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22882183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Fadhil | Syed Fadhil | Syed Fadhil (born 16 April 1981) is a professional soccer player who plays for the Warriors FC in the S.League and the Singapore national football team.
He is a natural defensive midfielder.
Club career
Fadhil has previously played for S.League clubs Admiralty FC, Young Lions, Home United and Geylang United.
International career
He made his debut for the Singapore against North Korea on 7 February 2002.
International goals
Scores and results list Singapore's goal tally first.
Honours
Club
Geylang United
S.League: 2001
References
External links
data2.7m.cn
Singaporean footballers
Singapore international footballers
Living people
1981 births
Geylang International FC players
Home United FC players
Warriors FC players
Young Lions FC players
Singapore Premier League players
Association football midfielders |
14467422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoblastic%20nephroma | Mesoblastic nephroma | Congenital mesoblastic nephroma, while rare, is the most common kidney neoplasm diagnosed in the first three months of life and accounts for 3-5% of all childhood renal neoplasms. This neoplasm is generally non-aggressive and amenable to surgical removal. However, a readily identifiable subset of these kidney tumors has a more malignant potential and is capable of causing life-threatening metastases. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma was first named as such in 1967 but was recognized decades before this as fetal renal hamartoma or leiomyomatous renal hamartoma.
Presentation
Congenital mesoblastic nephroma typically (76% of cases) presents as an abdominal mass which is detected prenatally (16% of cases) by ultrasound or by clinical inspection (84% of cases) either at birth or by 3.8 years of age (median age ~1 month). The neoplasm shows a slight male preference. Concurrent findings include hypertension (19% of cases), polyhydramnios (i.e. excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac) (15%), hematuria (11%), hypercalcemia (4%), and elevated serum levels of the kidney-secreted, hypertension-inducing enzyme, renin (1%). Congenital anomalies have been reported in 11 patients: 6 with genitourinary anomalies, 2 with gastrointestinal anomalies, 1 with hydrocephalus, and 1 with the Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. The vast majority of patients present with localized (i.e. non-metastatic) disease. Most patients' disease is classified at presentation as stage I or II (i.e. localized), few patients present with stage III (i.e. locally advanced/infiltrating), and virtually no patients present with stage IV (metastases present or V (i.e. tumors in both kidneys) disease (see staging of renal cancer).
Tumor pathology
Congenital Mesoblastic nephroma is a malignant tumorous growth of the kidney's mesenchyme (i.e. connective tissue cells). Histologic examination of these tumors provides critical information on their prognoses. This examination divides congenital mesoblastic nephroma into three types:
1) The classic type occurs in ~39% of patients. Its tissues show interlaced spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells evidencing low mitotic activity with no evidence of tumor encapsulation; and infiltration into and entrapment of normal kidney tissue.
2) The cellular type occurs in ~42% of patients. Its tissues show densely packed fibrosarcoma-like cells evidencing high rates of mitosis, less infiltration of normal kidney tissue, and multiple areas of hemorrhage and cysts.
3) The mixed type occurs in ~19% of patients. It shows a mixture of the classic and cellular types in different areas of the neoplasm.
Genetics
A study conducted in 1998 found that congenital mesoblastic nephroma tissues taken from some patients contained an acquired mutation, the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene. This gene results from a translocation of genetic material from the ETV6 gene located on the short arm (designated p) of chromosome 12 at position p13.2 (i.e. 12p13.2) to the NTRK3 gene located on the long arm (designated q) of chromosome 15 at position q25.3 (i.e. 15q25.3). This ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion is notated as t(12;15)(p13;q25) and consists of the 5' end of ETV6 fused to the 3' end of NTRK3. In consequence, the chimeric protein product of this gene lacks ETV6 protein's transcription factor activity while having NTRK3 protein's tyrosine kinase in an unregulated and continuously active form. Either event can drive the malignant growth of cells but in most cases the chimeric protein's tyrosine kinase activity appears responsible for doing so. Based on a limited number of genetic studies (a total of 65 patients), the ETY6-NTRK3 fusion gene appears to occur in most cases of the cellular and some cases of the mixed but no cases of the classical types of congenital mesolastic nephroma. However, a more recent study of 19 patients detected the fused gene in all 8 cases of cellular, 5 of 6 cases of mixed, and 0 of 5 cases of classic mesoblastic nephroma. This suggests that expression of this fused gene may be more common in cellar and mixed mesoblastic nephroma than previously appreciated.
Trisomy, i.e. pathological presence of an extra chromosome, also occurs in these neoplasms. Trisomy of chromosome 11 (e.g. trisomy 11) appears to be the most commonly found trisomy in this disease, being detected in 7 of 13 genetically studied cases. Individual case reports have also found trisomy 8 (9 cases), 17 (4 cases), 20 (4 cases), 7 (3 cases), 10 (3 cases), 18 (2 cases), 2 (2 cases), and 9 (2 cases) associated with the disease. The contribution of these trisomies to the development of mesoblastic nephroma is unclear.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of mesoblastic nephroma and its particular type (i.e. classic, mixed, or cellular) is made by histological examination of tissues obtained at surgery. Besides its histological appearance, various features of this disease aid in making a differential diagnosis that distinguish it from the following childhood neoplasms:
Wilms tumor is the most common childhood kidney neoplasm, representing some 85% of cases. Unlike mesoblastic nephroma, <2% of Wilms tumor patients present at under 3 months of age and most present in patients of >3 years of age. Bilateral kidney tumors, concurrent birth defects, and/or metastatic disease at presentation favor a diagnosis of Wilms tumor.
congenital infantile sarcoma is a rare aggressive sarcoma typically presenting in the lower extremities, head, or neck of infants during their first year of life. The histology, association with the ETV6-NRTK3 fusion gene along with certain chromosome trisomies, and the distribution of markers for cell type (i.e. cyclin D1 and Beta-catenin) within this tumor are the same as those found in cellular mesoblastic nephroma. Mesoblastic nephroma and congenital infantile sarcoma appear to be the same diseases with mesoblastic lymphoma originating in the kidney and congenital infantile sarcoma originating in non-renal tissues.
Rhabdoid tumor, which accounts for 5-10% of childhood kidney neoplasms, occurs predominantly in children from 1 to 2 years of age. Unlike mesoblastic nephroma, rhabdoid tumors may present with tumors in other tissues including in ~13% of cases, the brain. Rhabdoid tumors have a distinctive histology and abnormalities (i.e. loss of heterozygosity, single nucleotide polymorphism, and deletions) in chromosome 22.
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney, which is responsible for 5-10% of childhood pediatric tumors, occurs predominantly in children from 2 to 3 years of age. Unlike mesoblastic nephroma, clear cell sarcoma of the kidney presents with metastasis, particularly to bone, in 5-6% of cases; it histology is diverse and has been mistaken for mesoblastic nephroma. One chromosomal translocations t,(10;17)(q22;p13), has been repeatedly reported to be associated with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney.
Infantile myofibromatosis is a fibrous tumor of infancy and childhood most commonly presenting during the first 2 years of life as a single subcutaneous nodule of the head and neck region or less commonly as multiple lesions of skin, muscle, bone, and in ~33% of these latter cases, visceral organs. All of these lesions have an excellent prognosis and can regress spontaneously except for those in which there is visceral involvement where the prognosis is poor. While infantile myofibromatosis and classic mesoblastic nephroma have been suggested to be the same diseases because of their very similar histology, studies on the distribution of cell-type markers (i.e. cyclin D1 and Beta-catenin) indicate that they have different cellular origins.
Treatment
Based on a survey of >800, surgical removal of the entire involved kidney plus the peri-renal fat appeared curative for the majority of all types of mesoblastic nephroma; the patient overall survival rate was 94%. Of the 4% of non-survivors, half were due to surgical or chemotherapeutic treatments. Another 4% of these patients suffered relapses, primarily in the local area of surgery rare cases of relapse due to lung or bone metastasis.. About 60% of these recurrent cases had a complete remission following further treatment. Recurrent disease was treated with a second surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy that often vincristine and actinomycin treatment. Removal of the entire afflicted kidney plus the peri-renal fat appears critical to avoiding local recurrences. In general, patients who were older than 3 months of age at diagnosis or had the cellular form of the disease, stage III disease, or involvement of renal lymph nodes had a higher recurrence rate. Among patients with these risk factors, only those with lymph node involvement are recommended for further therapy.
It has been suggested that mesoblastic nephroma patients with lymph node involvement or recurrent disease might benefit by adding the ALK inhibitor, crizotinib, or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, either larotrectinib or entrectinib, to surgical, radiation, and/or chemotherapy treatment regimens. These drugs inhibit NTRK3's tyrosine kinase activity. Crizotinib has proven useful in treating certain cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that are associated with the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene while larotrectinib and entrectinib have been useful in treating various cancers (e.g. a metastatic sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mammary analog secretory carcinoma, and colorectal cancer) that are driven by mutated, overly active tyrosine kinases. Relevant to this issue, a 16-month-old girl with infantile fibrosarcoma harboring the ETV6–NTRK3 fusion gene was successfully treated with larotrectinib. The success of these drugs, however, will likely depend on the relative malignancy-promoting roles of ETV6-NTRK3 protein's tyrosine kinase activity, the lose of ETV6-related transcription activity accompanying formation of ETV6-NTRK3 protein, and the various trisomy chromosomes that populate mesoblastic nephroma.
References
External links
Congenital mesoblastic nephroma entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Urological neoplasia |
6663386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertad%20Digital | Libertad Digital | Libertad Digital (literally, Digital Freedom) is an advocacy journalism online newspaper edited in Madrid, Spain.
It claims to be classic liberal, with several contributors often tilting to libertarian conservative.
It does not follow a particular party line, but has had links to figures in the People's Party. and other ultra-right parties, like VOX.
It is published in Spanish. An English version, The Spain Herald, appeared in 2005/2006.
Origins
Libertad Digital was founded by Federico Jiménez Losantos who continues to be associated with the publication. Its first edition was released on 8 March 2000. It was also promoted by the economist Alberto Recarte, who was the first president of the Libertad Digital society, and Javier Rubio, who was its first editor.
In 2004 the media firm decided to seek a capital expansion. Some of the shares were acquired by people connected to the Popular Party such as the party's then treasurer Álvaro Lapuerta. It has been claimed that Recarte persuaded "party circles" to get involved in this project after the party lost the general election of March 2004 to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.
Currently, Losantos presides the Libertad Digital society, while the editor of the online newspaper is Raúl Vilas.
The daily
Besides daily news, Libertad Digital is an opinion newspaper. It has nearly a hundred of contributors who write twelve columns a day. Since January 2005, the paper has also had an ideas supplement from Monday to Friday. Among its best-known contributors are Amando de Miguel (es), Carlos Rodríguez Braun, César Vidal, Carlos Semprún, Pío Moa, and Daniel Sirera. In 2004 the editorial Hoja Perenne published the first yearbook.
The paper included the Cox & Forkum editorial cartoons.
References
External links
2000 establishments in Spain
Conservatism in Spain
Spanish news websites
Libertarian publications
Newspapers published in Madrid
Newspapers established in 2000
Spanish-language newspapers |
25943568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastromyzon%20umbrus | Gastromyzon umbrus | Gastromyzon umbrus is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Gastromyzon.
Footnotes
Gastromyzon
Fish described in 2006 |
18597945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo%20De%20Marchi | Secondo De Marchi | Secondo De Marchi (July 30, 1911 – April 18, 1996) was an Italian boxer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1936 he was eliminated in the second round of the heavyweight class after losing his fight to Anthony Stuart. During World War II, De Marchi had Italian people hiding in the attic of his boxing school in Rotterdam.
References
External links
Secondo De Marchi's profile at Sports Reference.com
1911 births
1996 deaths
Heavyweight boxers
Olympic boxers of Italy
Boxers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Italian male boxers |
25442318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doa%20ampla | Doa ampla | Doa ampla is a moth of the Doidae family. It is found from western Texas and Colorado to Arizona, south into Mexico.
The wingspan is about 37 mm.
Larvae have been recorded on feeding on the leaves of Stillingia texana. They probably feed on other Stillingia species as well.
External links
Bug Guide
Images
Doidae |
5770754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Hitler | Heinz Hitler | Heinrich "Heinz" Hitler (14 March 1920 – 21 February 1942) was the son of Alois Hitler, Jr. and his second wife Hedwig Heidemann. He was the younger half brother of William Stuart-Houston. He was also a nephew of Adolf Hitler, who reportedly called Heinz his favorite nephew.
Heinz was a strong supporter of the Nazis. He attended an elite boarding school, the National Political Institutes of Education (Napola) at Ballenstedt in Saxony-Anhalt. When World War II began, he joined the Wehrmacht.
Aspiring to be an officer, Heinz became a signals subofficer with the 23rd Potsdamer Artillery Regiment in 1941, and was sent to serve on the Eastern Front, participating in the invasion of the Soviet Union, known as Operation Barbarossa. On 10 January 1942, he was ordered to collect radio equipment from an army post. He was captured by Soviet forces and was tortured to death at the Butyrka military prison in Moscow in February 1942, at the age of 21. Hitler approved of an offer to exchange Yakov Dzhugashvili (Stalin's son) through the Swedish Red Cross for Heinz, but Stalin, still enraged that Yakov surrendered, rejected it.
Former classmate Hans-Wolf Werner describes how Heinz benefited from his family connection with Adolf Hitler:
"One of the lads had a car. They tore through Magdeburg without a licence. The police stopped them and he showed his ID "Heinz Hitler" and the police just saluted and let them drive on (laughs)."
See also
Hitler family
References
Notes
Bibliography
1920 births
1942 deaths
Heinz
German military personnel killed in World War II
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
German torture victims
German people who died in Soviet detention
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
German Army soldiers of World War II |
61256202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnaya%20Polyana%2C%20Republic%20of%20Bashkortostan | Krasnaya Polyana, Republic of Bashkortostan | Krasnaya Polyana () is a rural locality (a village) in Mikyashevsky Selsoviet, Davlekanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 66 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Krasnaya Polyana is located 17 km west of Davlekanovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kirovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Davlekanovsky District |
26362064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20State%20Correctional%20Center | Bay State Correctional Center | Bay State Correctional Center (BSCC) was a small, general population medium security facility that stood on the grounds of the original dormitory buildings of Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Norfolk. It housed both long and short term inmates and many inmates who were elderly because the entire facility was handicapped accessible. The facility was officially opened in 1977, to combat prison overcrowding rates, with an original capacity of 72 inmates. BSCC was under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Department of Correction.
As of April 2015, the state moved forward with plans to move inmates out and close the facility to save money. As of December 2015, the facility was officially closed.
Prison Address
Bay State Correctional Center
28 Clark Street
P.O. BOX 73
Norfolk, MA 02056
Phone: (508)668-1687
References
Prisons in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
1977 establishments in Massachusetts
2015 disestablishments in Massachusetts |
20363219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal%20%282006%20film%29 | Cannibal (2006 film) | Cannibal is a 2006 German direct-to-video horror film written, directed and produced by Marian Dora in his feature film debut. The film centers on a mentally disturbed individual simply known as "The Man", who has cannibalistic fantasies. He makes a deal with a suicidal man known as "The Flesh" who agrees to let The Man eat him.
Plot
In the intro, a mother reads the story of Hansel and Gretel to her young boy. The setting then moves to the present day, where The Man goes about his day-to-day routines and occasionally chats with others on his computer, where he looks for someone who shares his cannibalistic fantasies. The Man meets with several people he had chatted with, but he either rejects them or is rejected (and in one case attacked) by them, except for The Flesh, a suicidal man who volunteers to be killed and eaten by The Man. The Flesh travels to The Man from Berlin, and the two bond, having sex and frolicking in the nude both inside and around The Man's home.
When The Flesh decides that its time for him to die and be devoured, he tries to coerce The Man into biting off his penis, but The Man is unable to go through with it, even when The Flesh uses drugs to knock himself out in an attempt to make things easier. Disappointed, The Flesh chastises The Man. The Flesh decides to give him another chance when The Man begs him to stay just as he is about to board a train back to Berlin. Returning to The Man's home, The Flesh ingests a large amount of alcohol and pills, then instructs The Man to castrate him with a kitchen knife, which The Man succeeds at doing. The two then fry and attempt to eat the severed penis, before The Flesh seemingly dies of blood loss in a bath The Man places The Flesh in.
The Man drags The Flesh's inert body (which vomits and defecates repeatedly) to a room he has readied for slaughter. Before he can begin taking The Flesh apart, The Man is shocked to discover The Flesh is still alive, so he stabs him in the throat. The Man then beheads, guts and dismembers The Flesh, buries the inedible parts, and cooks and eats the rest; he places The Flesh's severed head at the head of the table. The Man then masturbates to snuff film-video footage of what he has done, and leaves.
Cast
Carsten Frank as The Man
Victor Brandl as The Flesh
Manoush as The Man's Mother
L. Dora
Carina Palmer
Tobias Sickert
Joachim Sigl
Bernd Widmann
Production
Cannibal is based on the true story of Armin Meiwes who killed and ate a man whom he met on the Internet.
In 2004 director Marian Dora accepted Ulli Lommel's assignment to make a feature film in Germany that documented the Meiwes case. Dora's finished film was rejected by Lommel as being too gory, and Dora subsequently released the movie on his own in Germany within months. Lommel set about producing his own version of the Meiwes case, which became the 2007 film Diary of a Cannibal.
Release
Home media
Cannibal was released on DVD in Germany in April 2006.
The film was later released on DVD in the United States by Anthem Pictures on December 19, 2006.
The film also was released by Unearthed Films in a now out of print DVD.
Censorship
Cannibal was banned after its release in Germany on Meiwes’ request.
Reception
Scott Weinberg of DVD Talk rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "One of the sickest and freakiest movies ever to come from a nation well-known for its freaky and sick movies (Germany), Cannibal is shocking, outrageous, sickening ... and just a little bit interesting because it's based on actual events." Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, "The only real selling point Cannibal has is its graphic depiction of cannibalism. There are some nasty, nasty moments throughout, but you have to get through a whole lot of nothing before you see them." Sean Leonard from HorrorNews.net praised the film, writing, "This is the first movie in a long time that disturbed me to my core. The entire second half of this movie is non-stop suffering, sadness, dismemberment, and cannibalism. It feels very real, like the viewer is watching from the next room, but also like the viewer is watching something real. The scary thing is, somewhere out there exists video of the actual events."
References
External links
2006 films
2006 horror films
Splatter films
Horror films based on actual events
German drama films
German films
Films about suicide
German horror films
German romance films
Films set in Germany
Films shot in Germany
2000s German-language films
Romantic horror films
2000s English-language films
Films about snuff films
German LGBT-related films
LGBT-related horror films
Direct-to-video horror films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
Films directed by Marian Dora
LGBT-related controversies in film
Obscenity controversies in film
Films about cannibalism
2006 directorial debut films
2006 LGBT-related films |
27177956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Hill%20AME%20Church | Star Hill AME Church | Star Hill AME Church, also known as Star of the East Church, is a historic African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church building and cemetery located in Dover, Delaware near Camden, Kent County, Delaware. It was constructed about 1866, and is a one-story, three-bay by three-bay, gable roofed, frame building in a vernacular Gothic Revival-style. It features a small bell tower at the roof ridge. Interments in the adjacent cemetery are believed to begin with the founding of the church in the 1860s, but the earliest marked grave dates from the early 1890s.
The church is an important focal point of the community of Star Hill, an early community of African American settlement in Kent County.
Star Hill AME Church was founded in the 1860s and is a daughter church of nearby Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
Today the church is home to the Star Hill Museum, which features exhibits about African American history in Kent County, slavery and the Underground Railroad.
References
External links
Star Hill Museum
African Methodist Episcopal churches in Delaware
Churches completed in 1866
19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States
Churches in Kent County, Delaware
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Museums in Kent County, Delaware
History museums in Delaware
African-American museums in Delaware
1866 establishments in Delaware
National Register of Historic Places in Kent County, Delaware |
67042134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthiconus | Euthiconus | Euthiconus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
Euthiconus conicicollis (Fairmaire & Laboulbène, 1855)
Euthiconus latus (Brendel, 1893)
References
Staphylinidae
Staphylinidae genera |
33821677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20in%20Hand%20winery | Bird in Hand winery | Bird in Hand is a winery located near the town of Woodside in the Adelaide Hills wine region of South Australia.
History
The Nugent family, founders of Bird in Hand, have a long association with Adelaide through the health-care work of Dr Michael Nugent OAM, and his wife Joy Nugent, founder of Nurse Link. Bird in Hand's flagship wines, M.A.C Shiraz and Joy Sparkling Pinot Noir, are named for them. Son Andrew studied winemaking and viticulture at Roseworthy College, and worked in McLaren Vale before buying the Woodside property with his family in 1997. The winery was established in 1997 by viticulturist Andrew Nugent, with 40 hectares of vines planted on fertile land that was previously a dairy farm. The estate was named after the Bird in Hand gold mine, which operated near the site in the 19th century. The first vintage was released in 2001. The original dairy building was extensively renovated in 2007 to house a state-of-the-art winery, cellar door and hospitality centre, which also hosts concerts throughout the year.
Kym Milne MW has led the Bird in Hand winemaking team as Chief Winemaker since 2004. In 1991 he qualified as a Master of Wine (MW), becoming only the second Australian to pass the exam.
Vineyards
The original vineyard (altitude 350m)is planted with Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Sauvignon Blanc, and Chardonnay. Bird in Hand sources fruit from a number of privately owned vineyards around the Adelaide Hills. Bird in Hand produces around 75,000 cases of wine each vintage, has four ranges of wines: Tribute Series (pinnacle), Nest Egg, (super-premium), Bird in Hand (premium), and Two in the Bush (entry level). (Nest Egg and Two in the Bush are also named after local 19th century gold mines).
See also
Australian wine
South Australian wine
References
External links
Bird in Hand website
Hills Wine District website
Wineries in South Australia
Australian companies established in 1997
Food and drink companies established in 1997 |
7503183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie%20Langhorne | Reggie Langhorne | Reginald "Reggie" Devan Langhorne (born April 7, 1963), is a former professional American football player. He played in the NFL for 9 seasons from 1985 to 1993, playing for the Cleveland Browns and the Indianapolis Colts during that time.
College
After graduating from Smithfield High School, Langhorne played collegiate football for four years at Elizabeth City State University, an NCAA Division II school.
Langhorne is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
NFL career
Langhorne was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the seventh round of the 1985 NFL Draft. He played the role of the slot receiver, splitting time with a stacked receiving corps of Webster Slaughter and Brian Brennan, and later Eric Metcalf. Langhorne had arguably his best season as a Brown in 1988, amassing 780 receiving yards and 7 touchdowns. He continued to amass decent numbers, and signed with the Colts in 1992. He made an immediate impact on the Colts, leading the team in receptions and receiving yards. During the 1993 season, he had the best year of his career, reaching 1,000 receiving yards for the first time to go along with 85 receptions. However, Langhorne was cut along with many other veterans after that season, or "all the guys making over a million." He had already prepared a letter of resignation anyway, stating that he needed a break from the game. Langhorne has served as the President of the Eddie Johnson Memorial Foundation since 2003.
Chris Berman referred to him as "Foghorn" Langhorne.
After NFL
Reggie opened up a bar and grille in Newport News, VA which he later sold. He now resides in the Cleveland, Ohio area and is a sales and leasing professional at Serpentini Chevrolet in Westlake, while still apart of the NFL as an inspector on Sundays and a Sports Analyst for CBS WOIO Cleveland.
During the NFL season, Langhorne is a weekly panelist on the local television pre-game show "Tailgate 19", on Cleveland CBS affiliate WOIO.
References
External links
Database Football
1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Suffolk, Virginia
American football wide receivers
Elizabeth City State Vikings football players
Cleveland Browns players
Indianapolis Colts players |
7758260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlander%20%28film%29 | Outlander (film) | Outlander is a 2008 science fiction-action film starring Jim Caviezel, Sophia Myles, Jack Huston, John Hurt, and Ron Perlman, and written and directed by Howard McCain.
The plot is loosely based on the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf, adapted to a science-fiction backstory involving a spaceship crashing in Iron Age Norway. The film grossed US$7 million compared to a budget estimated at $47 million.
