frequencies.
CKYC subsequently aired only syndicated programming until it went off the air permanently in late 1996.
CHKT Signs On
CHKT was launched as an ethnic, multilingual radio station by Fairchild Group in 1997, over the 1430 AM frequency that had been occupied by CKYC immediately prior to its signing off for the last time. The CKYC call sign was subsequently picked up by a station in Owen Sound in 2001.
In October 2019, Fairchild Radio gained public attention when it fired a Toronto radio talk-show host allegedly because of his questions during an interview perceived as critical of the Chinese government's stance on the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.
References
External links
Fairchild Radio
Remembering CKEY Radio Toronto - 580 - 590
CHKT history - Canadian Communications Foundation
HKT
CHKT
CHKT
HKT
1925 establishments in Ontario |
62878214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Kretz | Jean-Marie Kretz | Jean-Marie Kretz (born 29 December 1958) is a French weightlifter. He competed in the men's heavyweight I event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
1958 births
Living people
French male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters of France
Weightlifters at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
27093478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvarina%20ginae | Volvarina ginae | Volvarina ginae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.
Description
Distribution
References
Marginellidae
Gastropods described in 2003 |
67549779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keffing%20Dioubat%C3%A9 | Keffing Dioubaté | Keffing Dioubaté (born 28 November 1975) is a Guinean footballer. He played in five matches for the Guinea national football team in 1998. He was also named in Guinea's squad for the 1998 African Cup of Nations tournament.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Guinean footballers
Guinea international footballers
1998 African Cup of Nations players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Association footballers not categorized by position |
36357809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20Barn%20%28Lima%2C%20Ohio%29 | Round Barn (Lima, Ohio) | The Round Barn near Lima, Ohio, United States, is a round barn that was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
It may have been known also as Isaac Rozell Round Barn.
References
Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Allen County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Allen County, Ohio
Infrastructure completed in 1911
Round barns in Ohio |
67787355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20%28Kensington%20album%29 | Control (Kensington album) | Control is the fourth studio album released by Dutch band Kensington. It was released on October 28, 2016, by Universal Music.
Recording
The band hired American producer Michael Beinhorn to assist with the recording and production of the album.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2016 albums |
4209862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl%20gourami | Pearl gourami | The pearl gourami (Trichopodus leerii) is a species of gourami native to Southeast Asia.
Description
These fish reach about TL. The body is a brownish-silver colour, covered in a pearl-like pattern with a distinct black line running from the fish's head, and gradually thinning towards the caudal fin. This fish's appearance has given rise to many popular names, such as the lace gourami and the mosaic gourami.
Male specimens of this fish, typical of many gouramis, are generally larger and more colourful than their female counterparts. They exhibit bright orange colouring around the throat region, which at breeding time becomes much brighter and is used to court the female. Males also exhibit somewhat of an orange tinge in their fins, with the exception of the caudal (tail) fin. The male also has longer fins, with a more pointed dorsal fin and extended anal fin rays.
Distribution and habitat
The pearl gourami is native to Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia (where it is found on the islands of Sumatra, and Borneo). It occurs in lowland swamps with acidic water. This fish prefers the top and middle levels of the water.
Species description and name
Trichopodus leerii was formally described as Trichopus leerii by the Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker in 1852. The type was collected at Palembang in Sumatra by Lieutenant-Colonel J. M. van Leer who was a medical colleague of Bleeker's and whom Bleeker honoured in its specific name.
In the aquarium
Tank requirements
A tank with a volume of 120 litres (30 gallons) or over is generally recommended for a pair of pearl gouramis, although anything above that volume is greatly recommended, since these fish may show signs of stress, abnormal aggression, and illness when confined. Preferred tank temperatures are 22–28°C (72–82F). Tanks with surfaces exposed to fresh, humid air are needed so that the pearl gourami's labyrinth organ can function correctly. As with any tropical aquarium, adequate filtration, lighting, substrate and decorations, plants, and other parts of proper care are required. This fish may be somewhat timid or shy, and should not be kept with fish that are too boisterous or aggressive. In fact, in the first several days or weeks, these fish typically show extreme shyness and timidness, spending a great deal of time hiding, regardless of tank-mates or water properties. If in proper conditions, however, they will outgrow this and become more gregarious, becoming social fish. Although somewhat hardy, pearl gouramis can be vulnerable to disease, so clean water is a must. Many gouramis display bolder behavior when the tank is furnished with plants, decorations, and ornaments which provide safe refuges for the fish in times of stress.