Plot
A spacecraft crashes in a lake in Vendel-era Scandinavia (550-790). The only surviving occupant – a humanoid alien – retrieves a distress beacon and a computer which explains that he is on Earth, a "seed" colony that his people have abandoned. The computer downloads the local Norse language and culture directly into his brain. The spaceman soon finds a freshly destroyed village, where he is captured by Wulfric (Jack Huston), a warrior from another village.
Wulfric takes him to the fortified village of King Hrothgar (John Hurt), father of Freya (Sophia Myles), who he hopes will marry future king Wulfric. Hrothgar is concerned that Gunnar (Ron Perlman), chieftain of the destroyed village, will assume it was Wulfric's doing, as Wulfric's father (Hrothgar's predecessor) had been killed by Gunnar. Wulfric interrogates the "outlander", who identifies himself as Kainan (Jim Caviezel), claiming he is from the north, and states that he is hunting a dragon. The village is attacked that night by an unseen creature, which kills several men. Kainan identifies it as a "Moorwen", a predatory creature which caused his ship to crash and now will hunt men and animals alike. When Kainan is taken with a hunting party to find the Moorwen, he kills a gigantic bear that had slain some of the hunters, proving himself to the others who begin treating him as a part of their tribe.
Gunnar and his men attack the settlement, retreating after casualties on both sides. They soon return, pursued by the Moorwen, and enter the safety of the village. Kainan devises a plan to build a huge pit just inside the village entrance, fill it with whale oil and leave wooden shields floating on the surface.
Freya becomes increasingly attracted to Kainan. He explains to her the Moorwen's origin—Kainan's people invaded its land (planet), slaughtered it in the billions and built a colony there. This Moorwen, now the last of its kind, massacred everyone in the colony, including Kainan's wife and child. When his "ship" returned to the colony, the Moorwen snuck onboard and later caused the crash. After listening to Kainan's tale, Freya gives him a family sword, saying she was told that she would know what man to give it to.
Kainan and Wulfric lure the Moorwen to the village. They cross the oil pit by running on the shields, but the Moorwen falls into the pit, and the oil is set on fire. The Moorwen bursts out, kills several people, then escapes. Meanwhile, an offspring of the Moorwen sneaks into the hall where the women and children are hiding. Erik, the orphaned boy that Kainan has begun looking after, alerts Hrothgar, who is killed as the women and children escape. Kainan realizes that they need stronger weapons to kill the Moorwen. Kainan, Freya, and the newly-crowned King Wulfric return to the lake to retrieve fragments of metal from Kainan's submerged ship. While Kainan is underwater, the young Moorwen attacks the boat, taking Freya. Kainan and Wulfric return to the village, where the fragments are soon forged into weapons before descending into the Moorwens' lair.
Freya awakens on a pile of bodies in the underground lair. As the young Moorwen moves toward Freya, it is distracted by the sound of Kainan's hunting party. Many of the hunters are killed, but the young Moorwen is blinded by Boromir. When it returns to attack Freya, Kainan and Wulfric pass one of the new swords, with which she slays the young Moorwen. The cave exits to a high waterfall, where the adult Moorwen attacks. It seriously wounds Wulfric before Kainan engages it in battle. When Freya joins in, Kainan is able to knock the Moorwen over the cliff's edge to its death. Freya and Kainan return to Wulfric's side, where he passes the kingship to Kainan just before he dies.
Kainan tells Freya to wait for the rest of the warriors and kisses her before he heads back to the lake. Night falls as Kainan retrieves some items from his ship, says goodbye to his wife's submerged coffin, then destroys his distress beacon just as Freya sees a rescue spaceship approaching, leading her to believe that Kainan was sent by the gods. The rescue ship departs without Kainan, who stays as king, weds Freya and they adopt Erik.
Cast
Jim Caviezel as Kainan, an alien warrior.
Sophia Myles as Freya, daughter of Rothgar
Jack Huston as Wulfric, nephew and heir of Rothgar, of King of Heorot
John Hurt as Rothgar, King of Heorot
Cliff Saunders as Boromir, Heorot's smith
Ron Perlman as Gunnar, king of the neighbouring village
Aidan Devine as Einar
Bailey Maughan as Erik, a young orphan
Production
In 1998, director Howard McCain met screenwriter Dirk Blackman, who re-designed a story originally written by McCain in 1992.
According to McCain, Renny Harlin expressed interest in directing Outlander. For a time, the film was to be financed independently, with effects designed by Weta Workshop and to be filmed on the South Island of New Zealand, but this plan fell aside. By 2004, production company Ascendant Pictures and producer Barrie M. Osborne had stepped in with financing.
In May 2005, The Weinstein Company announced the addition of the project to its distribution slate, with McCain as director. At that time Karl Urban was in talks to star in the film, but James Caviezel emerged as the lead when production was finally announced in September 2006. By this point, the production had settled on Halifax and Nine Mile River, Nova Scotia, Canada, with a 10-week shooting schedule beginning in October 2006. Some scenes were filmed in the Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, as it possessed an inlet that served as a fjord for the film. Photography was completed on 5 January 2007.
The conceptual design was shaped by Iain McCaig, whose Ninth Ray Studios helped set up concept art, storyboarding, animatronics, and set design. Costume designer Debra Hanson hand crafted costumes for the main characters, using designs from Ninth Ray, while she provided leftover costumes from her previous collaboration, Beowulf & Grendel, to dress the extras.
Kainan's opponent, the creature called the Moorwen, was designed by creature designer Patrick Tatopoulos for free for the film. "Moorwen" was a play on the word Morlock from H. G. Wells' The Time Machine. The director and the creature designer created the Moorwen to be like an animal, only perceived as a monster by those who were threatened. McCain praised Tatopoulos: "He brought the right amount of fierceness, sensuality, the sense of personality and a sentient kind of intelligence to [the Moorwen] that was perfect." The creature was designed to possess bioluminescence, using light to draw its prey.
For the film, McCain constructed a replica Viking village and ship. The ship was modeled after the Oseberg ship and deployed at Little Port, Newfoundland for filming as a funeral pyre. The Viking village was built on a farm near Nine Mile River, Nova Scotia. The crew logged their own trees, and hired a logging crew and truck to construct a parapet 800 feet long and 20 feet tall. The Viking village took three months to build.
Reception
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 38% based on , with a weighted average rating of 4.90/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Schizophrenic in subject and lackluster in execution, Outlander might have trouble finding the cult audience for which it was built." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter said, "it's entertaining nonsense with major league special effects, larger-than-life characters and inventive monsters that draw on the 'Aliens' and 'Predator' models, being terrifying but also vaguely sympathetic."
Derek Elley of Variety said that the "script tries to build up a full range of heroic characters in conflict but is let down by workaday dialogue and direction that doesn't conjure any special atmosphere. Only Hurt, who can always be relied on to turn the most basic dialogue metal into something resembling gold, comes close to giving the picture any verbal style. But despite a couple OK action sequences, the first hour largely passes before delivering any serious mano a mano with the mean Moorwen... Color processing has a cold, grungy look in daytime exteriors and a slightly fuzzy, amber-drenched look in interiors. Geoff Zanelli's score is off-the-shelf heroic-action wallpaper. However, production and costume design do sport an impressive authenticity, and effects work does the job in a genre-ish way. Alas, Patrick Tatopoulos' monster simply recalls elements of other, more famous aliens."
Box office
Outlander had a limited release on January 23, 2009 at 81 theaters and grossed $59,581 at the U.S. box office in its opening weekend. As of August 2009, it had earned $166,003 in the U.S. and $6,192,098 worldwide, against a reported budget of $47 million.
References
External links
2008 films
2000s action horror films
2000s fantasy adventure films
2000s monster movies
American monster movies
2000s science fiction horror films
American action adventure films
American action horror films
Adventure horror films
Alien invasions in films
Films about ancient astronauts
Films about extraterrestrial life
American fantasy adventure films
American films
American science fiction horror films
American science fiction action films
English-language films
Films based on Beowulf
Films scored by Geoff Zanelli
Films set in Norway
Films set in the 8th century
Films set in the Viking Age
Films set on fictional planets
Films shot in Nova Scotia
Films shot in Vancouver
Films shot in Washington (state) |
52553112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderless%20World%20Foundation | Borderless World Foundation | Borderless World Foundation (BWF) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization registered under India's Societies Registration Act, 1860. Working in Jammu and Kashmir, along the conflict-riven border region in between India, Pakistan & China, BWF has rescued hundreds of girls orphaned in the conflict along the India-Pakistan border. BWF strives toward a vision of "One Great Human Family" through a variety of activities, including disaster relief and emergency medical support for the community and rescuing hundreds of children left orphaned by the ongoing conflict and providing love, support, health care and education to help them grow into a generation of peacemakers.
History and Mission
BWF was founded in 2002 by Adhik Kadam and Bharati Mamani in Pune, India. The mission of BWF is to provide ‘Human Touch' to the people of border areas who lost their loved ones in violence and armed conflict in the Kashmir conflict. BWF is on a mission to making peace and spreading love through their various programs. Founders of BWF started working in Kashmir in the year 1997.
Programs
BWF works in education , health care, emergency medicine, and women's empowerment. The organization runs four homes for girls who have lost their parents in the armed conflict in Kashmir Valley, during Kargil War and 2005 Kashmir earthquake. BWF support girls' education, vocational training and mentoring for the purposeful life.
Basera E Tabassum (BeT): A home for orphan girls started in District Kupwara, Srinagar, Anantnag, Budgam and Jammu with the help of the Silicon Valley chapter of Asha for Education.
Kashmir Life Line (KLL): First critical care Emergency Medical Services started by BWF in Kashmir in partnership with National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL), DP World and Jammu & Kashmir health department. Through this program, BWF provided the first four ambulances for the public to the region.
Rah-e-Niswan: Rah-e-Niswan helps the girls growing up in the BWF homes learn entrepreneurial skills and financial management. Established as the first ‘ladies-only’ business in the area and run by the young women of the BWF, it provides women in the larger community a safe and hesitation-free environment to shop for their requirements such as sanitary napkins.
Surgeries of Pellet Victims: Following an upsurge of violence in 2016, BWF organized free surgeries for those at risk of losing their eyesight because of pellet gun injuries. BWF partnered with Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Sankara Eye Foundation in this effort. Conducted by leading surgeons from India, these operations saved the sight of hundreds of victims.
Disaster relief: The BWF team has been a first responder in wake of many natural disasters, including the floods in 2014. BWF was able to recruit doctors and donations of medical supplies, including fully equipped ambulances, from across India to help the people in Kashmir.
Awards and recognition
In 2010, BWF was presented the Harmony Foundation's "Mother Teresa Award" in the field of Social Justice and Peace by the Dalai Lama. Adhik Kadam and BWF were recognized in 2016 for their work by Indians for Collective Action.
References
External links
Official website
Organizations established in 2002
Organisations based in Jammu and Kashmir
Organisations based in Maharashtra
Children's charities based in India
Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2002 establishments in Maharashtra |
986994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Hunter%20Trio%20%28album%29 | Charlie Hunter Trio (album) | Charlie Hunter Trio is the debut album by jazz guitarist Charlie Hunter. It was released by Prawn Song Records, a label owned by Les Claypool. Claypool produced the album, and his former bandmate, Jay Lane, played drums. Dave Ellis joined in on saxophone. Hunter played a seven-string guitar.
Production
The album was recorded by Claypool for one hundred dollars.
Critical reception
AllMusic wrote that "the trio provides an interesting, yet accessible, groove-driven, funky, improvised jam for a new generation of jazz fans." Trouser Press wrote: "Though deceptively clean, its diffuse, fusiony compositions don’t fully convey the group’s sass and spirit — only 'Dance of the Jazz Fascists' ... comes close."
Track listing
Personnel
Charlie Hunter – seven-string guitar
Scott Jensen – trumpet
Dave Ellis – tenor saxophone
Miles Perkins – double bass
Jay Lane – drums
Scott Roberts – congas
Andre Marshall – bells, cow bell
References
1993 debut albums
Charlie Hunter albums
Post-bop albums
Acid jazz albums
Mammoth Records albums
Prawn Song Records albums |
26328090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing%20South%20railway%20station | Nanjing South railway station | Nanjingnan (Nanjing South) railway station () is a high-speed railway station in Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, serving the Beijing–Shanghai (Jinghu) high-speed railway, Shanghai–Nanjing (Huning) intercity railway, Nanjing–Hangzhou (Ninghang) high-speed railway and the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu (Huhanrong) high-speed railway. The new Nanjing South railway station is located a few kilometers south of downtown Nanjing in Yuhuatai District, and has a connection with the Nanjing Metro, served by Lines 1, 3, S1 and S3. Construction on the station began on 10 January 2008, and the station opened on 28 June 2011, two days before the opening of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway.
It is one of the world's largest railway stations in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area), at , nearly six times larger than the pre-existing Nanjing railway station to the north, with five floors allowing for a zero-distance transfer to Nanjing Metro, Nanjing municipal buses and Airport bus lines.
Before the construction of the (New) Nanjing South Railway Station, the name "Nanjing South Railway Station" was applied to another station: a fairly minor rail station located just outside the Gate of China (Zhonghuamen) of Nanjing's walled city, much closer to the city centre than the new Nanjing South Railway Station. To avoid confusion, the (old) South Railway Station has now been renamed as the Zhonghuamen railway station.
Nanjing Metro
Although Line 1 of the Nanjing Metro had already opened its southern extension from to on 28 May 2010, the metro station did not open until 28 June 2011, in conjunction with the opening of the railway station itself. Line S1, connecting Nanjing South and the rest of the Nanjing Metro system with Lukou International Airport, opened on 1 July 2014. The connections with Lines 3 and S3 respectively opened on 1 April 2015 and 6 December 2017 with the opening of those lines.
On 30 September 2016 the metro station served a peak volume of 102,300 passengers.
See also
Nanjing railway station
Zhonghuamen railway station
Nanjing West railway station
Nanjing North railway station
References
External links
Four Main Railways Pass Nanjing South Station, with Long-term Passenger Flow of 120 Million (Nanjing city government site)
Railway stations in Nanjing
Railway stations in China opened in 2011
Stations on the Nanjing–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway
Nanjing Metro stations |
67128098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20%28Thomas%20Anders%20album%29 | History (Thomas Anders album) | History is the twelfth studio album by German singer Thomas Anders. It was released by White Shell Music on 27 May 2016 in German-speaking Europe. Produced by Christian Geller, the album consists mainly of new recordings of former Modern Talking songs. It debuted and peaked at number 42 on the German Albums Chart.
Track listing
All tracks produced by Christian Geller.
Charts
Release history
References
2016 albums
Thomas Anders albums |
43471082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%20Library%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20the%20Nazi%20Era%20and%20the%20Holocaust | Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust | The Wiener Library is a research library at Tel Aviv University which focuses on the Nazi era and the Holocaust. In addition to research books, the Library also holds the Wiener Archival Collection, consisting of thousands of documents on the Nazi era and the fate of European Jewry. The Library operates as part of the Sourasky Central Library.
History
The Jewish Central Information Office (JCIO), which became known after the war as the Wiener Library, was founded in Amsterdam in 1933 by Dr. Alfred Wiener, an active member of the "Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith" (Centralverein) who left Germany when the Nazis rose to power, and Prof. David Cohen, an Ancient History professor at the University of Amsterdam and a prominent member of the local Jewish community.
The establishment of the JCIO was based in an idea from the late 1920s of German Jewish activists to collect information about the Nazi party, as part of the struggle to prevent the strengthening of the party. In a similar manner, the Amsterdam center aimed to draw world attention towards the dangers of Nazi Anti-Semitism, and the worsening of anti-Jewish policies in 1930s Europe.
In 1939 Dr. Wiener transferred the collection to London. Throughout the war years he and his assistants continued to collect information and documents regarding the German occupation policy, responses to it, and particularly on the fate of European Jewry. When the war ended, Holocaust survivors' testimonies as well as information regarding the fate of Jewish refugees were collected. Up until his death in 1964, Dr. Wiener and his team continued to focus on expanding the collection.
In the late 1970s the Wiener Library in London and Tel Aviv University agreed to transfer the entire collection to the University. Following the transfer in 1980, the University's leading historians decided to establish the Wiener Library as a research library affiliated to the Sourasky Central Library. Copies of the original documents can be found on Microfilm at the Wiener Library in London.
Today
The Library's collection has expanded considerably over the past three decades. It now contains: archival material and online databases of primary sources; research books; pamphlets and periodicals; as well as literature of nationalist, anti-Semitic and national-socialist origins. It includes such items as: various editions of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion", German and European newspapers of the Nazi period, extreme-right pamphlets, anti-Semitic and fascist movements and Holocaust denial literature.
The archive consists of thousands of documents from Europe in the Interwar period the Nazi era, concerning mostly the Holocaust, and the fate of Jewish communities and refugees in the post-war era. The archive includes such items as: documents from the Bern Trial, documentation of German Jewry in the 1930s, documentation of Nazi bureaucracy, survivors' and refugees' testimonies and documents from the Nuremberg trials.
The Wiener Library closely collaborates with research institutes at Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Humanities. As a research library it organizes a wide range of academic activities in order to promote interest in and research of subjects relating to the Nazi era and the Holocaust, amongst which are: lecture series, academic conferences, research workshops and exhibitions.
References
External links
The Wiener Library website
1933 establishments in the Netherlands
Academic libraries in Israel
Holocaust commemoration
Jewish libraries
Wiener Library |
91065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skamania%20County%2C%20Washington | Skamania County, Washington | Skamania County () is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,083. The county seat and largest incorporated city is Stevenson, although the Carson River Valley CDP is more populous. The county was founded in 1854 and derives its name from the Cascades Chinook word sk'mániak, meaning "swift waters".
Skamania County is included in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
The area delineated by the future Washington state boundary began to be colonized at the start of the nineteenth century, both by Americans and British subjects. However, the majority of British exploration and interest in the land was due to the fur trade, whereas American settlers were principally seeking land for agriculture and cattle raising. The Treaty of 1818 provided for the region to be an Anglo-American condominium. During this period, the future Washington Territory was divided into two administrative zones: Clark County and Lewis County (made official in 1845).
The condominium was unwieldy and led to continual argument, and occasional conflict. The status of the Washington area was settled in 1846, when the Oregon Treaty ceded the land south of North latitude 49 degrees to American control.
On March 9, 1854, Skamania County was split from the original Clark County. Also in 1854, Walla Walla County was split from the new Skamania County. After that, Skamania County retained its shape, including through the period after Washington became the 42nd state of the Union in 1889. An early county seat was Fort Cascades, built to protect the Columbia River, but the county seat has been in Stevenson since 1893.
Skamania County is also known for enacting what has been described as the "Bigfoot Ordinance", passed by the Board of County Commissioners at its meeting of April 1, 1969 and published in twice in the Skamania County Pioneer, the newspaper of highest circulation in the county, as required by law. Although its passage coincided with April Fool's Day, Ordinance 69-01 was real, was amended in 1984, and has not been repealed. Its purposes included protection of residents and visitors from in the county from a very real concern, "an influx of scientific investigators as well as casual hunters, many armed with lethal weapons", who had been attracted to the area by reported sightings of a creature.
On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.7%) is water. 90% of Skamania is forested and 80% is a part of Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
Geographic features
Cascade Mountains
Columbia River
Mount St. Helens - the highest point in Skamania County
Indian Heaven
Major highways
State Route 14
Wind River Highway
Adjacent counties
Lewis County - north
Yakima County - northeast
Klickitat County - east
Hood River County, Oregon - south
Multnomah County, Oregon - southwest
Clark County - west
Cowlitz County - west
Demographics
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,872 people, 3,755 households, and 2,756 families living in the county. The population density was 6 people per square mile (2/km2). There were 4,576 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.11% White, 0.30% Black or African American, 2.20% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 2.43% from other races, and 2.25% from two or more races. 4.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 17.7% were of German, 12.5% English, 12.1% Irish, 11.2% United States or American and 5.2% Norwegian ancestry.
There were 3,755 households, out of which 34.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.50% were married couples living together, 8.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.60% were non-families. 21.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.60% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 27.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 101.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $39,317, and the median income for a family was $44,586. Males had a median income of $36,732 versus $25,130 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,002. About 10.00% of families and 13.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.10% of those under age 18 and 7.90% of those age 65 or over.
There are more Seventh-day Adventists in Skamania County than members of any other religious group. Skamania County is the only county in the United States for which this is true.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 11,066 people, 4,522 households, and 3,072 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 5,628 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 92.8% white, 1.6% American Indian, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.3% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 5.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 20.6% were German, 15.7% were Irish, 11.0% were English, 6.3% were Norwegian, and 5.0% were American.
Of the 4,522 households, 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.1% were non-families, and 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age was 44.0 years.
Recreation
There are many hiking trails throughout Skamania County in the Columbia River Gorge and the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, which includes the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. The Pacific Crest Trail passes through Skamania County.
There are many fishing opportunities throughout Skamania County. Some of the most popular species include rainbow trout, steelhead and bass.
The Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center Museum, in Stevenson, examines the geologic and human past in the Columbia River Gorge.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through Skamania County, and some of their campsites can be visited.
Those interested in historic markers can visit Fort Cascades and Fort Raines, both built in the 1850s to protect the portage road around the Cascades Rapids.
Kiteboarding and windsurfing are seasonal sports popular in the Columbia River Gorge.
Parks and other protected areas
There are many parks in Skamania County. Only a few have been listed.
County parks
Prindle Park is a county-maintained park with picnic facilities and a playground.
Big Cedars Campground is a county-maintained campground with primitive campsites.
Home Valley Campground is another county-maintained camping area.
State parks
Beacon Rock State Park offers hiking, camping, rock climbing, and picnicking facilities.
Sites maintained by the US Forest Service
Sams Walker Day Use Site offers an interpretive trail, access to the Columbia River, and opportunities to view wildlife. Portions of it are typically wheelchair-accessible. However, vegetation growth sometimes prevents people in wheelchairs from using the trails.
St. Cloud Day Use Site features a short, easy trail through a meadow, picnic area, access to the Columbia River and wildlife viewing opportunities.
National protected areas
Franz Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Gifford Pinchot National Forest (part)
Mount St. Helens National Monument (part)
Pierce National Wildlife Refuge
Wind River Arboretum
Wind River Experimental Forest
Communities
Cities
North Bonneville
Stevenson (county seat)
Census-designated place
Carson
Carson River Valley (former)
Unincorporated communities
Mill A
Skamania
Stabler (also known as Hemlock)
Underwood
Willard
Politics
Skamania County is a fairly competitive county in presidential elections. The Republicans and Democrats won the county four times each between 1988 and 2020.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Skamania County, Washington
References
External links
Official county website
1854 establishments in Washington Territory
Populated places established in 1854
Columbia River Gorge
Gifford Pinchot National Forest
Western Washington |
5146005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybast%C4%B1 | Aybastı | Aybastı is a town and district of Ordu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 31,071 of which 14,326 live in the town of Aybastı. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of .
Etymology
The town was formerly known as Ibasdi (variants include Ibasda and Ibassa, Ίβασσα in ancient Greek) and mutated to Aybastı in the 20th century.
Geography
Aybastı is a rural, agricultural district in the foothills of the Canik Mountains above the Black Sea coast, 54 km inland from the coastal town of Fatsa. The climate and flora are typical of the central Black Sea region although the district is drier at high altitudes. This is good agricultural land with of meadow and of farmland. The road up here from the coast is slow and winding, the journey takes over an hour, and journey from here up into the mountains is even worse, some of it on dirt roads. The people of these country villages are very traditional, for example they marry between the ages of 15 and 22 by arrangement between the families.
Aybastı itself is a small town providing high schools, a hospital and other basic amenities to the surrounding area. Market day is Saturday. The town is growing and today most buildings are four stories or more, the local economy is boosted by money coming from families that since the 1960s have been living and working in Istanbul, Ankara or abroad (especially France and Austria).
Places of interest
Perşembe Plateau () is a high meadow, one of the biggest tourist attractions in the area, located 17 km from the town of Aybastı. Under snow in winter but popular with walkers and trekkers in summer, when there are folklore festivals and country fairs in the 3rd week of July.
Perşembe Plateau has one of the best example of meander in Turkey even its picture is already taken place at geography textbooks.
Notes
References
External links
District governor's official website
Aybastı municipality
photographs
local info website (follow "resimler" for more photos)
and another one
Road map of Aybastı and environs
Various images of Aybastı, Ordu
Epasa - Έπασα - Aybasti
Populated places in Ordu Province
Districts of Ordu Province |
58507909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytthoscincus | Tytthoscincus | Tytthoscincus is a genus of skinks. Originally defined to include a few species from the Philippines, the genus now includes many species from South-East Asia in general.
Description
Tytthoscincus are small skinks, usually less than in snout–vent length. The temporal scales are small and of same size and shape as the lateral body scales (as opposed to being enlarged and shield-like). The digits are small.
Species
The following 22 species, listed alphabetically by specific name, are recognized as being valid:
Tytthoscincus aesculeticola (Inger, Lian, Lakim, & Yambun, 2001)
Tytthoscincus atrigularis (Stejneger, 1908) – Zamboanga sphenomorphus
Tytthoscincus batupanggah Karin, Das, & Bauer, 2016 – cursed-stone diminutive leaf-litter skink
Tytthoscincus biparietalis (Taylor, 1918) – Sulu sphenomorphus
Tytthoscincus bukitensis Grismer, 2007 – Fraser's Hill forest skink
Tytthoscincus butleri (Boulenger, 1912) – Butler's forest skink
Tytthoscincus hallieri (Lidth De Jeude, 1905)
Tytthoscincus ishaki Grismer, 2006 – Tioman Island forest skink
Tytthoscincus jaripendek Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Ngadi, Mohd-Izam, & Ahmad, 2017 – Cameron Highlands forest skink
Tytthoscincus kakikecil Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Ngadi, Mohd-Izam, & Ahmad, 2017 – Fraser's Hill forest skink
Tytthoscincus keciktuek Grismer, Wood Jr., Ahmad, Baizul-Hafsyam, Afiq-Shuhaimi, Rizal, & Quah, 2018 – Sungai Peres forest skink
Tytthoscincus leproauricularis Karin, Das, & Bauer, 2016 – scaly-eared diminutive leaf-litter skink
Tytthoscincus martae Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Ngadi, Mohd-Izam, & Ahmad, 2017 – Hindu Temple forest skink
Tytthoscincus monticolus Grismer, Wood Jr., Ahmad, Baizul-Hafsyam, Afiq-Shuhaimi, Rizal, & Quah, 2018 – Sungai Bubu forest skink
Tytthoscincus panchorensis Grismer, Muin, Wood Jr., Anuar, & Linkem, 2016 – Bukit Panchor forest skink
Tytthoscincus parvus (Boulenger, 1897)
Tytthoscincus perhentianensis Grismer, Wood, & Grismer, 2009 – Perhentian Island forest skink
Tytthoscincus sibuensis Grismer, 2006 – Sibu Island forest skink
Tytthoscincus temasekensis Grismer, Wood Jr., Lim, & Liang, 2017 – Singapore swamp skink
Tytthoscincus temengorensis Grismer, Ahmad, & Onn, 2009 – Temengor forest skink
Tytthoscincus temmincki (Dumeril & Bibron, 1839)
Tytthoscincus textus (Muller, 1894)
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Tytthoscincus.
References
Lizard genera
Tytthoscincus
Lizards of Asia
Taxa named by Rafe M. Brown
Taxa named by Arvin Cantor Diesmos
Taxa named by Charles W. Linkem |
27440137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta%20de%20la%20Barrina | Punta de la Barrina | Punta de la Barrina is a mountain of Catalonia, Spain. It has an elevation of 1,013 metres above sea level.
See also
Mountains of Catalonia
References
Mountains of Catalonia |
18474066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukowa | Łukowa | Łukowa may refer to the following places:
Łukowa, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
Łukowa, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Łukowa, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
Łukowa, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland) |
59596255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Hong%20Kong%20films%20of%202019 | List of Hong Kong films of 2019 | A list of Hong Kong films released in 2019:
See also
2019 in Hong Kong
References
External links
IMDB list of Hong Kong films
2019
Films
Hong Kong
Hong Kong |
26023852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khetasaray | Khetasaray | Khetasaray is a village in Shahganj, Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It belongs to Faizabad Division. It is located 53 km East of the district headquarters Barabanki, and 81 km from the state capital Lucknow.
References
Villages in Jaunpur district |
1354149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20Riding%20School | Spanish Riding School | The Spanish Riding School () is an Austrian institution dedicated to the preservation of classical dressage and the training of Lipizzaner horses, based in Vienna, Austria, whose performances in the Hofburg are also a tourist attraction. The leading horses and riders of the school also periodically tour and perform worldwide. It is one of the "Big Four", the most prestigious classical riding academies in the world, alongside the Cadre Noir, the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art, and the Royal Andalusian School.
Location
The Spanish Riding School is located between Michaelerplatz and Josefsplatz inside the Hofburg in central Vienna. Performances take place in the Winter Riding School, built between 1729 and 1735. The Winter Riding School is a sunlight-flooded hall, mainly white with some beige and light grey, with a portrait of Emperor Charles VI above the royal box and opposite the entrance (to which the riders always salute before they ride), which measures and is in height.
The Spanish Riding School also has summer stables in Heldenberg-Wetzdorf-Lower Austria. The 68 resident stallions are taken there in July and August for seven weeks, where they are kept in stalls with paddocks. The horses are not schooled during this period, but instead are hacked in the nearby forest.
History
The riding school was first named during the Habsburg Monarchy in 1572, long before the French manege of Antoine de Pluvinel, and is the oldest of its kind in the world. Records show that a wooden riding arena was first commissioned in 1565, but it wasn't until 1729 that Emperor Charles VI commissioned the architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach to build the white riding hall used today. Prior to that time, the school operated from a wooden arena at the Josefsplatz. For a time, the riding hall was used for various ceremonies, but it is now open to the public, who may witness the training and performances by the stallions.
The Spanish Riding School was named for the Spanish horses that formed one of the bases of the Lipizzan breed, which is used exclusively at the school. Today the horses delivered to the Spanish Riding School are bred at the Piber Federal Stud located near the village of Piber in western Styria, Austria. One of the original studs used to develop the breed was Lipizza, now called Lipica, near Trieste in modern Slovenia, which gave its name to the breed.
The Spanish Riding School has antecedents in military traditions dating as far back as Xenophon in Ancient Greece, and particularly from the military horsemanship of the post-medieval ages when knights attempted to retain their battlefield preeminence by shedding heavy armor and learning to maneuver quickly and with great complexity on a firearms-dominated battlefield.
Traditionally, Lipizzaners at the school have been trained and ridden wholly by men, although the Spanish Riding School states that there has never been an official ban on women. In October 2008, two women, Sojourner Morrell, 18-year-old from the United Kingdom and Hannah Zeitlhofer, 21-year-old from Austria, passed the entrance exam and were accepted to train as riders at the school - the first women to do so in 436 years.
Methods
The methods used by the Riding School are based on François Robichon de la Gueriniere. It is a common myth that the movements were developed to aid in battle; in fact, they were used to strengthen the war horse's body and mind and make him a supreme athlete, not to actually attack. All movements are based on those naturally performed by the horse when at liberty, with the exception of one-tempi changes.
The stallions are taught in three stages:
Remontenschule: ("forward riding") This stage begins when the horse is first brought to the Spanish Riding School as a 4-year-old. The stallion is taught to be saddled and bridled, and is started on the longe to teach him the aids, to improve his obedience, and to strengthen his muscles in preparation for a rider. Work on the longe includes transitions between the walk, trot, and canter, and changes of tempo within the gait, and lasts 2–3 months before a rider is ever placed on the animal's back. After longeing, the horse is ridden in an arena on straight lines, to teach him to respond correctly to the rider's aids while mounted. The main goals during this time are to develop free forward movement in the ordinary (not collected or extended) gaits, with correct contact and on a long rein, and to begin to cultivate straightness. Additionally, the training should have improved the animal's strength and stamina to prepare him for the next stage.
Campagneschule: ("campaign school") The horse is usually ready for the second stage after a year of riding in the first stage, although this time-frame is always adjusted to the individual horse. Young stallions are always placed with experienced riders during this second stage, to help prevent the development of bad habits due to incorrect work. During this time, he is taught collection, and is ridden in turns and circles at all gaits. The main purpose of this phase is to develop impulsion, improve the natural paces, promote self-carriage, make the horse supple and flexible, and gradually develop the muscles of the horse. The horse will learn to bend correctly in the neck, body, and at the poll as appropriate for his conformation. It is during this time that the majority of training takes place, and the horse learns to shorten and lengthen his gait and perform lateral movements, with most of the work taking place at the trot. This phase requires the most time of the three, generally two-thirds of the total time it takes to produce the "finished" horse. Before the end of this phase, the stallions are introduced to the double bridle, to refine the rider's aids.
Hohe Schule: ("high school" or Haute Ecole) In this stage, the rider will gradually push the horse to perfection in straightness, contact, suppleness, collection, and impulsion, to produce improved gaits. Through this work, the horse will learn to perform some of the most difficult movements such as pirouette, passage, piaffe and One-Tempi-Changes. Many of the exercises first taught in the Campaign school are utilized in this phase, focusing on the quality of the work and using them to help teach the more difficult exercises. The stallions are then assessed to determine if they are suitable for the demanding "airs above the ground," the final step in their training. Once they are chosen, the horses are taught their most-suitable school jump, first on the ground and then under saddle.
The riders, too, are carefully schooled. They first work on the longe without stirrups and reins on well-trained horses for up to 3 years, to teach a balanced and independent seat. They are then allowed to control the animals themselves, under the eye of an experienced rider, until they can perform the high school movements. With intensive training, this will take 2–4 years. The rider is then allowed to train a young stallion from unbroken up to High School, a process that usually takes 4–6 additional years.
Performances
Performances at the Spanish Riding School were originally only presented to guests of the Court, and then when they were finally opened to the general population at the turn of the century, it was only for special occasions. However, after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the school opened up regular performances to the general public to help pay for its upkeep.
The original performances were quite short, with the chief riders presenting stallions in the High School movements, airs above the ground, work in-hand and exercises on the long rein, and then a Pas de Deux (two horses in mirror image) and a four-rider Quadrille would finish the performance.
The program today has expanded. It begins with the "Young Stallions" which have recently arrived from the stud farm at Piber. They demonstrate the first phase of training, in which the horse moves forward and accepts the aids. The next section is the "All Steps and Movements of the High School" where four fully trained stallions perform each of the movements seen in the Olympic Grand Prix Dressage test, including the flying change, passage, pirouette, and piaffe. The horses are ridden in double bridle, to demonstrate their high level of training. The "Pas De Deux" is then shown, with two horses demonstrating High School movements in mirror image.
The next section is the "Work in Hand", to show how the horses are trained for the school jumps levade, capriole, and courbette, all in-hand. This demonstration includes work on the diagonal, on the wall and between the pillars. All stallions wear a snaffle bridle, cavesson, side reins, some on short hand rein, some with a short longe. All carry the traditional white saddle of the school. Then one stallion is then worked "On the Long Rein", in which a fully trained Lipizzan performs all the movements it would be asked to do under saddle. In this section, the horse wears a red snaffle bridle and a red shabrack (saddlecloth) with the golden coat of arms of the Austrian Empire.
The "Airs Above the Ground" follows; all horses are under saddle, but the riders do not have stirrups. Movements performed include the levade, capriole and courbette. The performance finishes with the "School Quadrille", consisting of 8 riders working in formation at the walk, trot, and canter, with flying changes, pirouettes, the half pass and the passage. The ride is performed to classical music. Lasting 20 minutes, the School Quadrille of the Spanish Riding School is the longest and most difficult in the world.
Dress and equipment
All riders wear the traditional uniform: brown tailcoats, bicorne-style hats, white buckskin breeches, white suede gloves, and black top riding boots. Swan neck spurs are also part of the uniform. The empire style uniform (1795–1820 in fashion) has remained relatively unchanged for 200 years.
During performances, the fully trained stallions wear a traditional gold-plated breastplate and crupper, called a Goldzeug. They also carry a "school saddle", which is made from buckskin and larger than the more commonly seen English saddle used by the school when training the stallions and riders. Gold-plated double bridles are only used for performances. All horses, except the young stallions, wear red and gold or green and gold shabracks, or saddlecloths, under the saddle. Red is for "All Steps and Movements of the High School", "Pas de Deux", "On the Long Rein", "The Grand Solo" and "The School quadrille." Green is used for "Work In-Hand" and the "Airs above the Ground". The shabrack is also used to differentiate the status of each rider: the director of the school has three gold bands and gold fringe, the chief riders have three bands and no fringe, riders have two bands, and assistant riders have one.
The young stallions are not exhibited in the same equipment as the more mature animals. They are ridden in a plain snaffle bridle and a simple dressage-style English saddle. For training sessions, black bridles, both snaffle bit bridles and double bridles, are used for all horses.
Horses are clean and well groomed. The Capriole horses wear a braided tail wrapped short in a "queue" (known elsewhere as a "mud tail"), which is fixed with a decorative tail bag (Schweiftasche).
Depiction on the euro
The Spanish Riding School was shown in a recent Austrian euro collectors' coins: the 5 euro Austrian 2006 EU Presidency commemorative coin, minted on January 18, 2006. The reverse shows the Vienna Hofburg Imperial Palace in the "Josefsplatz" square. The equestrian statue of Joseph II in its center. The wing of the Hofburg can be seen to the right, which contains the Spanish Riding School and the Redoutensäle.
See also
South African Lipizzaners
Cadre Noir
Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art
Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre
Maximilian Weyrother
Gottlieb Polak
Ernst Lindenbauer
Alois Podhajsky
Georg Wahl
Piber Federal Stud
Notes
External links
Piber Federal Stud in Styria
The Heldenberg – Lippizan Training Centre
Mini-documentary of the SRS during the 1950s, showing the horses in performance
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
1572 establishments in Austria
School buildings completed in 1735
Buildings and structures in Vienna
Tourist attractions in Vienna
Equestrian educational establishments
Hofburg
Equestrian sports in Austria
Establishments in the Archduchy of Austria |
16305856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20Machines | Power Machines | OJSC Power Machines (translit. Siloviye Mashiny abbreviated as Silmash, ) is a Russian energy systems machine-building company founded in 2000. It is headquartered in Saint Petersburg.
Power Machines manufactures steam turbines with capacity up to 1,200 MWe, including turbines for nuclear power plants. Its portfolio consists of turbine generators for the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant II and the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II. Also, Power Machines has supplied equipment to 57 countries other than Russia with significant market in Asia.
History
The company was created in 2000.
69.92% of shares were owned by Highstat Limited, a company controlled by Alexei Mordashov. 25% of shares were owned by Siemens and 5.08% by minor shareholders.
In December 2011, Highstat acquired Siemens's stake in Power Machines for less than US$280 million (3.6 rubles per share), below the market price (4.9 rubles per share). Power Machines was subsequently delisted from the MICEX-RTS stock exchange. In August 2012, Highstat made a mandatory offer of 4.53 rubles (US$0.139) per share to the remaining minority shareholders, which the Investor Protection Association said was significantly undervalued. Following a complaint filed by the association, the Federal Financial Markets Service fined Highstat 250,000 rubles.
Structure
Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod (1857 establishment),
Electrosila (1898 establishment),
Turbine Blades’ Plant (1964 establishment),
Kaluga Turbine Works (1964 establishment),
NPO CKTI named after I. I. Polzunov (1927 establishment),
Energomashexport (1966 establishment)
Power Machines – Reostat Plant (1960 establishment).
Products
GTE180 development , GTE170 production , GTE160 , GT100 , GTE-150 , GTE-250 GTE-300 projects , GTE65 , unit M94yu2 (Licensed V94.2 Siemens SGT5-2000E in 1994)
SGTT build licensed SGT5-2000E (GTE160 GTE180 TPE180) , SGT5-4000F , SGT-600 (Baltika-25)
Silmash Gas and Steam Turbines K- and T- for Power Plants (Nuclear Thermal and Hydroelectric)
Management
The Board of Directors consists of eight members:
From Severstal-group - Alexey Mordashov, Alexey Yegorov, Vladimir Lukin
From Power Machines - Igor Kostin (General Director), Vadim Chechnev
From Universal Invest - Igor Voskresensky
From Siemens - Michael Zuss, Hans-Jurgen Vio
References
External links
Official website of Power Machines
Industrial machine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Saint Petersburg
Steam turbine manufacturers
Gas turbine manufacturers
Engineering companies of Russia
Water turbine manufacturers
Nuclear technology companies of Russia
Russian companies established in 2000
Russian brands
Companies formerly listed on the Moscow Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 2000 |
40981042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzdal%20%28disambiguation%29 | Suzdal (disambiguation) | Suzdal is a historical town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia.
Suzdal may also refer to:
Suzdal Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of Suzdal in Suzdalsky District of Vladimir Oblast, Russia is incorporated as
Suzdal mine, a gold mine in Kazakhstan
Commander Suzdal, a fictional character from The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal, a 1964 sci-fi short story by Cordwainer Smith
See also
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (1168–1389), one of the major principalities that succeeded Kievan Rus'
Principality of Suzdal—Nizhny Novgorod
Suzdal Kremlin, the historical kremlin of the town of Suzdal, Russia
Suzdalsky (disambiguation) |
44421239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Me%2C%20To%20You%20%28Bruv%29 | To Me, To You (Bruv) | "To Me, To You (Bruv)" is a 2014 charity single by Tinchy Stryder and the Chuckle Brothers. It was released on 23 October 2014 on Cloud 9 and was produced by longtime Tinchy Stryder affiliate Dirty Danger. The song was released in aid of the African-Caribbean Leukaemia Trust.
The song entered and peaked at number 92 on the UK Singles Chart.
Background
Tinchy Stryder watched the Chuckle Brothers on television as a child and, after meeting the pair when recording an episode of Celebrity Juice, they struck up a rapport. Shortly after a video emerged online of the group in the studio together.
Music video
A music video for the song was recorded by SB.TV and was set on a suburban British street reminiscent of a typical setting for the Chuckle Brother's popular ChuckleVision TV program. It featured Jamal Edwards, Dirty Danger, Tinchy Stryder and the Chuckle Brothers arguing over a ladder, playing ping pong and skanking in a comedic fashion.
Chart performance
On 31 October 2014 the single entered and peaked at number 92 in the UK Singles Chart
Charts
References
2014 singles
Charity singles
All-star recordings
Tinchy Stryder
2014 songs
Songs with music by Tinchy Stryder |
35040020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema%20Mody | Seema Mody | Seema Mody (born May 14, 1985) is a reporter and anchor for CNBC. Mody joined CNBC in July 2011 after previously being one at CNBC-TV18 in Mumbai, India. While airing on CNBC-TV18, Mody co-anchored two programs, Power Breakfast and After the Bell, as well as co-producing and anchoring other special features.
Biography
Mody graduated from Valley Catholic School in Beaverton, Oregon. After high school, she attended the University of Washington, receiving a bachelor's degree in biological sciences.
Previously, Mody regularly reported on several CNBC shows including Street Signs, Closing Bell and The Kudlow Report - focusing on the biotechnology and pharmaceutical fields. She is also CNBC's first South Asian on-air news personality.
From September 15, 2014 to September 4, 2015, Mody was an anchor for London-based CNBC Europe, where she was a co-anchor of Worldwide Exchange. Mody is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
In September 2015, Mody left CNBC Europe and rejoined CNBC US and serves as the channel's global markets reporter, presenting the round-up of the closure of the European stock markets. She also covers the travel industry and presents Futures Now for CNBC Digital.
References
External links
CNBC Seema Mody Profile and Biography
American expatriates in India
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American television reporters and correspondents
American writers of Indian descent
American women television journalists
Living people
CNBC people
University of Washington alumni
1985 births
21st-century American women |
44755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20Tyre | William of Tyre | William of Tyre (; 113029 September 1186) was a medieval prelate and chronicler. As archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from his predecessor, William I, the Englishman, a former Prior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, who was Archbishop of Tyre from 1127 to 1135. He grew up in Jerusalem at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established in 1099 after the First Crusade, and he spent twenty years studying the liberal arts and canon law in the universities of Europe.
Following William's return to Jerusalem in 1165, King Amalric made him an ambassador to the Byzantine Empire. William became tutor to the king's son, the future King Baldwin IV, whom William discovered to be a leper. After Amalric's death, William became chancellor and archbishop of Tyre, two of the highest offices in the kingdom, and in 1179 William led the eastern delegation to the Third Council of the Lateran. As he was involved in the dynastic struggle that developed during Baldwin IV's reign, his importance waned when a rival faction gained control of royal affairs. He was passed over for the prestigious Patriarchate of Jerusalem, and died in obscurity, probably in 1186.
William wrote an account of the Lateran Council and a history of the Islamic states from the time of Muhammad, neither of which survives. He is famous today as the author of a history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. William composed his chronicle in excellent Latin for his time, with numerous quotations from classical literature. The chronicle is sometimes given the title Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum ("History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea") or Historia Ierosolimitana ("History of Jerusalem"), or the Historia for short. It was translated into French soon after his death, and thereafter into numerous other languages. Because it is the only source for the history of twelfth-century Jerusalem written by a native, historians have often assumed that William's statements could be taken at face value. However, more recent historians have shown that William's involvement in the kingdom's political disputes resulted in detectable biases in his account. Despite this, he is considered the greatest chronicler of the crusades, and one of the best authors of the Middle Ages.
Early life
The Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded in 1099 at the end of the First Crusade. It was the third of four Christian territories to be established by the crusaders, following the County of Edessa and the Principality of Antioch, and followed by the County of Tripoli. Jerusalem's first three rulers, Godfrey of Bouillon (1099–1100), his brother Baldwin I (1100–1118), and their cousin Baldwin II (1118–1131), expanded and secured the kingdom's borders, which encompassed roughly the same territory as modern-day Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon. During the kingdom's early decades, the population was swelled by pilgrims visiting the holiest sites of Christendom. Merchants from the Mediterranean city-states of Italy and France were eager to exploit the rich trade markets of the east.
William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were "apparently well-to-do", although it is unknown whether they participated in the First Crusade or arrived later. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.
As a child William was educated in Jerusalem, at the cathedral school in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The scholaster, or school-master, John the Pisan, taught William to read and write, and first introduced him to Latin. From the Historia it is clear that he also knew French and possibly Italian, but there is not enough evidence to determine whether he learned Greek, Persian, and Arabic, as is sometimes claimed.
Around 1145 William went to Europe to continue his education in the schools of France and Italy, especially in those of Paris and Bologna, "the two most important intellectual centers of twelfth-century Christendom." These schools were not yet the official universities that they would become in the 13th century, but by the end of the 11th century both had numerous schools for the arts and sciences. They were separate from the cathedral schools, and were established by independent professors who were masters of their field of study. Students from all over Europe gathered there to hear lectures from these masters. William studied liberal arts and theology in Paris and Orléans for about ten years, with professors who had been students of Thierry of Chartres and Gilbert de la Porrée. He also spent time studying under Robert of Melun and Adam de Parvo Ponte, among others. In Orléans, one of the pre-eminent centres of classical studies, he read ancient Roman literature (known simply as "the Authors") with Hilary of Orléans, and learned mathematics ("especially Euclid") with William of Soissons. For six years, he studied theology with Peter Lombard and Maurice de Sully. Afterwards, he studied civil law and canon law in Bologna, with the "Four Doctors", Hugo de Porta Ravennate, Bulgarus, Martinus Gosia, and Jacobus de Boragine. William's list of professors "gives us almost a who's who of the grammarians, philosophers, theologians, and law teachers of the so-called Twelfth-Century Renaissance", and shows that he was as well-educated as any European cleric. His contemporary John of Salisbury had many of the same teachers.
Religious and political life in Jerusalem
The highest religious and political offices in Jerusalem were usually held by Europeans who had arrived on pilgrimage or crusade. William was one of the few natives with a European education, and he quickly rose through the ranks. After his return to the Holy Land in 1165, he became canon of the cathedral at Acre. In 1167 he was appointed archdeacon of the cathedral of Tyre by Frederick de la Roche, archbishop of Tyre, with the support of King Amalric.