Breeding
The pearl gourami is a bubble nest builder that uses plants to help bind together the bubbles. The water level should be reduced to 20 cm (8 in) during spawning
, and the temperature should be approximately 28 °C (82 °F) and with a pH of around 7. After spawning both adults cannot be kept together. The eggs hatch after two days and the fry become free swimming three days later (Ter Morshuizen 2007). When they commence with swimming freely the fry can be fed infusoria and brine shrimp, and a week later finely ground flakes. Freeze-dried tablets may also be fed to older fry. The temperature needs to be high (about 84 °F) and with little or no water movement. Since they are air breathers, filtration is not necessary.
The pearl gourami has a very unusual and beautiful mating dance. The male builds a nest of tiny, durable bubbles. The female takes a position under the nest and the male curves his body tightly around her, from underneath. Her body quivers while she expels a few eggs. Next he releases her and picks up the eggs in his mouth as they are sinking, then he spits them into the bubble nest. This sequence is repeated several times, until the female has laid all of her eggs.
The fry are tiny at hatching (.2 mm or smaller). The male cares for the fry, taking them into his mouth and spitting them back into the nest if they fall out. Some tend to grow faster than others, and will exhibit fratricide, eating their smaller siblings.
References
Pearl gourami
Fish of Southeast Asia
Fish of Thailand
Fish described in 1852
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker |
40849461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplocochlias%20bellus | Haplocochlias bellus | Haplocochlias bellus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Skeneidae.
Description
(Original description by W.H. Dall) The height of the shell attains 3.5 mm, its diameter also 3.5 mm. The small, white, solid shell is shaped much like Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758), having 4½ whorls and a minute glassy rounded nucleus. The radiating sculpture consists of fine incremental striae and occasional irregularities of growth. The spiral sculpture consists of two sorts. First, the fine spiral grooving covers the whole shell evenly and is always present. Secondly, there are strong spiral ridges, generally nine or ten on the body whorl, but sometimes smaller and more numerous, sometimes partly absent, sometimes so arranged as to tabulate the part of the whorl next the suture, and almost invariably smaller and weaker as they approach the base and the centre of the base. The suture is distinct, not channelled. The simple aperture is nearly circular, but the outer margin of its thickened edge is angulated at the junction with the body. The callus is continuous. The columella is arched, with a small chink, but no umbilicus behind it. This chink varies in size with different specimens. The aperture is oblique, its upper margin a little depressed. This shell sometimes has the raised riblets reddish brown against the waxen white of the rest.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.
References
Rubio F., Fernández-Garcés R. & Rolán E. 2013. The genus Haplocochlias (Gastropoda, Skeneidae). Iberus, 31(2): 41–126 page(s): 76–81
External links
bellus
Gastropods described in 1889 |
8400296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchak%20%28Aimaq%20tribe%29 | Kipchak (Aimaq tribe) | Aimaq Kipchaks () are Aimaq tribe of Kyrgyz origin that can be found in Obi district to the east of western Afghanistan's province of Herat, between the rivers Farāh Rud and Hari Rud. Afghan Kypchaks together with the Durzai and Kakar, two other tribes of Pashtun origin, constitute Taymani tribe. There are approximately 440,000 Afghan Kipchaks.
See also
Aimaq people
Taymani (Aimaq tribe)
Kipchaks
References
Aymaq
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Turkic peoples of Asia |
40491388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarsia%20amalleuta | Anarsia amalleuta | Anarsia amalleuta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
The wingspan is 13–15 mm. The forewings are grey irrorated (sprinkled) with white and with two short oblique blackish-grey marks on the costa about one-fourth, an elongate narrow spot about the middle, and two oblique marks beyond this. There is also a blackish streak beneath the costa from the base to the middle, one in the disc from near the base to the termen beneath the apex and one submedian from the base to the termen to above the tornus, interrupted in the middle. There is also one from the dorsum near the base to the tornus, obliquely interrupted before the middle, and two short oblique ones towards the costa posteriorly. The hindwings are rather dark grey, becoming hyaline (glass like) towards the base.
References
amalleuta
Moths described in 1913
Moths of Africa |
65808989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Ventura | Mario Ventura | Mario Ventura (born 21 April 1974) is a Jamaican cricketer. He played in 39 first-class and 10 List A matches for the Jamaican cricket team from 1992 to 2004.
See also
List of Jamaican representative cricketers
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Jamaican cricketers
Jamaica cricketers
Sportspeople from Kingston, Jamaica |
55997948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20SVL%20season | 2008 SVL season | The 2008 Shakey's V-League (SVL) season was the fifth season of the Shakey's V-League. There were two indoor conferences for this season.