Amalric had come to power in 1164 and had made it his goal to conquer Egypt. Egypt had been invaded by King Baldwin I fifty years earlier, and the weak Fatimid Caliphate was forced to pay yearly tribute to Jerusalem. Amalric turned towards Egypt because Muslim territory to the east of Jerusalem had fallen under the control of the powerful Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din. Nur ad-Din had taken control of Damascus in 1154, six years after the disastrous siege of Damascus by the Second Crusade in 1148. Jerusalem could now expand only to the southwest, towards Egypt, and in 1153 Ascalon, the last Fatimid outpost in Palestine, fell to the crusaders. Nur ad-Din, however, also wished to acquire Egypt, and sent his army to hinder Amalric's plans. This was the situation in the east when William returned from Europe. In 1167 Amalric married Maria Comnena, grand-niece of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and in 1168 the king sent William to finalize a treaty for a joint Byzantine-crusader campaign against Egypt. The expedition, Amalric's fourth, was the first with support from the Byzantine navy. Amalric, however, did not wait for the fleet to arrive. He managed to capture Damietta, but within a few years he was expelled from Egypt by one of Nur ad-Din's generals, Saladin, who would later become Jerusalem's greatest threat.
Meanwhile, William continued his advancement in the kingdom. In 1169 he visited Rome, possibly to answer accusations made against him by Archbishop Frederick, although if so, the charge is unknown. It is also possible that while Frederick was away on a diplomatic mission in Europe, a problem within the diocese forced William to seek the archbishop's assistance.
On his return from Rome in 1170 he may have been commissioned by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom. He also became the tutor of Amalric's son and heir, Baldwin IV. When Baldwin was thirteen years old, he was playing with some children, who were trying to cause each other pain by scratching each other's arms. "The other boys gave evidence of pain by their outcries," wrote William, "but Baldwin, although his comrades did not spare him, endured it altogether too patiently, as if he felt nothing ... It is impossible to refrain from tears while speaking of this great misfortune." William inspected Baldwin's arms and recognized the possible symptoms of leprosy, which was confirmed as Baldwin grew older.
Amalric died in 1174, and Baldwin IV succeeded him as king. Nur ad-Din also died in 1174, and his general Saladin spent the rest of the decade consolidating his hold on both Egypt and Nur ad-Din's possessions in Syria, which allowed him to completely encircle Jerusalem. The subsequent events have often been interpreted as a struggle between two opposing factions, a "court party" and a "noble party." The "court party" was led by Baldwin's mother, Amalric's first wife Agnes of Courtenay, and her immediate family, as well as recent arrivals from Europe who were inexperienced in the affairs of the kingdom and were in favour of war with Saladin. The "noble party" was led by Raymond III of Tripoli and the native nobility of the kingdom, who favoured peaceful co-existence with the Muslims. This is the interpretation offered by William himself in the Historia, and it was taken as fact by later historians. Peter W. Edbury, however, has more recently argued that William must be considered extremely partisan as he was naturally allied with Raymond, who was responsible for his later advancement in political and religious offices. The accounts of the 13th-century authors who continued the Historia in French must also be considered suspect, as they were allied to Raymond's supporters in the Ibelin family. The general consensus among recent historians is that although there was a dynastic struggle, "the division was not between native barons and newcomers from the West, but between the king's maternal and paternal kin."
Miles of Plancy briefly held the regency for the underaged Baldwin IV. Miles was assassinated in October 1174, and Raymond III was soon appointed to replace him. Raymond named William chancellor of Jerusalem, as well as archdeacon of Nazareth, and on 6 June 1175, William was elected archbishop of Tyre to replace Frederick de la Roche, who had died in October 1174. William's duties as chancellor probably did not take up too much of his time; the scribes and officials in the chancery drafted documents and it may not have even been necessary for him to be present to sign them. Instead he focused on his duties as archbishop. In 1177 he performed the funeral services for William of Montferrat, husband of Baldwin IV's sister Sibylla, when the patriarch of Jerusalem, Amalric of Nesle, was too sick to attend.
In 1179, William was one of the delegates from Jerusalem and the other crusader states at the Third Lateran Council; among the others were Heraclius, archbishop of Caesarea, Joscius, bishop of Acre and William's future successor in Tyre, the bishops of Sebastea, Bethlehem, Tripoli, and Jabala, and the abbot of Mount Sion. Patriarch Amalric and Patriarch of Antioch Aimery of Limoges were unable to attend, and William and the other bishops did not have sufficient weight to persuade Pope Alexander III of the need for a new crusade. William was, however, sent by Alexander as an ambassador to Emperor Manuel, and Manuel then sent him on a mission to the Principality of Antioch. William does not mention exactly what happened during these embassies, but he probably discussed the Byzantine alliance with Jerusalem, and Manuel's protectorate over Antioch, where, due to pressure from Rome and Jerusalem, the emperor was forced to give up his attempts to restore a Greek patriarch. William was absent from Jerusalem for two years, returning home in 1180.
Patriarchal election of 1180
During William's absence a crisis had developed in Jerusalem. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.
The dispute affected William, since he had been appointed chancellor by Raymond and may have fallen out of favour after Raymond was removed from the regency. When Patriarch Amalric died on 6 October 1180, the two most obvious choices for his successor were William and Heraclius of Caesarea. They were fairly evenly matched in background and education, but politically they were allied with opposite parties, as Heraclius was one of Agnes of Courtenay's supporters. It seems that the canons of the Holy Sepulchre were unable to decide, and asked the king for advice; due to Agnes' influence, Heraclius was elected. There were rumours that Agnes and Heraclius were lovers, but this information comes from the partisan 13th-century continuations of the Historia, and there is no other evidence to substantiate such a claim. William himself says almost nothing about the election and Heraclius' character or his subsequent patriarchate, probably reflecting his disappointment at the outcome.
Death
William remained archbishop of Tyre and chancellor of the kingdom, but the details of his life at this time are obscure. The 13th-century continuators claim that Heraclius excommunicated William in 1183, but it is unknown why Heraclius would have done this. They also claim that William went to Rome to appeal to the Pope, where Heraclius had him poisoned. According to Peter Edbury and John Rowe, the obscurity of William's life during these years shows that he did not play a large political role, but concentrated on ecclesiastical affairs and the writing of his history. The story of his excommunication, and the unlikely detail that he was poisoned, were probably an invention of the Old French continuators. William remained in the kingdom and continued to write up until 1184, but by then Jerusalem was internally divided by political factions and externally surrounded by the forces of Saladin, and "the only subjects that present themselves are the disasters of a sorrowing country and its manifold misfortunes, themes which can serve only to draw forth lamentations and tears."
His importance had dwindled with the victory of Agnes and her supporters, and with the accession of Baldwin V, infant son of Sibylla and William of Montferrat. Baldwin was a sickly child and he died the next year. In 1186 he was succeeded by his mother Sibylla and her second husband Guy of Lusignan, ruling jointly. William was probably in failing health by this point. Rudolf Hiestand discovered that the date of William's death was 29 September, but the year was not recorded; whatever the year, there was a new chancellor in May 1185 and a new archbishop of Tyre by 21 October 1186. Hans E. Mayer concluded that William died in 1186, and this is the year generally accepted by scholars.
William's foresight about the misfortunes of his country was proven correct less than a year later. Saladin defeated King Guy at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and went on to capture Jerusalem and almost every other city of the kingdom, except the seat of William's archdiocese, Tyre. News of the fall of Jerusalem shocked Europe and plans were made to send assistance. According to Roger of Wendover, William was present at Gisors in France in 1188 when Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to go on crusade: "Thereupon the king of the English first took the sign of the cross at the hands of the Archbishop of Rheims and William of Tyre, the latter of whom had been entrusted by our lord the pope with the office of legate in the affairs of the crusade in the western part of Europe." Roger was however mistaken; he knew that an unnamed archbishop of Tyre was present and assumed it must have been the William whose chronicle he possessed, although the archbishop in question was actually William's successor Joscius.
Works
Historia
Latin chronicle
William's great work is a Latin chronicle, written between 1170 and 1184. It contains twenty-three books; the final book, which deals with the events of 1183 and the beginning of 1184, has only a prologue and one chapter, so it is either unfinished or the rest of the pages were lost before the whole chronicle began to be copied. The first book begins with the conquest of Syria by Umar in the seventh century, but otherwise the work deals with the advent of the First Crusade and the subsequent political history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It is arranged, but was not written, chronologically; the first sections to be written were probably the chapters about the invasion of Egypt in 1167, which are extremely detailed and were likely composed before the Fatimid dynasty was overthrown in 1171. Much of the Historia was finished before William left to attend the Lateran Council, but new additions and corrections were made after his return in 1180, perhaps because he now realized that European readers would also be interested in the history of the kingdom. In 1184 he wrote the Prologue and the beginning of the twenty-third book.
August C. Krey thought William's Arabic sources may have come from the library of the Damascene diplomat Usama ibn Munqidh, whose library was looted by Baldwin III from a shipwreck in 1154. Alan V. Murray, however, has argued that, at least for the accounts of Persia and the Turks in his chronicle, William relied on Biblical and earlier medieval legends rather than actual history, and his knowledge "may be less indicative of eastern ethnography than of western mythography." William had access to the chronicles of the First Crusade, including Fulcher of Chartres, Albert of Aix, Raymond of Aguilers, Baldric of Dol, and the Gesta Francorum, as well as other documents located in the kingdom's archives. He used Walter the Chancellor and other now-lost works for the history of the Principality of Antioch. From the end of Fulcher's chronicle in 1127, William is the only source of information from an author living in Jerusalem. For events that happened in William's own lifetime, he interviewed older people who had witnessed the events about which he was writing, and drew on his own memory.
William's classical education allowed him to compose Latin superior to that of many medieval writers. He used numerous ancient Roman and early Christian authors, either for quotations or as inspiration for the framework and organization of the Historia. His vocabulary is almost entirely classical, with only a few medieval constructions such as "loricator" (someone who makes armour, a calque of the Arabic "zarra") and "assellare" (to empty one's bowels). He was capable of clever word-play and advanced rhetorical devices, but he was prone to repetition of a number of words and phrases. His writing also shows phrasing and spelling which is unusual or unknown in purely classical Latin but not uncommon in medieval Latin, such as:
confusion between reflexive and possessive pronouns;
confusion over the use of the accusative and ablative cases, especially after the preposition in;
collapsed diphthongs (i.e. the Latin diphthongs ae and oe are spelled simply e);
the dative "mihi" ("to me") is spelled "michi";
a single "s" is often doubled, for example in the adjectival place-name ending which he often spells "-enssis"; this spelling is also used to represent the Arabic "sh", a sound which Latin lacks, for example in the name Shawar which he spells "Ssauar".
Literary themes and biases
Despite his quotations from Christian authors and from the Bible, William did not place much emphasis on the intervention of God in human affairs, resulting in a somewhat "secular" history. Nevertheless, he included much information that is clearly legendary, especially when referring to the First Crusade, which even in his own day was already considered an age of great Christian heroes. Expanding on the accounts of Albert of Aix, Peter the Hermit is given prominence in the preaching of the First Crusade, to the point that it was he, not Pope Urban II, who originally conceived the crusade. Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of crusader Jerusalem, was also depicted as the leader of the crusade from the beginning, and William attributed to him legendary strength and virtue. This reflected the almost mythological status that Godfrey and the other first crusaders held for the inhabitants of Jerusalem in the late twelfth century.
William gave a more nuanced picture of the kings of his own day. He claimed to have been commissioned to write by King Amalric himself, but William did not allow himself to praise the king excessively; for example, Amalric did not respect the rights of the church, and although he was a good military commander, he could not stop the increasing threat from the neighbouring Muslim states. On a personal level, William admired the king's education and his interest in history and law, but also noted that Amalric had "breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist" and was shocked when the king questioned the resurrection of the dead.
About Amalric's son Baldwin IV, however, "there was no ambiguity". Baldwin was nothing but heroic in the face of his debilitating leprosy, and he led military campaigns against Saladin even while still underaged; William tends to gloss over campaigns where Baldwin was not actually in charge, preferring to direct his praise towards the afflicted king rather than subordinate commanders. William's history can be seen as an apologia, a literary defense, for the kingdom, and more specifically for Baldwin's rule. By the 1170s and 1180s, western Europeans were reluctant to support the kingdom, partly because it was far away and there were more pressing concerns in Europe, but also because leprosy was usually considered divine punishment.
William was famously biased against the Knights Templar, whom he believed to be arrogant and disrespectful of both secular and ecclesiastical hierarchies, as they were not required to pay tithes and were legally accountable only to the Pope. Although he was writing decades later, he is the earliest author to describe the actual foundation of the Templar order. He was generally favourable towards them when discussing their early days, but resented the power and influence they held in his own time. William accused them of hindering the siege of Ascalon in 1153; of poorly defending a cave-fortress in 1165, for which twelve Templars were hanged by King Amalric; of sabotaging the invasion of Egypt in 1168; and of murdering Assassin ambassadors in 1173.
Compared to other Latin authors of the twelfth century, William is surprisingly favourable to the Byzantine Empire. He had visited the Byzantine court as an official ambassador and probably knew more about Byzantine affairs than any other Latin chronicler. He shared the poor opinion of Alexius I Comnenus that had developed during the First Crusade, although he was also critical of some of the crusaders' dealings with Alexius. He was more impressed by Alexius' son John II Comnenus; he did not approve of John's attempts to bring the crusader Principality of Antioch under Byzantine control, but John's military expeditions against the Muslim states, the common enemy of both Greeks and Latins, were considered admirable. Emperor Manuel, whom William met during his visits to Constantinople, was portrayed more ambivalently, much like King Amalric. William admired him personally, but recognized that the Empire was powerless to help Jerusalem against the Muslim forces of Nur ad-Din and Saladin. William was especially disappointed in the failure of the joint campaign against Egypt in 1169. The end of the Historia coincides with the massacre of the Latins in Constantinople and the chaos that followed the coup of Andronicus I Comnenus, and in his description of those events, William was certainly not immune to the extreme anti-Greek rhetoric that was often found in Western European sources.
As a medieval Christian author William could hardly avoid hostility towards the kingdom's Muslim neighbours, but as an educated man who lived among Muslims in the east, he was rarely polemical or completely dismissive of Islam. He did not think Muslims were pagans, but rather that they belonged to a heretical sect of Christianity and followed the teachings of a false prophet. He often praised the Muslim leaders of his own day, even if he lamented their power over the Christian kingdom; thus Muslim rulers such as Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Nur ad-Din, Shirkuh, and even Jerusalem's ultimate conqueror Saladin are presented as honourable and pious men, characteristics that William did not bestow on many of his own Christian contemporaries.
Circulation of the chronicle
After William's death the Historia was copied and circulated in the crusader states and was eventually brought to Europe. In the 13th century, James of Vitry had access to a copy while he was bishop of Acre, and it was used by Guy of Bazoches, Matthew Paris, and Roger of Wendover in their own chronicles. However, there are only ten known manuscripts that contain the Latin chronicle, all of which come from France and England, so William's work may not have been very widely read in its original form. In England, however, the Historia was expanded in Latin, with additional information from the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, and the chronicle of Roger Hoveden; this version was written around 1220.
It is unknown what title William himself gave his chronicle, although one group of manuscripts uses Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum and another uses Historia Ierosolimitana. The Latin text was printed for the first time in Basel in 1549 by Nicholas Brylinger; it was also published in the Gesta Dei per Francos by Jacques Bongars in 1611 and the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) by Auguste-Arthur Beugnot and Auguste Le Prévost in 1844, and Bongars' text was reprinted in the Patrologia Latina by Jacques Paul Migne in 1855. The now-standard Latin critical edition, based on six of the surviving manuscripts, was published as Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon in the Corpus Christianorum in 1986, by R. B. C. Huygens, with notes by Hans E. Mayer and Gerhard Rösch. The RHC edition was translated into English by Emily A. Babcock and August C. Krey in 1943 as "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea," although the translation is sometimes incomplete or inexact.
Old French translation
A translation of the Historia into Old French, made around 1223, was particularly well-circulated and had many anonymous additions made to it in the 13th century. In contrast to the surviving Latin manuscripts, there are "at least fifty-nine manuscripts or fragments of manuscripts" containing the Old French translation.<ref>Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 4; For a more updated and detailed historiographical analysis, see http://www.fordham.edu/academics/programs_at_fordham_/medieval_studies/french_of_outremer/sources_by_locale/levant/historical_narrative/william_of_tyres_his/</ref> There are also independent French continuations attributed to Ernoul and Bernard le Trésorier. The translation was sometimes called the Livre dou conqueste; it was known by this name throughout Europe as well as in the crusader Kingdom of Cyprus and in Cilician Armenia, and 14th-century Venetian geographer Marino Sanuto the Elder had a copy of it. The French was further translated into Spanish, as the Gran conquista de Ultramar, during the reign of Alfonso the Wise of Castile in the late 13th century. The French version was so widespread that the Renaissance author Francesco Pipino translated it back into Latin, unaware that a Latin original already existed. A Middle English translation of the French was made by William Caxton in the 15th century.
Other works
William reports that he wrote an account of the Third Council of the Lateran, which does not survive. He also wrote a history of the Holy Land from the time of Muhammad up to 1184, for which he used Eutychius of Alexandria as his main source. This work seems to have been known in Europe in the 13th century but it also does not survive.
Modern assessment
William's neutrality as an historian was often taken for granted until the late twentieth century. August C. Krey, for example, believed that "his impartiality ... is scarcely less impressive than his critical skill." Despite this excellent reputation, D. W. T. C. Vessey has shown that William was certainly not an impartial observer, especially when dealing with the events of the 1170s and 1180s. Vessey believes that William's claim to have been commissioned by Amalric is a typical ancient and medieval topos, or literary theme, in which a wise ruler, a lover of history and literature, wishes to preserve for posterity the grand deeds of his reign. William's claims of impartiality are also a typical topos in ancient and medieval historical writing.
His depiction of Baldwin IV as a hero is an attempt "to vindicate the politics of his own party and to blacken those of its opponents." As mentioned above, William was opposed to Baldwin's mother Agnes of Courtenay, Patriarch Heraclius, and their supporters; his interpretation of events during Baldwin's reign was previously taken as fact almost without question. In the mid twentieth century, Marshall W. Baldwin, Steven Runciman, and Hans Eberhard Mayer were influential in perpetuating this point of view, although the more recent re-evaluations of this period by Vessey, Peter Edbury and Bernard Hamilton have undone much of William's influence.
An often-noted flaw in the Historia is William's poor memory for dates. "Chronology is sometimes confused, and dates are given wrongly", even for basic information such as the regnal dates of the kings of Jerusalem. For example, William gives the date of Amalric's death as 11 July 1173, when it actually occurred in 1174.
Despite his biases and errors, William "has always been considered one of the greatest medieval writers." Runciman wrote that "he had a broad vision; he understood the significance of the great events of his time and the sequence of cause and effect in history." Christopher Tyerman calls him "the historian's historian", and "the greatest crusade historian of all," and Bernard Hamilton says he "is justly considered one of the finest historians of the Middle Ages". As the Dictionary of the Middle Ages says, "William's achievements in assembling and evaluating sources, and in writing in excellent and original Latin a critical and judicious (if chronologically faulty) narrative, make him an outstanding historian, superior by medieval, and not inferior by modern, standards of scholarship."
References
Sources
Primary
William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
Secondary
John Carl Andressohn, The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon. Indiana University Publications, Social Science Series 5, 1947.
Susan M. Babbitt, "William of Tyre." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph Strayer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989, vol. 12.
Marshall W. Baldwin, "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189." A History of the Crusades (gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin). University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Frederic Duncalf, "The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople." A History of the Crusades (gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin). University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, "William of Tyre and the Patriarchal election of 1180." The English Historical Review 93 (1978), repr. Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 1–25.
Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Peter W. Edbury, "Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin." Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. Maya Shatzmiller (Leiden: Brill, 1993), repr. in Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 173–189.
Bernard Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Harvard University Press, 1927; repr. Meridian Books, 1966.
R. B. C. Huygens, "Guillaume de Tyr étudiant: un chapître (XIX, 12) de son Histoire retrouvé." Latomus 21 (1962), pp. 811–829.
R. B. C. Huygens, "Editing William of Tyre." Sacris Erudiri 27 (1984), pp. 461–473.
G. A. Loud and J. W. Cox, "The 'Lost' Autobiographical Chapter of William of Tyre's Chronicle (Book XIX.12)." The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4, Appendix: Texts and Documents #4, pp. 1305–1308.
Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades, 2nd ed., trans. John Gillingham. Oxford University Press, 1988.
Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre and the origin of the Turks: on the sources of the Gesta Orientalium Principum," in Dei gesta Per Francos: Études sur les crioisades dédiées à Jean Richard/Crusade Studies in Honour of Jean Richard, edd. Michel Balard, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan Riley-Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 217–229.
Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre." The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4.
Helen J. Nicholson, "William of Tyre." Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, ed. Kelly Boyd. Taylor & Francis, 1999, vol. 2.
Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1951.
Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, volume 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
R. C. Schwinges, "William of Tyre, the Muslim enemy, and the problem of tolerance." Tolerance and Intolerance. Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades, ed. Michael Gervers and James M. Powell, Syracuse University Press, 2001.
Christopher Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades. University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin, 2006.
Jacques Verger, "The birth of the universities". A History of the University in Europe, vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens. Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 47–55.
D. W. T. C. Vessey, "William of Tyre and the art of historiography." Mediaeval Studies 35 (1973), pp. 433–455.
Further reading
Primary sources
Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens. 2 vols. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis, vols. 63 & 63a. Turnholt: Brepols, 1986. Latin text with introduction and notes in French.
L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer, in Recueil des historiens des croisades, Historiens occidentaux, vols. I-II (1844, 1859).
J. A. Giles, trans. Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History. London, 1849.
La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. Louis de Mas Latrie. Paris, 1871.
Guillaume de Tyr et ses continuateurs, ed. Alexis Paulin Paris. Paris, 1879–1880.
Margaret Ruth Morgan, La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1197). Paris, 1982.
Helen J. Nicholson, ed. The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum and the Gesta Regis Ricardi. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
Janet Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
Secondary sources
Thomas Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford University Press, 2004.
R. H. C. Davis, "William of Tyre." Relations Between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. Derek Baker (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973), pp. 64–76.
Peter W. Edbury, "The French translation of William of Tyre's Historia: the manuscript tradition." Crusades 6 (2007).
Bernard Hamilton, "William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire." Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides, eds. Charalambos Dendrinos, Jonathan Harris, Eirene Harvalia-Crook, and Judith Herrin (Ashgate, 2003).
Philip Handyside, The Old French William of Tyre. Brill, 2015.
Rudolf Hiestand, "Zum Leben und Laufbahn Wilhelms von Tyrus." Deutsches Archiv 34 (1978), pp. 345–380.
Conor Kostick, "William of Tyre, Livy and the Vocabulary of Class." Journal of the History of Ideas 65.3 (2004), 352–367.
Hans E. Mayer, "Guillaume de Tyr à l'école." Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon 117 (1985–86), repr. Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 1994), pp. 257–265.
Hans E. Mayer, "Zum Tode Wilhelms von Tyrus." Archiv für Diplomatik 5–6 (1959–1960), pp. 182–201.
Margaret Ruth Morgan, The Chronicle of Ernoul and the Continuations of William of Tyre. Oxford University Press, 1973.
Hans Prutz, "Studien über Wilhelm von Tyrus." Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 8 (1883), pp. 91–132.
External links
Excerpts from the Historia from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Fiasco at Damascus 1148 from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Latin version from the Patrologia Latina, via The Latin Library
Latin version from Crusades-Encyclopedia.com
Latin version with concordance from Intertext.com
Old French translation and continuation from Internet Medieval Sourcebook
English translation by E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, from ACLS Humanities E-Books (login required)
1130s births
1186 deaths
12th-century historians
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Canon law jurists
Crusade literature
People from Jerusalem
12th-century people of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
12th-century Latin writers
12th-century jurists
Ambassadors to the Byzantine Empire |
2059937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption%20Act%20of%201841 | Preemption Act of 1841 | The Preemption Act of 1841, also known as the Distributive Preemption Act (27 Cong., Ch. 16; ), was a US federal law approved on September 4, 1841. It was designed to "appropriate the proceeds of the sales of public lands... and to grant 'pre-emption rights' to individuals" who were living on federal lands. (Such Individuals were commonly referred to as "squatters.")
Provisions
The Preemption Act of 1841 permitted "squatters" who were living on federal government-owned land to purchase up to for $1.25 per acre ($3.09 per hectare) before the land would be offered for sale to the general public. To qualify under the law, the "squatter" had to be the following:
a "head of household";
a single man over 21 or a widow;
a citizen of the United States (or an immigrant intending to become naturalized); and
a resident of the claimed land for a minimum of 14 months.
The Act further provided that Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Michigan, or any state thereafter admitted to the Union would be paid 10% of the proceeds from the sale of such public land.
The Preemption Act allowed individuals to claim federal land as their personal property. To preserve ownership, the claimant had to accomplish specific things to legitimize the claim. One way was to reside on the land. Another was to work consistently to improve the land for at least five years. It was not necessary that the claimant have title to the land. Living there and working toward improving the stake were enough. However, if the land remained idle for six months, the government could step in and take the property.
Sections 8 and 9 of the Preemption Act granted 500,000 acres of land to each included state and provided that the proceeds from the sales of such lands "shall be faithfully applied to objects of internal improvement [...] namely, roads, railways, bridges, canals and improvement of water-courses, and draining of swamps."
Results
The Preemption Act of 1841 helped to establish the doctrine of Manifest Destiny in North America. The Kansas and Nebraska Territories were largely settled by such claims. In 1891, the Preemption Act was repealed by Congress and replaced by the Land Revision Act.
References
External links
The Preemption Act of 1841, 27th Congress, Ch. 16, 5 Stat. 453 (1841) Text of the law, accessed from www.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org website on September 12, 2011.
1841 in law
United States federal public land legislation
27th United States Congress
Settlement schemes |
21072812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik%20Vermeulen | Hendrik Vermeulen | Hendrik Meyer-Vermeulen (born Hendrik Mentz Vermeulen, 7 April 1982) is a South African Couturier and fashion designer, specialising in Haute Couture and Corsetry as well as a singer-songwriter performing under stage name Joh Urban.
In 2009 Hendrik Vermeulen launches his label Hendrik Vermeulen Couture having previously worked as fashion designer and chef d’atelier for renowned South African Couturiers, such as Gert van de Merwe.
In 2012, he legalises his business by creating his own company: Hendrik Vermeulen Couture Pty Ltd in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. He took charges of the creative and financial side of the business as Creative Director and placed his husband Jean-Daniel Meyer-Vermeulen at the head of the company as General Manager. The company opens its first flagship boutique across the famous Heritage Square in the City Centre of Cape Town the following year in 2013.
To answer popular demand, the designer started his line of Prêt-à-Porter in 2014 and launched the brand Simply Vermeulen during the renowned Design Indaba in March of the same year.
Hendrik Vermeulen remains one of the very few South African designers who have successfully appeared on the calendar of International Fashion Weeks and showcased their work on prestigious fashion platforms such as: New York Fashion Week, Milan Fashion Week and Alta Roma / Rome Fashion Week in 2015 and 2016.
Early life
After the sudden death of his father Johannes Urbanus, the couture prodigy aged six started sewing under the supervision of his mother, Gerbrecht Christina Naudé, a skilled seamstress and talented dressmaker who was renowned in her community for her excellent sewing skills . At age 15, he sold his first evening dress and started to focus all his attention on the fashion industry while attending various related fashion workshops and classes.
In the beginning of 2001 he enrolled in an intensive Couture course at FCI, a fashion institute with schools in Pretoria, South Africa and California, USA; and finished his 4 years program accelerated over 2 years while grabbing the "Student of the Year" award and receiving his diploma in Couture in 2003.
Fashion career
In 2007 Hendrik Vermeulen decided to start on his own business by producing custom made bridal wear and exclusive formal evening wear under his own name, the Hendrik Vermeulen Couture label was born.
Hendrik received his first invitation to an International fashion week in 2010. A collective of earlier work was showcased at Mozambique Fashion Week in Maputo the same year. The following year, Hendrik became the first South African designer to receive a second invitation and to showcase a second time at Mozambique Fashion Week during their 2014 edition in Maputo.
In March 2011, Hendrik Vermeulen was appointed as a board member of the World Fashion Council to endeavour to make a difference by empowering women through skills development for the future of the World Fashion. In 2012, he was appointed a board member of the South African National Chapter of the World Fashion Organization. Also in 2012, Hendrik Vermeulen Couture showcases at the first edition of the Perth Fashion Week. The presentation thrilled the audience with a South African Inspired Collection called "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrica" (God Bless Africa). This was the start of Hendrik's passion for creating his own unique fabrics through various methods of fabric manipulation, hand dyeing and airbrushing; having learned some of the skills required while practising one of his hobbies, carpentry.
With the arrival of Digital Fabric Printing in South Africa, Hendrik started working very closely with a Cape Town-based printing company to perfect the reactive dye process on silk and other natural fibres. This inspiration led to the creation of the "Reflections of Subterranean Luxury" collection, putting his newly acquired skills to the test. The collection was first presented during the launch of the prêt-à-porter label Simply Vermeulen at the Design Indaba in March 2013.
Early in 2014, Hendrik's work caught the eye of AltaRoma's vice president, Valeria Mangani. The Couture house received its first invitation to showcase at World of Fashion part of Rome Fashion Week's calendar. Hendrik showed off his corsetry skills and knowledge of the female body acquired during his study of physiology, by creating a range called "Insecta Mirabilis", a collection combining a vast array of couture skills and body manipulation through corsetry.
In 2015 the Hendrik Vermeulen House received its first invitation to New York and Milan Fashion Week through FTL Moda. This gave the prêt-à-porter label Simply Vermeulen, the opportunity to explore the field of Prêt-à-Couture, in a collection entitled "Smoke and Mirrors". The Couture house added a new element to its already wide spectrum of techniques, by working with African antelope leather from ethical source. During the NYFW presentation, Hendrik welcomed the inclusion of disabled models (that he calls: differently abled models) to the runway. Using the media attention gathered for this collection, Hendrik spoke out about the unhealthy way the fashion industry is forcing people to look at themselves in comparison to the highly edited, unobtainable perfection depicted in High Fashion Campaigns.
Later in the same year, an invitation to showcase at AltaRoma / World of Fashion was presented again, this was the start of a collaboration with a non-profit ocean conservation initiative headed by Hendrik Vermeulen's close friend Hanli Prinsloo, the "I Am Water Ocean Conservation" foundation, through a collection of the same title. This also reignited a past passion of Hendrik's, music. Hendrik wrote a poem based on the ocean, and composed a song entitled Ndingamanzi ('I Am Water' in Xhosa), in his home based recording studio, which he subsequently recorded with two prominent South African artists: Zolani Mahola and Bianca LeGrange. This song was released in New York at the Vanderbilt Hall on the day of the fashion presentation during American World Champion swimmer and I Am Water Foundation Program Director Peter Marshall's introduction speech, with part of the profits of the song and fashion sale going to the foundation.
The 2016 "I Am Water" collection was used as a way to show the skills of the Vermeulen House as it comprised four collections in one: Swimwear, Resort, Prêt-à-Couture and Couture. It was showcased at the historic and iconic Vanderbilt Hall, at New York Central Station under the umbrella of FTL Moda and in partnership with the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation as well as Global Disability Inclusion. This runway show was named one of the most exciting moments in history due to the first ever international catwalk and participation of Australian Down Syndrome Model, Madeline Stuart and the promotion of "differently abled" models; some of them, like congenital amputee model Shaholly Ayers, having since made career following the event. Hendrik again made use of the very high number of news coverage to bring light to discrimination against minorities.
Hendrik has been noted as a multifaceted designer, due to his overall vision. He uses his skills and talents across many areas and combines it into one story. His skill set ranges from design and conceptualising collections, to execution. He participates in all creative and managerial aspects of the Hendrik Vermeulen brand and labels. His keen eye for balance makes him a trusted collaborator for many film makers, singers, photographers and other artists.
As a leader in his field, Hendrik Vermeulen is often invited as guest speaker during fashion presentations or during special events such as the Africa Luxury & Wealth Summit.
Music career
Joh Urban was born and raised in the small farming community of South Africa. Music was a family affair, with his parents and siblings partaking in musical activities for recreation. His father Johannes Urbanus Vermeulen having created a band with his siblings when he was a teenager. Joh enjoyed writing music from a young age and frequently recorded his compositions on his small handheld cassette player.
As a multifaceted artist, Joh Urban has many personas and artistic disciplines: couturier, fashion designer, photo model, composer, songwriter, music producer and singer. He believes in tireless work to perfect one's skills in order to bring artistic ideas to life. "Everyone has ideas and talent, many could become successful artists in their own right, but the true art lies in the execution of these ideas and the use of talent. This will depend on how much time you are willing to invest in learning the skills required to bring them to life". (JohUrban.com)
Joh Urban first published song called "Ndingamanzi" ('I Am Water' in Xhosa) is a collaboration with South African artists Zolani Mahola and Bianca LeGrange. The song was written with the I Am Water Foundation in mind; the foundation is an Ocean Conservation non-profit organisation based in South Africa and the U.S. (www.iamwaterfoundation.org)
The song was first aired during the opening of Hendrik Vermeulen fashion show at the Vanderbilt Hall in the Grand Central Station, New York City.
The following songs have been written by Hendrik Mentz Vermeulen, sung by the artist Joh Urban and have been published by Studio3 Records for distribution on the main music platforms; such as Spotify, Apple Music, Itunes, YouTube, YouTube Music, Tidal, Amazon Music, Google Play Music, Deezer & Napster :
2020
Weather Girl 2017
Butterfly 2020
Absolution 2020
Hooked on You 2020
2020
References
South African fashion designers
Living people
1982 births |
54713799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20Colgate%20Series%20Championships | 1980 Colgate Series Championships | The 1980 Colgate Series Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland in the United States that was the season-ending tournament of the 1980 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. The eight singles players with the most ranking points qualified for the tournament. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from January 7 through January 12, 1981. Tracy Austin won the singles title and earned $75,000 first-prize money.
Finals
Singles
Tracy Austin defeated Andrea Jaeger 6–2, 6–2
Doubles
Rosemary Casals / Wendy Turnbull defeated Candy Reynolds / Paula Smith 6–3, 4–6, 7–6(7–5)
Prize money
Doubles prize money is per team.
See also
1980 Avon Championships
References
External links
International Tennis Federation (ITF) tournament edition details
Virginia Slims of Washington
1980 in sports in Maryland
1980 in American tennis
Tennis in Maryland |
11312726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia%20Billie%20Jean%20King%20Cup%20team | Ethiopia Billie Jean King Cup team | The Ethiopia Fed Cup team represents Ethiopia in Fed Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Ethiopian Tennis Federation. They have not competed since 1998.
History
Ethiopia competed in its first Fed Cup in 1996, and also competed in 1997 and 1998. They have lost all 13 of their ties to date.
See also
Fed Cup
Ethiopia Davis Cup team
External links
Billie Jean King Cup teams
Fed Cup
Fed Cup |
51421686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Arkhangelskaya | Olga Arkhangelskaya | Olga Aleksandrovna Arkhangelskaya (; born 20 March 1981), née Olga Golovanova, is a Russian badminton player.
Achievements
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels: Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. It is a series of badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.
Women's doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF Grand Prix tournament
BWF International Challenge/Series (11 titles, 16 runners-up)
Women's singles
Women's doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Moscow
Russian female badminton players |
59927335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim%20%28surname%29 | Guggenheim (surname) | Guggenheim is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Guggenheim family, American family of Swiss Jewish ancestry
Meyer Guggenheim (1828–1905)
Daniel Guggenheim (1856–1930)
Harry Frank Guggenheim who privately funded Goddard's liquid fuel rocket research (1890–1971)
Solomon R. Guggenheim (1861–1949), philanthropist who established the Guggenheim museum
Benjamin Guggenheim (1865–1912)
Peggy Guggenheim (1898–1979)
Simon Guggenheim (1867–1941)
Charles Guggenheim (1924–2002), American Academy Award-winning documentary film maker
Davis Guggenheim (born 1963), American Academy Award-winning documentary film maker
Edward A. Guggenheim (1901–1970), English chemist and academic noted for chemical thermodynamics
Paul Guggenheim (1899–1977), Swiss scholar of international law
Ralph Guggenheim (born 1951), American video graphics designer and businessman
Jewish surnames
Yiddish-language surnames |
56120958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Connor%20%28priest%29 | Thomas Connor (priest) | Thomas Connor was an Irish Anglican priest, ordained on 23 December 1668 he was Archdeacon of Ardfert from 1693 until 1704.
References
17th-century Irish Anglican priests
18th-century Irish Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Ardfert
Diocese of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe |
30719990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Wintry%20Night | One Wintry Night | One Wintry Night: A David Phelps Christmas is a Christmas album from Christian singer David Phelps. It was released on September 25, 2007 by Word Records.
Track listing
All songs written by David Phelps, except where noted.
"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel" (Prelude) (Public Domain) - 2:02
"The Singer (Let There Be Light)" - 3:48
"Hallelujah!" - 3:04
"Blue Christmas" (Billy Hayes, Jay W. Johnson) - 3:34
"Lully, Lullay (With What Child Is This?)" (Interlude) (Public Domain) - 2:44
"Away in a Manger (with Sleep, Little Baby)" (William J. Kirkpatrick, Phelps) - 4:56
"One Wintry Night" - 4:41
"If Everyone Believed" - 3:14
"If Christmas Never Came" - 4:36
"Silent Night" (Interlude) (Franz Xaver Gruber, Moore) - 2:40
"O Holy Night" (Adolphe Adam, John Sullivan Dwight) - 5:13
"Hark the Herald!" - 4:06
"One King" - 4:38
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (Interlude) (John Frederick Coots, Haven Gillespie) - 2:25
"Santa Claus Tonight" - 2:56
Personnel
Musicians
Scott Dente - acoustic guitar
Gary Burnette - acoustic guitar
David Davidson - violin
David Angell - violin
Monisa Angel - viola
John Catchings - cello
Chris Carmichael - strings
Jack Daniels - harmonica
Mike Haynes - horns
Jeff Roach - keyboards
Mark Hill - bass guitar
Ken Lewis - drums
Steve Lamb - additional musician
Love Sponge String Quartet - strings
Background vocals
Recording and production
Reception
Chart performance
The album peaked at #23 on Billboard's Christian Albums and #7 on Holiday Albums.
Awards
The album received a nomination at the 39th GMA Dove Awards for Christmas Album of the Year.
References
External links
One Wintry Night on Amazon.com
One Wintry Night on CD Universe
2007 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
David Phelps albums
Gospel Christmas albums |
59920070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20and%20Mary%20Kempf%20Penhaligen%20House | Charles and Mary Kempf Penhaligen House | The Charles and Mary Kempf Penhaligen House is a single-family home located at 1203 W. Sugnet Road in Midland, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
History
Charles Penhaligen was born in 1901. He became involved with the Dow Chemical Company in 1936 as an accountant with Dowell Incorporated, a new Dow subsidiary. In 1940, he was elected treasurer and director of Dowell, and in 1941, he was appointed auditor of the Dow Chemical Company. That same year, he hired Alden B. Dow to design and construct anew residence for himself, his wife and his two children. During Penhaligen 's career he also helped organize the Dow Chemical Employees' Credit Union, and served as auditor of Dow Magnesium Corporation and Dow Chemical of Canada. The Charles Penhaligen House was among the first houses designed by Dow and constructed by the Alden Dow Building Company, and was completed in late 1941.
Charles Penhaligen died in 1959, and his widow sold the house to o Mr. Richard Payne in 1990. Payne refurbished the house, expanding the master bathroom and bedroom and reallocating the interior space. He sold the house in 2000.
Description
The Charles Penhaligen House is a single-story, hip-roofed, L-plan brick house with wood trim. It is set well back from the road on a cul d'sac in a residential neighborhood. It has a drive paralleling the long axis of the house and ending at a two-car garage, nestled into a gentle hill. A large chimney protrudes from the roof at the junction of the garage with the main house. The front facade is relatively blank, broken only by a window and kitchen door. The facade is separated from the drive by a brick planter, and a trellis-like extension of the roofline shelters the raised terrace behind the planter. The rear of the house looks out over the golf course, and contains wrap-around windows.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Midland County, Michigan
Residential buildings completed in 1941
Alden B. Dow buildings
Midland, Michigan |
42626668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20am%20Error | I am Error | "I am Error" is a quote from the 1987 video game Zelda II: The Adventure of Link. The quote is spoken by a villager, apparently named Error, in the town of Ruto. In the original Japanese version of the game, the line is , which translates to "My name is Error...".
The unlikely character name is widely believed to have been a programmer's in-joke, since the game also features a similar looking character named , meaning software bug. In computing, a bug is a flaw in the programming code. Error and Bug are thus assumed to form a comical, in-universe parallel. In the English version, the name Erā was translated, but the name Bagu was not. Many gamers therefore missed the joke and variously believed the "I am Error" phrase to be a mistranslation, a misspelling, or an actual error message.
The phrase has since become part of the NES folklore and became an early Internet meme around 2000. It has been referenced in a number of games, including Super Paper Mario, The Binding of Isaac, Guacamelee! and Pony Island.
Origin
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link was released in Japan on 14 January 1987, and internationally in late 1988. The player controls Link, who travels through Hyrule in his quest to rescue Princess Zelda. Early in the game, Link arrives in the town of Ruto, where he can enter a house inhabited by a bearded man with purple attire. If the player approaches him, he announces: "I am Error."
Many puzzled gamers believed the cryptic phrase to be a textual mistake or a glitch within the game, but it is actually neither. The line is a correct English translation of the original Japanese text , of which a more precise translation would be "My name is Error...". Initially, the character does not say anything else. However, when the player advances to the harbor town of Mido, a man there advises Link to "Ask Error of Ruto about the Palace". If the player then goes back to Error, he provides Link with a clue about how to gain access to the Island Palace, the game's third dungeon.
While no official explanation from Nintendo exists regarding the origin of the Erā/Error character, his name is widely believed to have been an in-joke from the game's programmers. Aside from Error, the game also features a character named , meaning "[software] bug". In computing, a bug is an error in the programming code, leading to unintended results. Bagu/Bug lives near Error, residing in a house hidden in a forest south of Ruto. The two characters look identical, except that Error wears a purple tunic, while Bug's tunic is red. It is therefore assumed that one of the developers named one character Error and another one Bug, resulting in a humorous thematic connection within the game's universe. When the game was translated to English, the name Erā was correctly translated to Error, but the name Bagu was not translated to Bug, leading Official Nintendo Magazine to conclude: "In reality, then, Bagu is the mistake, because his name was translated wrongly and should have been Bug. So there."
Translator Clyde Mandelin wrote that the "I am Error" quote is often incorrectly believed to be a translation mistake, and is even considered "one of the biggest mistranslations of early NES games", even though it is not actually a mistranslation. Another incorrect notion about Error is that his name is a typo and should have been Errol. The original Japanese text proves this wrong though. The reason for the phrase often being considered a translation or spelling mistake is likely because many early games from the 1980s and 90s, including the first Zelda game, were rife with mistranslations and poor English prose ('Engrish'). A well-known example of this is "All your base are belong to us" from Zero Wing (1989).
Legacy
Around 2000, "I am Error" became an early Internet meme. According to Ben Huh, founder of Cheezburger Inc., the meme was inspired by the success of the "All your base are belong to us" meme, which inspired a number of memes based on 'Engrish' quotes from old games, such as "A Winner is You" (from the NES game Pro Wrestling). The "All your base" joke is believed to have sprung up in 1998 and surged in popularity in 2000-2001, giving some indication of when the "I am Error" meme must have originated.
Despite being a minor NPC, Error has become part of the NES folklore and has been mentioned in several media. For example, VideoGamer's Emily Gera included him in a list of the "oddest character names in games", describing him as "[p]ossibly one of the most well known minor characters of all time". GamesRadar+ included his phrase in a list of the 40 most repeated quotes. GameSpot mentioned the phrase in an article discussing poor translation in video games, incorrectly calling it a 'translation oddity'. IGN included it in their list of the worst in-game quotes at number two. The editor joked that the 'mystery' of Error "ranked up with Sasquatch and the Loch Ness Monster". The Escapists Brett Staebell called Error a "pioneer in game humorology", and used the quote as the subtitle for his article. A Nintendo Life review for Castlevania II: Simon's Quest noted that the game had a script similar to that of "I am Error", likening the game's garbled translation to the phrase.
From approximately 2012 to 2015, the 404 page of nintendo.co.uk stated "I am Error", along with a picture of the character. At E3 2014, the Nintendo Treehouse's presentation of Super Smash Bros. for Wii U displayed an error page based on the "I am Error" scene after experiencing technical difficulties.
Nathan Altice wrote a book titled I Am Error, named after the character, which gives a technical history of the NES, focusing especially on the console's technical limitations and how they influenced the games. It was published in May 2015 by MIT Press.
On day 2 of the Nintendo Treehouse presentation at E3 2019, an "I am Error" technical difficulties screen was shown after the Treehouse was hit by a brief power outage within the South-Hall.
Appearances in other video games
Super Paper Mario (2007) features a boss battle against a character named Fracktail, a robotic dragon. It is at one point hacked, which causes it to utter several confused lines, including "I am Error. Press any key to restart." An achievement in Guacamelee! (2013) was given the title "I Am Error". Zeno Clash II (2013) also features it as an achievement title. The quote is featured in Fossil Fighters: Champions (2010). Video game designer Edmund McMillen put references to the quote in two of his games: Time Fcuk and The Binding of Isaac. In Splatoon 2 (2017), Pearl says "I am Error" when her Team Retro loses the Splatfest to Marina's Team Modern. In Cadence of Hyrule (2019), if the player finds a way to go out of bounds, they encounter a character in a house who says "I am Error". Talking to him again has him call himself "Error Houlihan", a reference to the Chris Houlihan room.
Notes
References
Internet memes
The Legend of Zelda
1987 neologisms
Video game memes
Quotations from video games |
13595947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20International%20Exhibition%20Center | Korea International Exhibition Center | Korea International Exhibition Center (, commonly known as KINTEX) is a convention and exhibition center located in Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, approximately from Seoul, South Korea. It comprises two exhibition centers, one of which is connected to the office building of its parent company KINTEX Inc., and is the largest "MICE" venue in South Korea.
Overview
It is a three-storey building on a plot of land between Ilsan's central road, Chungangno, and the Han River. It has a total indoor exhibition area of , the only exhibition center in Korea which has bigger area than . Shortly after opening, it hosted the 2005 Seoul Motor Show.
History
1999 04 Confirmed for Goyang city to attract the construction of an International Exhibition Center
2002 02 Goyang International Exhibition Center was officially titled KINTEX (Korea International Exhibition Center)
2003 03 Launched KINTEX CI
2005 04 Grand Opening of the first KINTEX Center
2006 12 Changed the corporate name to KINTEX, conducted the feasibility study for the second exhibition center
2007 07 Verified the validity to construct the second exhibition center
2008 12 Appointed the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Consortium to construct the second exhibition center
2009 07 Started the Construction for the second exhibition center
Facilities
Indoor exhibition area: first exhibition center , second exhibition center
Outdoor exhibition area: first exhibition center , second exhibition center
Event hall: seating capacity of 6,000 seats
26 meeting rooms
Grand ballroom
Notable events
As the country's largest exhibition center, KINTEX has hosted many regional trade fairs (organized by KOTRA) as well as international conventions and exhibitions. It is the main venue of the biennial Seoul Motor Show and is one of the venues of the Goyang International Flower Festival.
Kintex held Harvard WorldMUN 2015, and will host the World Universities Debating Championships in 2021.
Sports
KINTEX was the venue of the 2009 World Weightlifting Championships and the 2010 All That Skate figure skating show.
Entertainment
The venue has hosted various events such as SBS's year-end music program Gayo Daejeon, the 2013 Mnet 20's Choice Awards, Infinite Challenge Expo in December 2015 to January 2016, the 2016 tvN10 Awards, the 31st Golden Disc Awards and, more recently, the Booting Evaluations stage of the survival competition The Unit. The 32nd Golden Disc Awards will take place at KINTEX on January 10–11, 2018.
Tests
Many important tests, such as civil service examination and Company entrance examination are taken in the KINTEX.
References
External links
KINTEX official website
Convention centers in South Korea
Buildings and structures in Goyang |
59038177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeliza%20Basset | Adeliza Basset | Adeliza Basset (née de Dunstanville, died in or after 1210) was an English noblewoman. She was the daughter of Alan Dunstanville. She married Thomas Basset, Lord of Hedendon and their children were Gilbert, Thomas and Alan and Alice who married William Malet.