1st Conference
The Shakey's V-League 5th Season 1st Conference was the seventh conference of Shakey's V-League, a collegiate women's volleyball league in the Philippines founded in 2004. The conference started March 30, 2008 at the Filoil Flying V Centre (formerly The Arena), San Juan.
Participating teams
Preliminary round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
|}
Match results
All times are in Philippines Standard Time (UTC+08:00)
|}
Finals
3rd place
|}
Championship
|}
Final standings
Individual awards
2nd Conference
Participating teams
Preliminary round
Final round
All series are best-of-3
Final standings
Individual awards
References
2008 in Philippine sport |
22223112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neto%20%28deity%29 | Neto (deity) | Neto or Mars Neto is the name of one of the deities of ancient Iberian Peninsula. It was revered in many places of the Peninsula, but mainly by the Iberians and Celtiberians. He was probably a god of war.
Name and functions
Macrobius in his Saturnalia, calls Neto both a sun god and equivalent in Hispania to the Roman Mars and Apollo. A name Neito appears on the Celtiberian Botorrita bronze plaque. The name also recalls an Irish war god Neit whose name might be derived from the same Celtic root meaning passion or conflict.
References
Lusitanian gods
War gods
Solar gods
Martian deities |
18773545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topola%20Kr%C3%B3lewska | Topola Królewska | Topola Królewska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczyca, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north of Łęczyca and north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Łęczyca County |
33418454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonia%20stradbrokensis | Persoonia stradbrokensis | Persoonia stradbrokensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an erect shrub or tree with hairy young branchlets, elliptic to egg-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers borne in groups of up to twenty on a rachis up to , each flower with a leaf or scale leaf at its base.
Description
Persoonia stradbrokensis is an erect shrub or tree that typically grows to a height of with smooth bark above, rough bark on the lower trunk, and branchlets that are covered with greyish to light brown hairs when young. The leaves are broadly elliptical to egg-shaped, long, wide and hairy when young. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to twenty along a rachis up to long that continues to grow after flowering, each flower on a pedicel long with a leaf or scale leaf at its base. The tepals are yellow and long. Flowering mainly occurs from December to May and the fruit is a drupe.
Taxonomy
Persoonia stradbrokensis was first formally described in 1921 by Karel Domin in Bibliotheca Botanica from specimens he collected on Stradbroke Island in 1910.
Distribution and habitat
This geebung grows from coastal heath to forest in near-coastal areas of Australia between Tin Can Bay in south-eastern Queensland and the Hastings River in north-eastern New South Wales.
References
stradbrokensis
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1921
Taxa named by Karel Domin |
33224392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila%20Nebeker | Aquila Nebeker | Aquila Nebeker (1859–1933) was the president of the Utah Senate during its second term. It was under his direction that the state legislature failed to elect a representative of Utah to the United States Senate. Nebeker served as acting governor of Utah for a short time.
Nebeker later served as U.S. Marshal over southeastern Utah and was involved in the a standoff between the U.S. government and Ute Indians.
Notes
References
Utah History collection entry on Nebeker
Utah History to Go article on failure of Utah Legislature to elect a member of the U.S. Senate
1859 births
1933 deaths
Utah state senators
United States Marshals |
11030270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20TL | Project TL | Project TL (The Lineage) is an upcoming massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) by NCSoft. It is part of the Lineage series and a sequel to the first Lineage game. The game was first announced and titled as Lineage Eternal in November 2011 but has suffered numerous delays in its release schedule, with the earliest beta testing planned. The first South Korea Closed Beta began in 2016, starting on November 30 and ending on December 4. NCSoft has rebooted the game as Project TL in NCSOFT Director Cut private event.
Development
The game has suffered from numerous delays during development. NCSOFT officially announced Lineage Eternal as the sequel to the first Lineage, released in 1998 in November 8, 2011. The first gameplay videos debuted at the G-Star 2011 gaming convention in South Korea on November 9. In August 2013, NCSOFT was preparing to roll out the beta schedule of Lineage Eternal by the end of that year. The developers planned to initiate beta testing in Korea towards the end of year of 2015, but during a conference call in November they confirmed that closed beta testing would be delayed until '16.
In NCSOFT Q1 2017 earning conferences, NCSOFT had said that the development team of Lineage Eternal had significant changes due to the change of game producer. The new team continued the development process of the game with a new target and changes to the game engine from a proprietary game engine that was used in Guild Wars to Unreal Engine 4. The game has changed to Project TL in 2017.
References
External links
Lineage Eternal CBT1 (500 screenshots)
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Lineage (series)
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
NCSoft
Upcoming video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in South Korea
Windows games
Unreal Engine games |
2691196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%20Gormley%20Stadium | Tad Gormley Stadium | Tad Gormley Stadium (originally City Park Stadium) is a 26,500 seat multi-purpose outdoor stadium, located in City Park, in New Orleans, Louisiana.