References
13th-century English people
13th-century English women |
64426563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Gerecht | Julie Gerecht | Julie Gerecht (born 28 November 1979) is a French sailor. She competed in the Yngling event at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
French female sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors of France
Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Yngling
Sportspeople from Paris |
55074800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport%20in%20ancient%20Greek%20art | Sport in ancient Greek art | Athletics were an important part of the cultural life of Ancient Greeks. Depictions of boxing and bull-leaping can be found back to the Bronze Age. Buildings were created for the sole use of athletics including stadia, palaestrae, and gymnasiums. Starting in the Archaic period, Panhellenic Games, including the Olympic Games, begin taking place each year. These games gave people from all over Greece the chance to gain fame for their athletic prowess. Athletics in Greece became one of the most commonly depicted scenes of everyday life in their art.
Architecture relating to athletics
As the site of the Olympic Games, the architecture of Olympia is heavily influenced by the theme of athletics. The Temple of Zeus, for example, is decorated with a frieze containing the Labours of Hercules, who is believed to be the founder of the Olympic Games, and a pediment depicting the myth of Pelops, another origin tale of the Olympics.
The main site of where the Olympic Games took place was the Stadium at Olympia, which is located to the east of the sanctuary of Zeus. The physical landmarks of the Stadium are 212.54 meters long and 30–34 meters wide, and it served mainly for running races that determined the fastest person in the world. The track was made of hard-packed clay to serve as traction for the people competing in the running events.
The site of Nemea showcase both the practical and ceremonial use of athletic architecture in the early Hellenistic monumentalization of Panhellenic sanctuaries. The bath house Nemean Baths contains a western room with basin baths and an eastern plunge bath. The western basin room is common of 4th century baths throughout Greece and was likely place where visiting athletes could wash themselves during their stay. The eastern plunge bath however, is one of only four others in Greece, all of which have been found at Panhellenic ritual sites. Though its exact function is unknown, its public nature suggests that it may have had a ritual component in the athletic games or ceremonies. Nemea also housed a stadium, where athletes would participate in games, specifically the stadion (running race).
Depictions of games
During the Bronze Age, the Minoans practiced several sports, including wrestling, bull jumping, acrobatics, and boxing. This is apparent in multiple pieces of art, ranging from frescoes to pottery. The youth of the boys in the Akrotiri Boxer Fresco hints that athletes began training very early on in life, suggesting that sports were extremely important to Minoan society. It has even been suggested that athletics played a religious role in society due to their widespread practice. Finally, the youth of athletes in many pieces of artwork indicates that athletic competition may have been a rite if passage into adulthood for the Minoans.
One of the most popular and famous combat sports in Ancient Greece was boxing. Boxing in Ancient Greece was far less regulated than modern boxing, with opponents chosen at random, regardless of weight or age, and matches lasting until one of the competitors admitted defeat or was left unconscious. Fighters were often left disfigured; for example, one boxing injury commonly depicted was the cauliflower ear, which was depicted notably in the Boxer Stele from Kerameikos. Many who participated in these ancient boxing matches were gravely injured or even killed. Despite this, boxing was highly popular among the Ancient Grecian population and therefore was frequently featured on works of art. Another notable depiction of an ancient boxer is Boxer at Rest, also known as Terme Boxer, who has just finished a match. For example, the kothon, black-figure tripod by the Boeotian Dancer's Group features two men engaged in a boxing match on one of its legs.
Athletic events, particularly Panhellenic festivals, drew both athletes and spectators. Occurrences of athletic competitions were first recorded by Homer in the Iliad. As a result, competitions had ties with war and military training. Depictions of athletic events in ancient art sometimes show the athletes wearing armor in order to illustrate the connection between athletes and warriors.
Depictions of athletic events were also portrayed on pieces of pottery used in everyday life. Artists like Onesimos and the Foundry Painter depicted events such as pancration scenes and wrestling matches on kylixes which were then used at symposiums or male drinking parties. Both of these painters used the red-figure technique, developed in Athens in 530 B.C., in their work and this technique allowed them to have greater freedom to express movement, emotion, and anatomy.
The depictions of Athletic events in Art expanded as major athletic events also expanded. In 708 BCE, the pentathlon was added to the Olympic games. Since this event required the skills for five different events (discus, javelin, long jump, running, and wrestling) these athletes were held in high regard among society. It became common to have a kylix or an amphora depict these events, and in turn, it praised the athletes by leaving their legacy in the art.
The Kleophrades terracotta Panathenaic prize amphora (ca. 500 BCE) provides an example of recognition for success in athletic endeavors. At the Panathenaic Games, victors would be awarded a prize amphora filled with a luxury good like olive oil. The amphora itself would depict Athena Promachos, or Athena as a military leader directing troops into battle, and the athletic event in which the victor competed. Recognition for athletic endeavors and success by depicting the event itself as this Panathenaic prize amphora does highlights just how important athleticism was to the Ancient Greeks. Another example of the many Panathenaic Prize Amphoras is the Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic Amphora (530 BC). Painted in black figure, this Panathenaic amphora depicts a stadion from Panathenaic games. Like other prize amphora, this amphora serves to emphasize athleticism and the victors of these events.
Descriptions of women’s sport during Archaic Period mainly come from literary sources, and there are a few examples of female sporting events. One of the most popular forms of physical activity for ancient Greek women is running. The bronze statuettes of athletic Spartan girl, which depicts Spartan young women involving in racing games, provide material evidence to the accounts of different women’s races in ancient Greece.
Athletic dedications
The prominence of athletic subject material in Greek art is no coincidence. Even statuary, called Athletic Dedications, arose as a way to immortalize Greek athletes and athletic games. Athletic events and art were so closely related that a common practice of athletes was to commemorate their victories with artistic dedications. One example of this would be the marble Apobates Base which commemorates victory in a chariot race at the Panathenaic Games. A competitor would erect a dedication to celebrate an athletic victory and place it in a sanctuary or Panhellenic site. These dedications were an artistic celebration of athletic prowess which every Greek could observe.
As part of the games taking place at Olympia, many individuals competed in the pentathlon, a competition consisting of five events. The Ancient Olympic Pentathlon consisted of the discus throw, long jumps with weights attached to their feet, javelin throw, running, and wrestling. Many victors of the pentathlon would go on to receive prizes such as exclusive items that were made specifically for the victor. For example, the amphorae of the Panathenaic Games, often filled with expensive olive oil, featured Athena standing with a sword and shield to represent their victory in the games. Because the Olympics were dedicated to Zeus, often these prizes would become votive dedications to him.
The Bronze Diskos Thrower (Discobolus) was a rare commodity that came from a time in which not many pieces survived: the end of the Persian Wars. The piece itself still exhibits many traits of archaic art, despite coming from the early Classical period (480 - 460 BCE). The athlete in the statue was a participant of diskos throwing, a very popular event in Ancient Greece and even modern day Olympics.
References
Ancient Greek athletic art
Sport in antiquity
Ancient Greek |
6162704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymnioi | Elymnioi | Elymnioi () is a former municipality in Euboea, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Mantoudi-Limni-Agia Anna, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 161.102 km2. Population 4,490 (2011). The seat of the municipality was in Limni.
References
Populated places in Euboea |
60566518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Harper%20%28American%20football%29 | Tony Harper (American football) | Tony Harper is an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Dakota Wesleyan University in Mitchell, South Dakota from 2002 to 2004 Hastings College in Hastings, Nebraska from 2011 to 2020. Harper was the defensive coordinator at Hastings from 2006 to 2010.
After Hastings parted ways with Harper following the 2020 season, he joined the staff at Grand Island Northwest High School in Grand Island, Nebraska as the defensive coordinator.
Head coaching record
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Concordia Cougars football coaches
Dana Vikings football coaches
Dakota Wesleyan Tigers football coaches
Doane Tigers football coaches
Missouri Valley Vikings football coaches
Hastings Broncos football coaches
Concordia University Chicago alumni
Doane University alumni |
847037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne%20tram%20route%205 | Melbourne tram route 5 | Melbourne tram route 5 is operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network. It operates from Melbourne University to Malvern. The 12.6 kilometre route is operated by Z and D1 class trams from Malvern depot.
History
Route 5 was allocated to the line between Malvern (Burke Road) and City (Swanston Street) on 21 November 1929, the same day that numbers were allocated to the rest of the Swanston St trams. Trams traditionally terminated at the Victoria St terminus, but following an accident in 1991, trams instead terminated at the Queensberry St crossover. Due to congestion during peak hours at the crossover, some trams continued north to Melbourne University. Finally on 17 January 1996, a permanent shunt was built at Melbourne University. From then on, Route 5 trams were altered run full-time to Melbourne University.
The origins of route 5 lie in separate tram lines. The section of track between Queensberry Street (Stop 4) and St Kilda Road (Stop 30) is the oldest section of this route, dating back to the Brighton Road cable tram which opened on 11 October 1888 by the Melbourne Tramway & Omnibus Company. This cable tram line was electrified in stages by the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB). The section between Domain Interchange (Stop 20) and St Kilda Junction (Stop 30) was electrified on 27 December 1925. The section between Queensberry Street and City Road (near Stop 14) was electrified on the same day. The line between City Road and Domain Interchange was electrified on 24 January 1926. The section between St Kilda Junction and Chapel Street (Stop 32) also dates back to the cable era, as the Windsor to St Kilda Esplanade cable tramway which opened on 17 October 1891. This section was one of the first cable trams to be converted to electric traction on 27 December 1925.
The line east of Hawthorn Road (Stop 45) until the Malvern (Burke Road) terminus was one of the original lines constructed by the Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust (PMTT), which opened on 30 May 1910. The PMTT also built the section between the Sandringham railway line (near Stop 33) and Wattletree Road (Stop 40), opening on 16 December 1911. This line was extended to Chapel Street (Stop 32) on 31 March 1912.
On 24 June 1928, the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB) constructed a small section of track between Wattletree Road and Glenferrie Road, giving a more direct route from Burke Road to St Kilda Junction.
As part of the St Kilda Junction separation works, the Wellington Street section was abandoned for a new section of track along the newly created Queens Way on 4 November 1968.
During the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the route was merged with route 55 to West Coburg at Domain Interchange, to alleviate congestion along St Kilda Road.
Route
Description
Route 5 operates from Melbourne University travelling south through the CBD on Swanston Street via Melbourne Central station and Flinders Street stations. After crossing the Yarra River it continues south along St Kilda Road to St Kilda Junction, where it descends to Queens Way, Windsor and heads east, at Chapel Street, Queens Way becomes Dandenong Road. It continues east passing through Prahran, Armadale, Malvern and Malvern East to its terminus at Burke Road.
Operation
Route 5 is operated out of Malvern depot by Z and D1 class trams. It is occasionally operated by D2 class trams. From 19:00 the service only operates between Dandenong and Orrong Road and Malvern, with services timetabled to connect with route 64 services.
Route map
References
External links
Route 5 timetable and map
Railway lines opened in 1888
005 |
7623180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinners%20Ready | Dinners Ready | Dinners Ready is a franchised meal preparation business based in Mukilteo, Washington, United States. The company was founded by Brad Vorhees and Scott Farrar in 2003. Vorhees left the company in 2005. Mr. Farrar was named one of Seattle's top 25 innovators of 2006 by the Seattle Business Monthly. Dinners Ready is currently located in the Seattle area. Dinners Ready was part of the food industry referred to as meal assembly, where customers can visit a local preparation kitchen and assemble meals to freeze and cook at home. The model has evolved to be predominately delivery-only. The meals serve two, four, or six people and come complete with side dishes. There are twenty meal choices, with the menu changing each month.
See also
Dream Dinners
Super Suppers
External links
https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/business/yourmoney/28meals.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all%7Ctitle=You Made the Meatloaf
http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/fast-food-that-isnt/Content?oid=928307
http://www.gazette.net/stories/072507/busimlo223805_32357.shtml
Food and drink companies of the United States
Companies based in Mukilteo, Washington |
39917754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Ellis%2C%207th%20Baron%20Howard%20de%20Walden | Frederick Ellis, 7th Baron Howard de Walden | Frederick George Ellis, 7th Baron Howard de Walden and 3rd Baron Seaford (9 August 1830 – 3 November 1899), was a British landowner and at one point "the wealthiest peer in England".
Life
Frederick was the son of Charles Ellis, 6th Baron Howard de Walden and his wife, Lady Lucy Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, daughter of William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland. He attended Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. As a young man, Frederick assisted his father in overseeing the family's holdings of Jamaican sugar plantations. He visited Jamaica in 1846 and 1853–1834, installing new machinery in an attempt to boost falling sugar production. However,this was abandoned in 1855 and Frederick seems to have lost interest in the Jamaican estates, preferring to pursue a military career.
By 1867, Frederick had become a major in the 4th Light Dragoons. He succeeded his father in the baronies of Howard de Walden and Seaford on the latter's death on 29 August 1868. He also inherited his father's indebted estate. Frederick's mother, Lucy, undertook to discharge her late husband's debts in return for title to the plantations which Frederick conveyed to her in 1872. Having in some measure restored the Jamaican estates, now used for pasture and livestock instead of sugar, she gave them to her youngest son and Frederick's brother, Evelyn Henry in 1891. Thus they passed out of the main Howard de Walden line and were sold by Evelyn in 1912.
Frederick and his younger brother William realized the worth of the Marylebone estate of the Duke of Portland and lands in Ayrshire owned by the Duchess of Portland and that, on the death of the current Duke (who was childless) they would pass first to their mother, Lucy, and her childless sister, Viscountess Ossington. This happened in 1879 when the Duke of Portland died. William married and had a son in 1875, but Frederick foiled his hopes by marrying, at the age of forty six, a young girl twenty five years his junior.
In 1876, Frederick married Blanche, daughter of William Holden. In 1880, they had a son, Thomas Evelyn.
In 1893, Blanche sued for divorce and Lord De Walden countersued, in what was viewed as the "cause celebre of the year". Frederick accused Blanche of "undue intimacy" with Count Jenan de Madre of Paris and Captain Winter. Blanche alleged cruelty by her husband as grounds for separation and her counsel cited physical abuse by Frederick, allegations of theft he made against Blanche, and threats to shoot her. According to press reports of the trial, "he frequently returned home drunk and vomited in bed, and developed filthy and hoggish habits, preventing Lady Blanche from sleeping with him."
Frederick's mother died on 29 July 1899, and he inherited the Marylebone and Ayrshire estates, making him for a little more than three months "the wealthiest peer in England".
Lord Howard de Walden died on 3 November 1899, aged 69, and was succeeded by his son Thomas. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. Lady Blanche married Henry Lopes, 2nd Baron Ludlow in 1903 and she lived until 1911.
References
External links
1830 births
1899 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Seaford, Frederick Ellis, 3rd Baron
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Barons Howard de Walden
Eldest sons of British hereditary barons |
63903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Strel | Martin Strel | Martin Strel (; born 1 October 1954), is a Slovenian long-distance swimmer, one of the most elite endurance athletes best known for swimming the entire length of various rivers. Strel holds successive Guinness World Records for swimming the Danube river, the Mississippi River, the Yangtze River, and the Amazon River. His motto is "swimming for peace, friendship and clean waters."
Swimming history
Strel was born in the town of Mokronog, in the Slovenian region of Lower Carniola, then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Strel's first two river swims were the Krka river (105 km) in his homeland, in 28 hours in 1992, and the boundary Kolpa river (), in 16 hours in 1993. In 2000, he swam the Danube River () and achieved the world long distance swimming record () in 58 days. In July 2001, he achieved one more world record — of non-stop swimming in Danube within 84 hours and 10 minutes. He lost 40 pounds of weight.
In 2002, he swam the entire Mississippi River () in 68 days. In 2003, he swam the Argentine Paraná River (). On 10 June 2004, Martin started swimming down the Yangtze River (, the longest river in Asia, the third longest in the world) in China. He reached Shanghai in 40 days on 30 July 2004, one day before planned.
Strel swam the Amazon River, commencing on 1 February 2007, finishing 66 days later on April 7, 2007. This was a record-breaking distance of , longer than the width of the Atlantic Ocean. He had escort boats that were prepared to pour blood into the river to distract meat-eating fish such as piranhas.
In 2007, the Nile had been proposed as his next river, but Strel said, "I am not going to do the Nile. It's long but not challenging enough, it is just a small creek. The Amazon is much more mighty."
He plans to swim across Lake Arenal on September 29, 2010 as part of his visit to an environmentalist international film festival in Costa Rica. He plans to swim about 6 kilometres from shore and then back to his starting point.
In June 2011 Strel completed his Colorado River Swim challenge for the documentary Stan Lee's Superhumans More about the swim can be found at: Colorado Swim 2011.
Achievements by year:
2008: Sognefjord, Norway; Loch Ness, UK
2009: Doha, Qatar; River Thames, UK; River Cam, UK
2010: Grand Canyon, Arizona, US; Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona, US
2011: Lake Ontario, Canada; Lake Simcoe, Canada; Lake Arenal, Costa Rica; San Juan River, Costa Rica
2012: Saguaro Lake, Arizona, US; Canyon Lake, Arizona, US; Apache Lake, Arizona, US Theodore Roosevelt Lake, Arizona, US
2013: Lake Powell, Arizona/Utah, US; Robben Island, South Africa
2014: Bondi Beach, Australia; Shelly Beach, Australia
2015: Lake Pleasant, Arizona, US; Tennessee River, Tennessee, US
2016: Rocky Point, Mexico; Alkhobar (Saudi Arabia) – Manamma (Bahrain)
2017: Manhattan, New York, US; Lake Wörth, Austria
2018: Alcatraz – Golden Gate Bridge, US
2019: Farallon Islands, California, US
2020: San Diego River, California, US
2021: Mura River, Slovenia
Big River Man
Strel was the subject and star of a feature documentary entitled Big River Man directed by the acclaimed art-house director John Maringouin. The film, which won a Best Cinematography prize at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, was critically praised for its blend of comedy and drama. The film chronicled Strel's 3,300 mile historic swim of the Amazon River.
Strel Swimming Adventures
In 2010, Martin Strel and his son Borut Strel founded a company that offers swimming adventure holidays in the Mediterranean and at Lake Powell, Arizona. They currently offer swimming adventure holiday tours at Lake Powell, Arizona, in Slovenia (Lake Bled, Lake Bohinj, and the Soča River), on Croatia's Dalmatian coast swimming from island to island, in Montenegro exploring Adriatic fjords and coves, and cruising Mediterranean Turkey. Strel takes part in some trips.
Global Center for Advanced Studies
In 2013, Martin Strel joined the faculty of The Global Center for Advanced Studies in its newly formed Institute of Adventure Studies.
References
External links
Strel's official site
The Amazon Swim Project site
Strel Swimming Adventure Holidays site
Diary of Amazon swim at BBC news
1954 births
Living people
Male long-distance swimmers
Slovenian male swimmers
People from the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno |
61240320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Bergin | Stephen Bergin | Stephen Bergin (born 1995) is an Irish hurler who plays for Laois Senior Championship club Clough/Ballacolla and at inter-county level with the Laois senior hurling team. He usually lines out at as a left corner-forward.
Honours
Clough/Ballacolla
Laois Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2015
Laois
Joe McDonagh Cup (1): 2019
References
External links
Stephen Bergin profile at the Laois GAA website
1995 births
Living people
Clough-Ballacolla hurlers
Laois inter-county hurlers |
66634496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20banned%20from%20entering%20Australia | List of people banned from entering Australia | This is a list of people who have been, or are currently, banned in Australia.
Currently banned
Previously banned
References
Australia
Banned
People banned from entering
Banned from entering Australia
Australia
People banned from entering |
9033843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare%20Devine | Clare Devine | Clare Devine (also Cunningham) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by actresses Gemma Bissix and Samantha Rowley. Bissix reprised the role in 2009 for the culmination of Warren Fox (Jamie Lomas) and Justin Burton's (Chris Fountain) storylines. She later returned to the show in 2013. Clare was killed-off in October 2013, and Bissix said that it would allow Hollyoaks to develop other villainous characters. Bissix has won three British Soap Awards for her portrayal of Clare, and has been named one of the best British soap opera characters.
Storylines
2005–2007
Clare first appears in December 2005 when Max Cunningham (Matt Littler) and Sam "O.B." O'Brien (Darren Jeffries) hire her as an events supervisor at The Loft. With her friendly face and likeable and vibrant personality, Clare quickly settles into life in the village and becomes popular with the other residents. Both O.B. and Max immediately fall for her, but after weeks of playing both admirers off against each other, she eventually chooses Max. Initially Max and Clare's relationship goes well, and Max soon asks Clare to move in with him. Max and Clare try to keep their relationship a secret from O.B, but after moving in, O.B. finds out but agrees to keep peace. Clare becomes friends with Mandy Hutchinson (Sarah Jayne Dunn) and Louise Summers (Roxanne McKee), and participates in a time-share scam set up by Louise's ex-husband Sean Kennedy (Matthew Jay Lewis) while on a holiday in late night special Hollyoaks: Back from the Dead. Sean begins flirting with Clare, who remains loyal to Max.
With Gemma Bissix taking over the role, a disturbing side of the character is revealed in April 2006 when Max takes his brother Tom (Ellis Hollins) on holiday. Despite turning his advances down months earlier, Clare seduces Sean after discovering his wealth. Mel Burton (Cassie Powney) catches Clare and Sean together. Clare used Mel's alcoholism against her when she attempts to expose the affair. This causes friction between Max and O.B.. Clare schemes to get rid of O.B. and acts the loyal girlfriend to Max, who eventually proposes to her. After Tom overhears a conversation between Sean and Clare about their affair, she tries to turn Max against Tom. Max asks O.B. to be his best man, shocking Clare. On Max's stag night, O.B. discovers that Clare is planning to leave with his money. Clare plants drugs in O.B.'s pocket and gets him arrested. After being released, O.B. storms Max and Clare's wedding, telling him of her plan. Max refuses to believe this and punches him. Max decides he wants a child. Clare tells Max she was sexually abused as a child and is infertile, leaving him heartbroken. Clare convinces Max to give her £50,000, which she plans to use to flee Hollyoaks. During this time, Clare has sex with Warren Fox (Jamie Lomas). Mel and Sophie Burton (Connie Powney) find the CCTV DVD and show O.B.. The three then meet with her in The Dog and tell her to leave Max or they will show him the DVD. Clare leaves in a hurry, failing to recognise wanted fugitive Sam Owen outside. Clare returns home and begins to pack her bags. Max returns claiming The Dog is on fire, due to Sam. Clare then unpacks her belongings. After Mel and Sophie's deaths in the fire, Clare visits an injured O.B. in hospital and finds the CCTV DVD. She then disposes of it.
Max catches Warren and Clare snorting cocaine while working at The Loft. Clare convinces him it was due to her repressed memories of her sexual abuse. Max, to impress her, takes some cocaine, which leads to a heart attack. While he is in hospital, Clare finds out about Max's life insurance policy of £500,000. Clare then decides to kill Max and flee the country with his money. When he returns home, Clare begins secluding Max from his friends and tampers with his medication. Clare takes Tom and Max away for a Christmas holiday near an icy lake. Max becomes more ill due to the pills and becomes suspicious of Clare, he then discovers the tampered pills. After realising Max knew about tampering with the pills, Clare throws Tom's jacket in the lake, with Max jumping in after him. Tom runs out of the woods, revealing Clare is trying to kill Max. O.B. turns up, punches Clare and saves Max. After being questioned, Clare is released by police. Max, seeing Clare's true colours, apologises to O.B. as Clare leaves.
Clare returns to the village in January 2007. She picks Tom up from his school without telling Max, who is frantic with worry. Max and O.B. find Clare with Tom. Clare promises to make Max's life hell and makes a reference to his dead father Gordon. Max tries to strangle Clare before leaving with Tom. They return to find Clare plans to sell the flat and The Loft. Clare starts hitting herself and calls the police claiming Max has hit her. Max, O.B. and Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard) physically remove Clare from the flat and throw her outside, just as the police return and arrest Max for assault. Tony and O.B.'s evidence mean that Max is released without charge. Max then signs The Loft over to Clare and reclaims his house. With The Loft being run by Warren, Clare becomes his rival. Warren hires Justin Burton (Chris Fountain), who Clare seduces in an attempt to get on her side. Clare informs Warren that his sister Katy (Hannah Tointon) is in a relationship with Justin, this leads to Warren being arrested for beating him up. Clare then has Warren arrested for Sean's murder after receiving information from Justin.
Clare convinces Louise to have her unborn child aborted and tell fiancé Calvin Valentine (Ricky Whittle) it was a miscarriage. Clare later tells him the truth causing them to split up. Louise and Calvin on separate occasions attack Clare. Clare phones the social services, and tells them her false suspicions that Tom is getting physically abused by Max and O.B.. Clare then manipulates Tom into thinking he caused the deaths of his parents and baby Grace Hutchinson and would cause Max's death, this frightening Tom, he refuses to see Max, making his social worker believe he is being abused. O.B. confronts Clare about Social Services. Clare taunts him over the death of his girlfriend Mel and her sister Sophie, saying it was "two for the price of one". O.B. threatens Clare and is seen by several people in The Loft. That night, Clare goes onto The Loft balcony to investigate a noise, there, she is pushed by a mystery person. Jacqui (Claire Cooper), Carmel (Gemma Merna) and Tina McQueen (Leah Hackett) then find Clare, and beside her, Calvin's mobile.
Clare falls into a coma as the police question several people over her attack. Warren becomes the prime suspect and is charged. When she returns home, Max breaks in to Clare's flat and threatens to kill her if she does not tell the social services she lied about Tom's abuse, which she does. During Warren's trial, he appears to be getting sent down, however Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) arrives and admits to sleeping with him on the night Clare was pushed. Warren is then released, where he begins pressuring Clare to sell him The Loft. Warren pushes her against the balcony she was pushed over and threatens her, she then sells Warren The Loft. As she prepares to leave Hollyoaks for good, Clare is seen off by Justin, Warren, Louise, Max, OB, Katy and Calvin. Justin grabs Clare at last minute and tells her it was him who pushed her. Clare leaves and plots revenge.
Katy is mysteriously kidnapped and Warren, Max and Justin set out to find her. After receiving several clues from Clare to Katy's whereabouts, the three head off to the docklands where Clare tells Warren to kill Justin, reminding him that Justin was the reason he was sent to jail. Warren and Max take Justin's supposedly dead body, however Clare realises he is not dead and drives off with Katy. Warren, Justin and Max set off after her. Clare skids to avoid bikers and plummets over a quarry into water below. Katy is saved, however Max is too late to save Clare, who apparently dies.
Two days after her presumed death, Clare is revealed to have survived as she arrives in a first class departures lounge in an airport. She meets a wealthy businessman named Miles, who she starts chatting to seductively. Clare introduces herself as "Clare Devine" before staring at the camera for a brief moment, breaking the fourth wall. Her destination is not revealed.
2009–2013
In May 2009, the Hollyoaks villagers awake to find the village covered in posters labelling Warren as a killer and stating that Jake Dean (Kevin Sacre) was innocent over being jailed for Sean's murder. Warren receives poison pen letters, telling him that "his days are numbered" and mysterious phone calls. In The Loft, Warren is attacked and tied up. His blindfold is removed and Clare reveals herself.
Clare informs Warren that she has returned for revenge on him and Justin for ruining her life and also to get Warren's money. Clare pours petrol and gets Warren to phone Justin to come to The Loft. Warren phones his foster brother Spencer Gray (Darren John Langford) and leaves a message of Clare talking. Calvin turns up at The Loft and finds Warren and Clare. He phones the police, but after realising everything Warren had put him and his family through, he hangs up and leaves. Hannah Ashworth (Emma Rigby) appears at The Loft looking for her boyfriend Justin. She is knocked unconscious by Clare, who assumes she is Justin. Hannah regains consciousness and attacks Clare, who is holding a match. Clare drops the match, lighting The Loft ablaze. Clare and Hannah then crash through the banister and fall to the floor below unconscious. Justin arrives. He leaves Warren sitting tied up and rescues Hannah, who he presumes is dead. Clare, meanwhile, is nowhere to be seen. Warren frees himself and jumps down the stairwell, landing on his ankle, which breaks. The fire then causes a large mirror above to snap and fall down on him, which appears to kill him instantly. The next week, Justin is wanted for supposedly starting the fire. Spencer goes back to his and Warren's flat above Evissa. Clare appears wanting to know where Warren's money is. Sasha Valentine (Nathalie Emmanuel) appears outside and calls the police, Clare nearly escapes but Calvin stops her and she is eventually arrested.
Clare meets Dr. Paul Browning (Joseph Thompson) off-screen in Las Vegas when he begins flirting with her after he and Mercedes have an argument. Clare returned to Hollyoaks village shortly after Doctor Browning's return where he reveals to Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane) that Mercedes has gone missing in Las Vegas after their argument. Clare, claiming to be called "Cassandra Knight", tracks down Doctor Browning at his apartment and pretends to be just as shocked as Doctor Browning when he opens a letter addressed to him demanding "£100,000 or Mercedes dies". She informed Doctor Browning that she saw Mercedes getting into a limo with another man in Vegas, and Doctor Browning then correctly assumes Clare wrote the ransom note, however he soon discards this theory as he then suspects Mercedes probably wrote the letter herself. Clare returns to her hotel room where Mercedes is tied to a chair. Clare tells Mercedes that Doctor Browning suspects she wrote the ransom note, and that they need to work harder to get ransom money out of him before punching her in the face.
Clare soon persuades Doctor Browning to buy Chez Chez so that they can be business partners. He initially agrees, but he then discovers from Jim that "Cassandra Knight" does not exist. When he confronts her about this, she reveals that her real name is Clare Devine and that she gets by conning rich men, failing to tell him about her history in the village. She then says that she is not conning him, because if she was, she would have finished with him already. He then decides to buy Chez Chez. However, before they both sign the ownership papers, Clare accidentally shows her hatred for Mercedes. Realising she must have known Mercedes prior to their meeting in Las Vegas, Doctor Browning rips up the papers and once again confronts Clare, who attacks Doctor Browning and flees. She is then seen returning to her hotel room, where Mercedes is seen relaxing and their conversation shows that she's apparently helping Clare with the scam. They concoct a plan to extort money from Doctor Browning. Clare helps Mercedes fake her disappearance and blackmail him for ransom money. When Mercedes realises that Clare has been lying she decides to stop the scheme. Clare knocks Mercedes unconscious taking her hostage for real. Jacqui manages to get her hands on enough money to pay the ransom, but the bag containing the money is accidentally taken by Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest).
Clare then holds Mercedes to ransom for real when Mercedes realises that Doctor Browning genuinely loves her and locks her in a metal cage surrounded by two rabid dogs. She then ends up locking Doctor Browning in there and hits him in the head with a rock. Clare gives Mercedes the key to get out of the cage but as she and Doctor Browning attempt freedom, the two dogs rush back towards them angrily barking so the twosome have to lock themselves back in again. They have a heart to heart until he falls unconscious from the head wound but the ambulance soon arrive and just in time as Mercedes and Myra have a tearful reunion. Clare sneaks into The Dog without being noticed. She creeps up behind Tom and he is terrified as he comes face to face with Clare. Clare makes Tom lock them both in his room. Clare angrily accuses Tom of having her ransom money which he denies and offers his piggy bank money and tries to tell her there is money in the kitchen and the till. Clare gets angry at this and brings up Max's name, reminding Tom that he remembers how angry she got with Max. When Jack Osborne (Jimmy McKenna) knocks at the door, Clare makes Tom get rid of him. he is a little harsh to Jack, telling him he is grumpy and to leave him alone. A while later, loud music comes from Tom's room and Jack and Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson) rush to Tom's door trying to open it and upon realising that it is locked and Tom is in danger, Darren breaks the door down in to see Clare holding Tom with a golf club. Clare tries to escape and runs through the pub with Darren giving chase and falling over a stool. He manages to catch Clare and pins her to the ground until the police come and arrest Clare once again and tells the Osborne's it's not over and that she knows Tom has her money. Clare is then arrested.
Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall) and Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell) visit Clare in prison, Fraser asks Jim to help secure her release and it is revealed that Fraser is Clare's father. She tells him never to return and she will not forgive him. Clare cannot cope with prison life and accepts help. When she is released Fraser hands over The Loft to Clare. She reveals that she was pregnant with Trevor Royle's (Greg Wood) baby and Fraser pushed her down the stairs, causing her to miscarry. Clare wants revenge and decides to plant a bomb in The Loft. She invites Mercedes to have her birthday party inside, but when Clare detonates the bomb, a block of council flats blow up instead after Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) took the bag containing the bomb by mistake, killing Leanne, Ash Kane (Holly Weston), Doug Carter (PJ Brennan). Clare is then killed when Mercedes pushes her in front of Doctor Browning's car following a fight.
Creation
Casting
The character was first introduced to Hollyoaks in December 2005, by series producer David Hanson portrayed by Samantha Rowley. The character was introduced as an events manager for The Loft nightclub, and as the story progressed, the new girlfriend of Max Cunningham, and appeared initially from 2005 to 2006, when new series producer Bryan Kirkwood decided to recast the role to Gemma Bissix after wanting to take the character in a new direction. Speaking on the Hollyoaks Podcast in 2020: Bixsix recalled "[Samantha] came from a model show of some kind, and that's when Hollyoaks were criticised for bringing people in that were models and weren't acting. That's when Hollyoaks was downgraded and it was all about what you look like. "When Bryan came in, he took it upon himself – it was literally like Pippa from Home and Away. She went upstairs with Max one night, then the next morning, I came down. I think they liked the press of it – it was an impact." Bissix had previously auditioned for five other roles on the show, and was reluctant to audition for the role of Clare.
Bissix remained in the role from 2006 to 2007, when the character left the show. It was announced in March 2009 that Clare would return for a short stint in May 2009 reintroduced by Bryan Kirkwood. The return was dubbed "stunt week", as the character got her revenge on Justin Burton and Warren Fox.
In August 2009, Bissix announced she would like to return to Hollyoaks as Clare Devine, commenting on the role she said, "You really can't get much better than playing a psychotic murderer turning up in her ripped tights and pouring petrol over everything."
Personality
When Clare originally arrived in 2005 played by Samantha Rowley, she was rather likeable and friendly. However, after the character's recast to Gemma Bissix the following year, the character revealed a dark side and this was quickly revealed around Hollyoaks. Clare became a con-woman, marrying Max Cunningham simply for his money. Clare made several attempts to kill Max, however was unsuccessful. In 2007, Clare was pushed over the balcony at The Loft. This attempt on her life led to her departure from the series, in which, her enemies assumed she had died. Almost two years later, Clare returned for her revenge on Warren Fox and Justin Burton, where she was arrested for Warren's murder.
Development
Return
On 17 March 2009. Kris Green from Digital Spy revealed that Clare could be returning to the show to coincide with Warren Fox (Jamie Lomas) and Justin Burton's (Chris Fountain) exit storylines. The return was soon confirmed. Series producer Bryan Kirkwood telephoned Bissix in December 2008 with the return offer. The succeeding producer Lucy Allan told Kris Green from Digital Spy that Clare was "pivotal in the culmination" of Justin and Warren's departure stories. She added that it would have been a "disservice" to the show not to feature her. It was revealed that Clare would return seeking revenge and traps Warren and Justin in a fire at The Loft nightclub. Clare returns in an unhinged state of mind. Bissix told the Press Association that "she's come back slightly unhinged and there isn't much that gets in her way and that's what I think is so exciting."
Reintroduction
In February 2013, it was announced that Bissix had agreed to return to Hollyoaks. Bissix had previously expressed her desire to return in August 2009. The return scenes were scheduled to broadcast in March that year. Bissix expressed excitement to work with Kirkwood again. It was announced that Clare's arrival would cause problems for Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) and Doctor Browning (Joseph Thompson). While appearing on chat show The Wright Stuff Bissix hyped Clare's behaviour on her return as "extra evil". She told the Press Association that old viewers pledged to watch the show again upon Clare's reemergence. Bissix added that the drama Clare creates defines the soap opera genre. Clare was only written back into the series for the short storyline as Bissix had other work commitments. The actress later announced that she intended to rejoin the regular cast.
Departure (2013)
Bissix told a Birmingham Mail reporter that she would resume filming in July with her return airing in September. She said her return storyline was a "top secret" and that "just when I think she can’t get any worse, she does." Clare returned on-screen during the show's "first look" episode on 26 September 2013 and was being held in prison. Producers decided to keep details of her reappearance a secret until transmission. Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall) being revealed as her father was another secret aspect of the storyline. However Clare was killed off in another "shock" storyline twist, which sees Doctor Browning run her over with his car. Bissix described Clare as the best character she had played in her career and thanked her supportive fans. She explained that Clare's departure would ultimately allow other villains to become embroiled in main storylines.
Reception
For her portrayal of Clare, Bissix was won "Villain of the Year" at the 2007 British Soap Awards. She was also nominated for "Best Actress". The following year she won "Best Exit" and "Spectacular Scene Of The Year" for her departure storyline. Her returns to the series in 2013, made Hollyoaks first winning Best Soap.
Industry experts selected named Clare one of the "top 100 British soap characters" in a What's on TV poll.
Bissix also played Clare Bates in rival soap-opera EastEnders. The characters shared similarities and a writer from The Herald suggested that Bissix actually played an identical role between the two shows. Bissix has acknowledged the comparisons but noted that Clare Devine lacks emotion, kills people and taunts little children. Bissix has also claimed that men are scared of her because of the "super bitch" role.
Clare was featured on a list of "bunny boilers" compiled in the Radio Times. A writer described her as "Devine by name, devilish by nature, Clare married Max for his money and then repeatedly tried to kill him for it. She made enemies easily, notably Warren and Justin, and when she was pushed over a balcony and almost killed, the list of suspects was longer than the electoral roll." Digital Spy's Green wrote of his disappointment of Clare's 2009 return. He branded Clare as a "fabulous character" deserving more than being "a mere plot device" in other character's departures. However, 53 per cent of readers were pleased with the return.
Clare was placed at number 7 in a Virgin Media feature about "soap's greatest comebacks". A writer for the site quipped "After seemingly falling to her death twice, it seems nothing can keep this Hollyoaks bad girl down. Clare last resurfaced, in barking mad fashion, to kill off arch-enemy Warren Fox. Now she's banged up, but we don't imagine we've seen the last of her just yet..."
Clare was also ranked at Number 7 in Digital Spy's feature on soap recasts.
References
External links
on the E4 website
Hollyoaks characters
Fictional con artists
Fictional socialites
Fictional female businesspeople
Television characters introduced in 2005
Cunningham family
Fictional kidnappers
Fictional gangsters
Fictional criminals in soap operas
Fictional prisoners and detainees
Female characters in television
Female villains |
11393867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1567%20in%20art | 1567 in art | Events from the year 1567 in art.
Events
In China, the Jiajing era (1522–1566) has ended.
Paintings
Federico Barocci – Madonna di San Simone (Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Urbino)
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
The Adoration of the Magi
The Massacre of the Innocents (1566-7)
The Peasant Wedding
Gian Paolo Lomazzo – Allegory of the Lenten Feast (for San Agostino, Piacenza)
Titian – Self-portrait (approximate date)
Giorgio Vasari – Self-portrait (approximate date)
Births
1 May - Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, Dutch painter (died 1641)
24 September - Martin Fréminet, French painter and engraver (died 1619)
date unknown
Nicolas Cordier, French sculptor, painter and printmaker (died 1612)
Giovanni Giacomo Pandolfi, Italian painter who worked in his native Pesaro (died 1636)
1567/1576: Abraham Janssens, Flemish painter (died 1632)
Deaths
17 September - Pier Francesco d'Jacopo di Domenico Toschi, Italian painter of primarily religious works (born unknown)
date unknown
Lambert Barnard, English Renaissance painter (born 1485)
Pier Francesco Foschi, Italian painter active in Florence in a Mannerist style (born 1502)
Dirck Jacobsz, Dutch Renaissance painter (born 1496)
Antonio Labacco, architect, engraver, and writer (born 1495)
Ligier Richier, French sculptor (born 1500)
Jakob Seisenegger, Austrian portrait painter used by Charles V (born 1505)
Enea Vico, Italian engraver (born 1523)
Years of the 16th century in art |
4222045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Sims | Keith Sims | Keith Alexander Sims (born June 17, 1967) is a former American football player in the National Football League who played offensive line for 11 seasons between 1990 and 2000 for the Miami Dolphins and the Washington Redskins. Sims and Richmond Webb were leaders on a dominant Miami offensive line in the mid-1990s. He was elected to the Pro Bowl three times, in 1993, 1994 and 1995. The jersey number he wore was 69.
High school career
Sims played high school football in Warren, New Jersey at Watchung Hills Regional High School.
College career
After high school, continued to play college football at Iowa State University. He graduated from ISU in 1990 and was elected into the Iowa State Hall of Fame in 2006.
Personal life
He is currently married to Tia, with whom he has three children, Keith Jr, Jayson, and baby Justin. He also has two children from a previous marriage to Cameron, named Cairo and Storm. He does sideline reporting for the Miami Dolphins Radio Network with play-by-play man Jimmy Cefalo and color commentators Joe Rose and Jason Taylor.
1967 births
Living people
Miami Dolphins players
Washington Redskins players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Iowa State Cyclones football players
Players of American football from Baltimore
Miami Dolphins announcers
National Football League announcers |
63722095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eile%20Castle | Şile Castle | Şile Castle () or Ocaklı Ada Castle is a castle located on Ocaklı Island in the Şile district of Istanbul. It was criticized for its appearance after the restoration of 2015 because it looked like SpongeBob SquarePants.
History
There are two different claims about the history of the building, which was built as a watchtower. According to the claim accepted today, it was built 1000 years ago by the Genoese. According to another claim, it was built by the Eastern Roman Empire and later used by the Ottomans. The castle, which was taken over by the Genoese in 1305, was conquered by the Ottoman army under the command of Yıldırım Bayezid in 1396. The castle has been repaired at least twice throughout history.
References
Castles in Istanbul Province
Şile |
27238203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyulevo%2C%20Burgas%20Province | Dyulevo, Burgas Province | Dyulevo is a village in Sredets Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria.
References
Villages in Burgas Province |
22080489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sograndio%20%28Proaza%29 | Sograndio (Proaza) | not to be confused with Sograndio, Oviedo'', also in Asturias
Sograndio is one of eight parishes in Proaza, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
It is in size with a population of 83 (INE 2005). The postal code is 33114.
See also
Iglesia de San Esteban (Sograndio)
References
Parishes in Proaza |
55165751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Shanghai%20Challenger | 2017 Shanghai Challenger | The 2017 Shanghai Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Shanghai, China between 11 and 17 September 2017.
Singles main draw entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of 28 August 2017.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Sun Fajing
Wang Chuhan
Wu Yibing
Zhang Zhizhen
The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
Bradley Klahn
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Yuya Kibi
Bradley Mousley
Kento Takeuchi
Xia Zihao
Champions
Singles
Wu Yibing def. Lu Yen-hsun 7–6(8–6), 0–0 ret.
Doubles
Toshihide Matsui / Yi Chu-huan def. Bradley Klahn / Peter Polansky 6–7(1–7), 6–4, [10–5].
Shanghai Challenger
2017
Shanghai Challenger |
56675722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotricha%20%28insect%29 | Oligotricha (insect) | Oligotricha is a genus of giant casemakers in the family Phryganeidae. There are about eight described species in Oligotricha.
Species
Oligotricha evanescens (Scudder, 1890)
Oligotricha fulvipes (Matsumura, 1904)
Oligotricha hybridoides Wiggins & Kuwayama, 1971
Oligotricha kawamurai (Iwata, 1927)
Oligotricha lapponica (Hagen, 1864)
Oligotricha maxima (Iwata, 1927)
Oligotricha spicata Wiggins & Kuwayama, 1957
Oligotricha striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
References
Further reading
Trichoptera genera |
6713042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Michael%20Griffiths%20Newman | Oliver Michael Griffiths Newman | Oliver Michael Griffiths Newman (born 1941) is an Australian metallurgist, administrator and amateur ornithologist who has worked for many years with Pasminco EZ Ltd in Tasmania and Newcastle, New South Wales. In Tasmania he was involved with studies on waders, especially the breeding biology of pied oystercatchers. He became a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) in 1968. He was regional organizer for the RAOU's Atlas of Australian Birds project 1977–1981. He served on the RAOU Council 1982–1988, and again from 1999, including chairing the Research Committee. He was elected a Fellow of the RAOU in 2003.
See also
List of ornithologists
References
Robin, Libby. (2001). The Flight of the Emu: a hundred years of Australian ornithology 1901-2001. Carlton, Vic. Melbourne University Press.
Newman, Mike
1941 births
Living people
Australian metallurgists |
9817798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse%20University%20Press | Syracuse University Press | Syracuse University Press, founded in 1943, is a university press that is part of Syracuse University. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses.
History
SUP was formed in August 1943 when president William P. Tolley promised Thomas J. Watson that the university will organize a press to print IBM's Precision Measurements in the Metal Workings Industry. Matthew Lyle Spencer of the School of Journalism became the first chair of the board of directors and Lawrence Siegfried was the first editor.
About
The areas of focus for the Press include Middle East studies, Native American studies, peace and conflict resolution, Irish studies and Jewish studies, New York State, television and popular culture, sports and entertainment. The Press has an international reputation in Irish studies and Middle East studies. SU Press received Humanities Open Book Program award in March 2017.
Since October 2020, SU press has produced audiobooks in collaboration with Sound Beat, which is produced at Belfer Audio Laboratory and Archive at Syracuse University Libraries.
References
External links
Press
University presses of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1943
Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
1943 establishments in New York (state) |
15238870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Rock%20Rovers%20Hockey%20Club | Three Rock Rovers Hockey Club | Three Rock Rovers Hockey Club is a field hockey club based in Rathfarnham, South Dublin, Ireland. The club was founded in 1893. It was originally based in Foxrock and was named after Three Rock Mountain. The club's senior men's team plays in the Men's Irish Hockey League and the Men's Irish Senior Cup. The reserve team play in the Men's Irish Junior Cup. Three Rock Rovers have also represented Ireland in European competitions, including the Euro Hockey League. Three Rock Rovers also enters various men's and women's teams in junior, senior and veterans leagues and cup competitions affiliated to the Leinster Hockey Association.
History
Three Rock Rovers were founded in 1893 by a group of former Dublin University Hockey Club players. Together with Dublin University and Monkstown, Three Rock Rovers were among the pioneering field hockey clubs in Ireland. In 2008–09 Three Rock Rovers were founder members of the Men's Irish Hockey League.
EY Champions Trophy
Irish Senior Cup
Notes
Irish Junior Cup
Europe
Three Rock Rovers have also represented Ireland in European competitions. In addition to playing in the Euro Hockey League, Three Rock Rovers have also played in European indoor hockey competitions. Three Rock Rovers hosted the 2015 EuroHockey Club Trophy.
Women's field hockey
Irish Junior Cup
Home grounds
Three Rock Rovers were originally based in Foxrock, near the Stillorgan station on the Harcourt Street railway line. The club's original grounds were donated to Three Rock Rovers by Sir John Power of Power's Distillers. In 1930, Three Rock Rovers moved to Londonbridge Road, the headquarters of the Irish Hockey Union in Ringsend. In 1981 the club moved to its current grounds at Grange Road in Rathfarnham, South Dublin.
Notable players
Men
internationals
When Ireland won the silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics, the squad included five Three Rock Rovers players – Henry Brown, Walter Campbell, Richard Gregg, Henry Murphy and Charles Power.
international
David Judge: 1964
internationals
Jody Hosking
Richard Pautz
Others
Gordon Lambert: member of Seanad Éireann
Women
internationals
When the Ireland women's national field hockey team won the silver medal at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup, the squad included former Three Rock Rovers player Deirdre Duke.
Deirdre Duke
Honours
Men
Men's Irish Hockey League
Runners Up: 2017–18, 2018–19: 2
EY Champions Trophy
Winners: 2017, 2018, 2019: 3
Irish Senior Cup
Winners: 1897–98, 1907–08, 1938–39, 1952–53, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1973–74, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19: 12
Runners Up: 1912, 1960, 1977, 1986, 1998, 1999: 6
Irish Junior Cup
Winners: 1897–98, 1909–10, 1911–12, 1919–20, 1978–79, 1997–98, 2018–19: 7
Runners Up: 1964, 1977, 1983, 2000, 2015, 2017: 6
EuroHockey Indoor Club Challenge II
Winners: 2018: 1
EuroHockey Indoor Club Challenge I
Runners Up: 2019: 1
All-Ireland Club Championship
Winners: 2008: 1
Women
Irish Junior Cup
Runners Up: 2001, 2003: 2
References
External links
Three Rock Rovers on Facebook
Three Rock Rovers on Twitter
Field hockey clubs in County Dublin
Sports clubs in South Dublin (county)
Men's Irish Hockey League teams
1893 establishments in Ireland
Field hockey clubs established in 1893 |
5277655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomus%20aggregatum | Glomus aggregatum | Glomus aggregatum is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. Like other species in this phylum it forms obligate symbioses with plant roots, where it obtains carbon (photosynthate) from the host plant in exchange for nutrients and other benefits.