The stadium is home to the University of New Orleans Privateers men's and women's track and field teams. The Tulane University Green Wave men's and women's track and field teams also host track meets at the stadium. The Xavier University men's and women's track and field teams also use the stadium as its home venue. It is also frequently used for Louisiana High School Athletic Association football games, soccer matches and track and field meets.
The stadium features GameDay Grass MT from AstroTurf, a 400-meter all-weather track, three locker rooms, a press box seating 110, and press suite seating for 40.
History
Tad Gormley Stadium was built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression and completed in 1937. It has been used for baseball, football, soccer, and track and field.
In 1957, the stadium was renamed Tad Gormley Stadium in honor of athletic trainer and coach Frank "Tad" Gormley.
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina flooded the stadium, along with parts of New Orleans. It remained structurally sound, but required major repairs to the electrical and plumbing systems along with the playing field. In 2006, running back Reggie Bush was drafted by the New Orleans Saints. He donated over $80,000 to repair the playing field. In acknowledgement of his generosity, Tad Gormley Stadium's playing field was renamed Reggie Bush Field.
Sports
Football
In its early years, the stadium would host high school football games in front of sellout crowds with standing-room only crowds surrounding the playing field. The record for attendance was set in 1940 when 34,345 spectators attended a game between Jesuit High School of New Orleans and Holy Cross High School of New Orleans.
The stadium has also hosted Louisiana High School Athletic Association (LHSAA) state championship football games. The last Class AAAA championship game (largest classification until 1991) held in the stadium was on December 10, 1971 when Brother Martin High School defeated New Orleans Catholic League rival St. Augustine High School 23–0 in front of 25,000. The last title game in the facility was in 1975, when John Curtis High School defeated Notre Dame High School of Crowley 13–12 for the Class AA title.
The University of New Orleans Privateers' club football team played in the stadium from 1965 to 1968 and again from 2008 to 2011. The Tulane Green Wave football team played four homecoming games and one non-conference game at the stadium in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2008.
After Hurricane Katrina, the first event held at the newly renovated stadium was an LHSAA high school prep-football game on September 21, 2006 pitting Brother Martin High School versus L. W. Higgins High School.
Baseball
The stadium was home to the New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) team from 1958 to 1959, after the closing of Pelican Stadium in 1957. On April 6, 1969, the New York Mets and Minnesota Twins played a doubleheader at the stadium.
Soccer
On March 28, 1982 the stadium hosted a World Cup tune-up match for the Honduras National Team against the Tampa Bay Rowdies of the North American Soccer League. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.
The New Orleans Riverboat Gamblers of the USL A-League played in the stadium from 1996 to 1997. On March 25, 2007, C.D. Olimpia played the New England Revolution in an international friendly at Gormley Stadium. In 2008, Tad Gormley hosted select New Orleans Shell Shockers (later renamed New Orleans Jesters) home soccer matches.
The stadium hosted another international friendly match on February 4, 2012 between Major League Soccer's Chicago Fire Soccer Club and Honduran soccer club Real C.D. España.
The U.S. Soccer Women's national team played the Brazil Women's national team at Tad Gormley Stadium on July 13, 2003 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The U.S. defeated Brazil 1-0.
Track and field
Tad Gormley played host to the 1992 U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials for the 1992 Summer Olympic games held in Barcelona, Spain. The stadium hosted the 1998 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.
Special events
Concerts
Tad Gormley Stadium has also hosted concerts by many famous artists, including Alice Cooper, The Beatles, Eric Clapton, Journey, Pearl Jam, Rage Against the Machine, Ramones, The Rolling Stones and ZZ Top among others.
Gallery
See also
City Park (New Orleans)
Louisiana High School Athletic Association
New Orleans Privateers
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball)
List of soccer stadiums in the United States
List of music venues
References
External links
New Orleans City Park
UNO Privateers Athletics
American football venues in New Orleans
Athletics (track and field) venues in New Orleans
Baseball venues in New Orleans
Buildings and structures in New Orleans
College football venues
College track and field venues in the United States
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Defunct minor league baseball venues
High school football venues in Louisiana
Music venues in Louisiana
New Orleans Jesters
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) stadiums
New Orleans Privateers
New Orleans Privateers football
Soccer venues in New Orleans
Tulane Green Wave football venues
Tulane Green Wave sports venues
Works Progress Administration in Louisiana
Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets
1937 establishments in Louisiana
Sports venues completed in 1937 |
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