Morphology
G. aggregatum has sporocarps containing spores which are not closely grouped. Spores are usually pear-shaped or spherical and measure between 40 and 85 μm in diameter, whereas sporocarps can be 200-1800 μm X 200-1400 μm in diameter. Spore color ranges from pale yellow to a darker yellow-brown or orange-brown. Spores can be contained in either one or two cell walls, but if there are two, the outer wall is always thicker. A second type of spore wall thickening has been observed in G. aggregatum spores wherein the wall undergoes localized thickening in one hemisphere or a smaller space. This can happen in multiple locations on a single spore and can contribute to the spore having a pear-like shape. The attached hypha can be blocked from the pore by this thickening. As is the case for all species in this genera, the mycorrhizal structure of G. aggregatum proliferates in straight lines along the cortex, branching dichotomously at cell junctions as it penetrates deeper into the root and extending in two directions at once. The mycorrhizal hyphae stain dark. Arbuscules that breach into root cells are thick and intricately branched into compact hyphal bunches.
History and Taxonomy
In 1939, Edwin John Butler described a Glomus aggregatum-like organism, but a name was not assigned to this species until 1943, when C.O. Rosendahl provided further details and named the species Rhizophagites butleri Rosendahl. Rosendahl wrote of his discovery of grouped (or clustered) sporangia on thick-walled, branched hyphae recovered from disturbed soils in Minnesota. Over the course of the next 40 years, various researchers were able to isolate similar fungal spores (typically in areas with sand based soils), but it wasn't until 1982 that G. aggregatum was first described. N.C. Schenck and George S. Smith were the researchers who made this discovery (in Florida Citrus groves) and their description was very similar to that of R. butleri and other fungi in the Glomus fasciculatum complex, however, it was still thought to be a different species than R. butleri. Further research was conducted, and after comparing extensive amounts of fungal spores, a conclusion was reached that G. aggregatum and R. butleri are in-fact the same species of fungi. Analyses by Schwarzott, Walker, and Schußler showed the genus was not monophyletic. The recent reorganization of the Glomeromycota phylogeny has renamed this species Rhizophagus aggregatum.
Human Use
The large scale application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi such as G. aggregatum to human activities is its presence in commercial agriculture as an inoculum. Mycorrhizal relationships are important in this context because long-term agriculture tends to drain nutrients like phosphorus from the soil. For this reason, modern agriculture must apply vast amounts of phosphorus and other nutrient to fields yearly. Artificial and stimulated mycorrhizal associations can help plants mobilize phosphorus from the soil and utilize it. This can lead to higher yields and can also lessen the need for artificial phosphorus fertilization. It has also been suggested that selective inoculation of mycorrhiza into certain crops can increase water retention and help mitigate toxic factors in major food sources such as rice.
G. aggregatum and other members of Glomeromycota may also help in soil detoxification processes and ecosystem-level metabolic pathways. For example, an experiment in 2010 showed that root-mycorrhizal interface was significantly more successful at detoxifying arsenic-laced soils than non-associated roots. The study showed that the presence of G. aggregatum methylated the arsenic in the soil, but that indigenous soil microorganisms were responsible for further detoxification of dimethlarsinic acid into trimethylarsine oxide.
References
Glomerales |
65614321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau%20To%20Village | Kau To Village | Kau To Village () is a village on Kau To Shan, near Fo Tan, Sha Tin District, Hong Kong.
History
The village historically shared a single higher earthgod shrine with Cheung Lek Mei, Ma Niu and Ma Liu Shui. All were part of the Fo Tan Yeuk ().
See also
Kau To Hang
Ma Niu Village
References
Further reading
External links
Delineation of area of existing village Kau To (Sha Tin) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)
Sha Tin District
Villages in Hong Kong |
14937648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina%20Brenna | Gmina Brenna | Gmina Brenna is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Its seat is the village of Brenna.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2019 its total population is 11,222.
Villages
Gmina Brenna contains villages of Brenna, Górki Małe and Górki Wielkie.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Brenna is bordered by the gminas of Skoczów, Jasienica, Jaworze, Bielsko-Biała, Szczyrk, Wisła and Ustroń.
Twin towns – sister cities
Gmina Brenna is twinned with:
Baiersdorf, Germany
Fleurbaix, France
Główczyce, Poland
References
External links
Brenna
Cieszyn County
Cieszyn Silesia |
22845113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick%20Cullen | Mick Cullen | Michael Joseph Cullen (born 3 July 1931) is a Scottish former footballer, most noted as a player for Luton Town and Grimsby Town.
Playing career
Cullen was born in Glasgow. At the age of 17, he signed for English Second Division side Luton Town in 1948. In 1956, he became the only Luton Town player ever to be capped by Scotland. He was sold to Grimsby Town in 1958, and after a successful spell there he moved on to Derby County. He moved on to Wellington Town, where he played out his career.
References
External links
1931 births
Living people
Footballers from Glasgow
English Football League players
Scotland international footballers
Scottish footballers
Luton Town F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Association football wingers
Scotland B international footballers |
3375112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunath%20Murmu | Raghunath Murmu | Pandit Raghunath Murmu (May 1905 – February 1982) was an Indian Santal writer and educator. He invented the Ol Chiki script for Santali language. Until the nineteenth century, Santal community had no written language and knowledge was transmitted orally from one generation to other. Later European researchers and Christian missionaries started to use Bengali, Odia, and Roman scripts to document the Santali language. However, Santals did not have their own script. His invention of the Ol Chiki script enriched the cultural identity of the tribal Santal community. He wrote many songs, plays and school text books in the Ol Chiki script.
Biography
Raghunath Murmu was born on the day of Baisakhi Purnima (Buddha Purnima), 1905 in the Dandbose (Dahardih) village (near Rairangpur town) of Mayurbhanj State (now in Odisha State), India. He is the son of Nandlal Murmu (father) and Salma Murmu (mother). His father, Nandlal Murmu, was a village head and his paternal uncle was a Munsi in the court of King Pratap Chandra Bhanjdeo of Mayurbhanj State. As per the traditional social rituals of the Santal community (also known as the Kherwal community), he was named Chunu Murmu after his birth. However, later the priest, who performed his naming ceremony, changed his name from Chunu Murmu to Raghunath Murmu.
Early life: education and the invention of the Ol Chiki script
At the age of seven, he went to the Gambharia U.P. School (an Odia-language school, 3 km away from his village) for his primary education. On the first day of school, he found his teacher to be an Odiya. He started wondering why was the school not operating in the language in which he spoke, Santali. He used to say - why should we learn in this language? Odiya is a teaching medium for Odiya-speaking people. We are Santals (Kherwal), so why are we not taught in Santali?. He told his father to admit him in a Santali medium school. His father then told him that Santali does not have any written script, it is an oral language. At that age, he started to think - why don't we have our own script? why are we not taught in our language?. These questions always kept buzzed in his mind.
In 1914, he was admitted to the Bahalda Primary School (7 km away from his village). As this school is quite far from his native village, he built a hut near the school on a relative's land in Bana Dungri. He started to stay there with some other boys. During these days, while other children used to play together in nearby playground, he did not play with them. He used to play alone in soil, drawing different shapes on earth, writing alphabets. He used to learn through his play. This is probably the time when he started developing the script Ol Chiki.
He was sent to Baripada (capital city of then Mayurbhanj State) for further study. He took admission in the Baripada High School of Mayurbhanj (present M.K.C. High School). But here too his mind was stuck with the thoughts of having his own language and script. During the school holidays, he used to go home at his native village Danbose. At that time, he used to spent his time alone roaming in a nearby jungle, named Kapi-Buru. Generally, no one ventured into that isolated Kapi-Buru jungle. He would often go off into Kapi-Buru with his notebook and pen. It is said that he created the Ol Chiki script at Kapi-Buru in 1925.
In 1928, he passed his matriculation examination (10th) from the Patna University. In the same year, he married Nuha Baskey, a resident of Jamjora village.
Middle life: creation of Santali literature using Ol-Chiki script
After his matriculation in 1928, he started a job at the Baripada Power House as an apprentice. During this time, he also built his own house at Baripada. Later P.K. Singh, Dewan of then Mayurbhanj State, sent him Serampore (near Kolkata) to get some industrial training. He took his technical training at three different places of West Bengal- Serampore in Hooghly district, Shantiniketan in Birbhum district, and Gosaba Training Center at South 24 Parganas district. After acquiring the necessary technical education, he was appointed as a teacher at the Baripada Technical Institute. After a brief stint in the technical institute, he joined as a teacher at the Badamtolia Primary School in 1933. Many people believed that he sometimes used Ol Chiki script while teaching in the class. One of his students (son of a carpenter) carved out the letters he wrote on a wooden chapati roller. After applying the ink on that roller, if someone rolls that roller on a paper letters would be printed on that paper. The first book, named Horh Sereng, in Ol Chiki script was published in 1936. Finally a script worth seeing. He published his first play Bidu-Chandan in 1942. In the novel, he described how Bidu (god) and Chandan (Goddess) who came to earth as human beings, invented the Ol Chiki script in order to express their love for each other using written Santali. This book was exhibited in a function at Baripada where the king of Mayurbhanj State was also invited. King understood the worth of this newly invented script. During this time, he used to stay in the house of Sudhir Majhi at the Bhutadi village. That place is now known as Master Bari. There was also a stage near his house. The first show of his play Bidu Chandan was staged there. Many people came to see his play Bidu Chandan when it was first staged in his native village. Later he also taught at the Gambaria, Bahalda, and Rairangpur high schools. During that period, he used to visit different santal villages in Mayurbhanj, and Jharkhand and taught the use of his invented Ol Chiki script. In this way, the Ol Chiki script reached out to a large number of Santali peoples. People loved him as a teacher and started calling him Pandit Raghunath Murmu.
During the Swadeshi independence movent in 1942, he got branded as a revolutionary when he was campaigning for his invented Ol Chiki script. He escaped to his wife's native village Jamjora and stayed hidden. He also continued his work of developing Santali literature using Ol Chiki script during that time. On 15 August 1947, India got independence. All king-ruled states are getting integrated into India. During this time, the demand for a Jharkhand state for Santali-speaking tribal people was also gaining momentum. He was an ardent supporter of this Jharkhand Movement. Police firing was also sought to quell the protesters at Kharusan and Gundaria in Mayurbhanj. An arrest warrant was also issued in his name when the demand for Jharkhand was raised at the Baripada Tribal Convention. He left Baripada and went to Karandin Sarjom Tola village (near Jamshedpur). He stayed there in a rented house and started working for the Tata Steel in Jamshedpur. He and his friend Sadhu Murmu together started spreading the knowledge about Ol Chiki script there. Wherever they found a group of 4-5 people, they used to go there and talk about their work in Ol Chiki script. He used to teach villagers how to read and write the Ol Chiki alphabet, during his travel to many places. He also wrote different books Parsi Poha, Parsi Itun, Ranarh, Alkha, Ol Chemed etc for learning Ol Chiki.
Last life: honours for his contribution in the Santali literature
He went to his native village to spend the last days of his life. He traveled all his life to spread the use of Ol Chiki script, while his mother-in-law took care of his family and home. In 1956, All India Sarna Conference (People who worship nature is called Sarna) was held in Karamdihi near Jamshedpur. In this conference, prominent tribal leader Jaipal Singh bestowed him with the title Guru Gomke (the great teacher). He was also honoured by Mayurbhanj State Adivasi Mahasabha with the title "Guru Gomke" (the great teacher). During this time, his brother-in-law Muniram Baskey gifted him a printing machine. He bought different metallic script typefaces (heavy-light-big-small) from Kolkata and started printing his books in the Ol Chiki script. Under his direction, the weekly magazine Saagen Saakam was printed and distributed to spread the Santali literature. He used to say our literature can not progress without Ol Chiki. Baba Tilka Majhi Library was also established under his guidance. He visited many santal-dominated places in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, and Odisha and taught people about the use of Ol Chiki alphabet (Au-Ote-O-Aung) in phonetics through his songs. Gradually he is able to convince people about the necessity of Ol Chiki script. He also started a non-political organization named ASECA (Adivasi Socio-Educational and Cultural Association) to organize meetings at different places where everyone can share their own ideas. Santal (Kherwal) community now worships Bidu-Chandan (characters of his drama) as God of Knowledge. By offering prayers to the god Bidu with his wife Chandan (goddess) on the confluence of two rivers Jual and Bhangra (near Jhargram), He set the norms and standards which today become a traditional ritual in that region. Even today Santal community offers prayer to the Bidu-Chandan (God of Knowledge) on the same confluence. He wrote more than 150 plays, short stories, novels and poems in Ol Chiki script.
He got many awards for his path-breaking work in Santali literature and script. Ranchi University awarded him the honorable Doctorate degree for his contribution to Santali literature. On 16 November 1979, the Government of West Bengal (then chief minister Jyoti Basu) honored him by giving him a bronze (copper) medal at the Kundbona ground of Hura in the Purulia district. An organization named Dhumkuna Ranchi also gave him the title D.Lit. Odiya Sahitya Academy also awarded him for his literary contribution. Prof. Martin Orens, a distinguished anthropologist of the University of California USA, called him a Theologian (Spiritual Guru). Mr. M.D. Julius Tigga called him a Great Inventor and Dramatist. The greatest award he got is the love and respect of the people for his unique contribution towards his own language and community. He actually gave the identity to his own santal community via Ol Chiki script.
He died on 2 February 1982.
Notable works
His most notable work is the invention of Ol Chiki script itself. However, there are also some other notable works regarding the Santali literature and script. These works are - Ol Chemed (primary syllabus of Ol Chiki), Parsi Poha (essential elements of Ol Chiki), Dare Ge Dhon (drama), Sidu Kanhu (patriotic drama), Bidu Chandan (famous love drama), Kherwal Bir (patriotic drama), Hital (scripture of evolution of the Earth and human being of Kherwals myth), Hor Sereng (Santali literature songs), Ronor (Santali grammar), Elkha (Santali mathematics). His first book is the Hor Sereng and his first book on play is the Bidu Chandan. His last book is Rah Andorh.
Legacy
He has not only given a new identity to the Santal community but also has laid an inspiration for other tribal communities to create their own script. Because of this inspiration, many tribal communities are now able to develop their own script. The Government of India has included the Santali language in the Eighth Schedule of the constitution of India on 22 December 2003. After that, many state governments of India, specifically West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bihar, gave recognition to the Santali language. The government of Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal included the Santali language as a medium of instruction at the primary and high school levels in the santal-dominated area. Many universities and colleges of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha are now offering courses on the Santali literature using Ol Chiki script.
In 2016, Odisha chief minister declared the birthday of Pandit Raghunath Murmu (every year full moon day on the month of May which is popularly called as "Guru Kunami", "Guru Purnima" and "Basant Kunami" ) as an optional holiday.
References
External links
1905 births
1982 deaths
Adivasi writers
Creators of writing systems
Writers from Odisha
People from Mayurbhanj district
20th-century Indian linguists
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Santali people
Santali writers |
11642950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHOC | KHOC | KHOC (102.5 FM, "Heart 102.5") is a commercial radio station located in Casper, Wyoming.
All Mt. Rushmore Casper stations are located at 218 N. Wolcott in downtown Casper.
History
The station was first known as KKRR, starting on 1997-10-06. On 1998-10-23, the station changed its call sign to the current KHOC. Citing technical difficulties, the station, along with its five other sister stations went dark for a period of time in August 2011. KVOC, KMLD, and KHOC remained silent as of December 17, 2011. Other than equipment reasons, no further information as to why the three stations were off the air has been provided.
Fines
KHOC, along with other Casper stations owned by Mt. Rushmore Broadcasting were fined $68,000 for using unlicensed Studio/transmitter links, which the company had been using for 16 years. The FCC fined the company $68,000 for "willfully and repeatedly" violating the law, giving the stations' owner 30 days to get licenses for its STLs for KHOC, and sister stations KMLD, KASS, and KQLT.
In 2012, station owner Jan Charles Gray was named in a lawsuit by the U.S. Department of Labor for improperly paying employees. Gray called the claims in the lawsuit "bogus".
In 2013, Gray informed the Casper Star Tribune that the lawsuit and a $68,000 fine for unlicensed STLs were "a lot of baloney." Gray said if the FCC doesn't back down, he plans to "sue them on behalf of every radio owner in America that has been wronged by them".
Previous logo
References
External links
Heart 102.5 Facebook
HOC
Radio stations established in 1997 |
56675742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Cleveland | HMS Cleveland | Two ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Cleveland:
was a Royal Yacht launched in 1671 at Portsmouth Dockyard. She was sold in 1716.
was a Hunt-class destroyer launched in 1940 and stranded while under tow to be scrapped in 1957.
Royal Navy ship names |
66077060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzin%20v.%20Tanvir | Tanzin v. Tanvir | Tanzin v. Tanvir, 592 U.S. ___ (2020), was a United States Supreme Court case involving legal remedies that could be sought by litigants against federal officials for violations of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993. In a unanimous decision issued December 10, 2020, the court ruled that the Act allowed for litigants to seek not only injunctive relief but also monetary damages.
Background
At the center of the case were three men of the Muslim community with either U.S. citizenship or lawful permanent residency. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the men were approached by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents for questioning but not for any involvement of terrorist activity. Instead, the FBI wanted the men to serve "as government spies in their religious communities." The men refused, and the FBI pushed the matter by threatening to add their names to the Transportation Security Administration's No Fly List. The men continued to refuse to participate, and the FBI followed through with the threat around 2013.
The men tried repeatedly to have their names removed through the TSA but were directed to the FBI, which continued to state that if they co-operated by becoming informants in their Muslim communities, they would have their names removed. The men lost money on plane tickets that they could not use and also could not travel to see their families overseas or for other work-related functions.
Lower courts
The three men sued the FBI in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Upon the commencement of legal action, the FBI took steps to remove their names from the No Fly List and stated that the case should be considered moot. The plaintiffs continued the case, seeking monetary compensation, and asserted that it was allowed for by the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), which allows for one to "obtain appropriate relief against a government" when one's religious rights are harmed by a federal officer of the government.
The District Court ruled to dismiss the case by asserting that the "appropriate relief" clause of the RFRA does not allow for monetary recovery from such damages and that with the removal from the No Fly List, there were no further remedies that the men could pursue.
The men appealed to the Second Circuit Appeals Court, which reversed the District Court's decision in May 2018, and allowed their case to go forward. The Second Circuit found the District Court erred in the reading of the RFRA since the suit was directed at the specific agents of the FBI whose actions had adversely affected the men's religious freedom, and monetary compensation was considered part of the appropriate relief that could be awarded. The Second Circuit declined to rehear the case en banc, with multiple judges dissenting.
Supreme Court
The FBI agents, supported by the federal government, petitioned their case to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari in November 2019. The government in its petition claimed that the Second Circuit's decision would clear "the way for a slew of future suits against national security officials, criminal investigators, correctional officers and countless other federal employees, seeking to hold them personally liable for alleged burdens on any of the myriad religious practices engaged in by the people of our nation."
Oral arguments for the case were held on October 6, 2020 via teleconference because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Justice Amy Coney Barrett had not yet been confirmed by the Senate to replace Ruth Bader Ginsburg and so took no part in the case.
The Court issued its decision on December 10, 2020. The unanimous decision was written by Justice Clarence Thomas and upheld the Second Circuit's decision that under the RFRA, monetary damages may be sought against federal agents.
Thomas stated, "For certain injuries, such as respondents' wasted plane tickets, effective relief consists of damages, not an injunction." He rejected the arguments from the government that they needed to protect the agents from such lawsuits: "To be sure, there may be policy reasons why Congress may wish to shield Government employees from personal liability, and Congress is free to do so. But there are no constitutional reasons why we must do so in its stead." He also said that the officers in question might escape liability under the principle of qualified immunity. The decision remands the case back to the District Court to review monetary damages.
References
2020 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
United States statutory interpretation case law
United States free exercise of religion case law
Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks |
54022138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Soller%20McLay | Alma Soller McLay | Alma Florence Soller McLay (December 28, 1919 – April 5, 2017) was a member of Robert H. Jackson's team that prosecuted Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg after World War II.
Early life
Alma Florence Soller was born in Narrowsburg, New York, the daughter of George David Soller (1879-1928) and Margaret Slater Soller (1892-1990). She was raised on her parents' chicken farm with three older siblings, William, George, and Beulah. She trained as a secretary before World War II.
Nuremberg trials
Soller began to work for the United States Department of Defense in 1941. At the end of World War II she met then U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, who asked her to join his team and document what would be the Nuremberg trials as transcriber, together with Elsie L. Douglas. Jackson's biographer, John Q. Barrett, said that McLay "probably never got the full credit she deserved for her work transcribing the testimony, often in various languages and in shorthand, and collating the evidence." The nature of the recording technology used in the trials made audio records fragile, and the stenographers' work more critical in documenting the historic process.
Personal life
Alma Soller later married Stanley McLay, an Air Force colonel and industrial economist, and they moved to Rancho Palos Verdes, California in 1954. She had three children, Derek, Murdoch, and Alma. Alma Soller McLay was widowed when Stanley died in 1991; she died in 2017, aged 97 years, in Torrance, California. She was the last surviving member of the 18-person American team at Nuremberg.
References
External links
John Q. Barrett, The Jackson List.
Alma Soller McLay (2004) on London Agreement Report.
1919 births
2017 deaths
People from New York (state)
Stenographers
American women civilians in World War II
20th-century American people |
60062646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porat%20%28surname%29 | Porat (surname) | Porat is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ariel Porat (born 1956), Israeli jurist and academic
Dina Porat, Israeli historian
Elisha Porat (1938-2013), Israeli poet and writer
Hanan Porat (1943-2011), Israeli rabbi, educator and politician
Iddo Porat, Israeli legal scholar
Marc Porat, American tech entrepreneur and angel investor
Matan Porat, Israeli pianist and composer
Orna Porat (1924–2015), German-born Israeli theater actress
Ruth Porat (born 1957), British-born American financial executive
Yosef Porat (1909–1996), German-Israeli chess player
See also
Porat
Ben-Porat |
9419509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisha%20Domestic%20Airport | Bisha Domestic Airport | Bisha Domestic Airport (, ) is an airport serving Bisha, in 'Asir Province, Saudi Arabia. It opened on 1 June 1976.
Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring .
Airlines and destinations
Airlines offering scheduled passenger service:
See also
Arar Domestic Airport
List of airports in Saudi Arabia
Saudia
References
External links
1976 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Airports established in 1976
Airports in Saudi Arabia
'Asir Province |
15068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry | Infantry | Infantry is an army specialization whose personnel engage in military combat, usually against other enemy ground forces, as part of ground forces. They operate weapons and equipment to engage and destroy enemy ground forces. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry, marine infantry, mechanized infantry or airborne infantry. It is considered to be one of the most physically demanding and psychologically stressful military jobs.
Infantry have much greater local situational awareness than other military forces, due to their inherent intimate contact with the battlefield ("boots on the ground"); this is vital for engaging and infiltrating enemy positions, holding and defending ground (any military objectives), securing battlefield victories, maintaining military area control and security both at and behind the front lines, for capturing ordnance or materiel, taking prisoners, and military occupation. Infantry can more easily recognise, adapt and respond to local conditions, weather, and changing enemy weapons or tactics. They can operate in a wide range of terrain inaccessible to military vehicles, and can operate with a lower logistical burden. Infantry are the most easily delivered forces to ground combat areas, by simple and reliable marching, or by trucks, sea or air transport; they can also be inserted directly into combat by amphibious landing, by air drop with parachute (airborne infantry) or via air assault by helicopters (airmobile infantry). They can be augmented with a variety of crew-served weapons, armoured personnel carriers, and infantry fighting vehicles.
Etymology and terminology
In English, use of the term infantry began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot. The word derives from Middle French infanterie, from older Italian (also Spanish) infanteria (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin īnfāns (without speech, newborn, foolish), from which English also gets infant. The individual-soldier term infantryman was not coined until 1837. In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantry and infantrymen.
From the mid-18th century until 1881 the British Army named its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them from cavalry and dragoon regiments (see List of Regiments of Foot).
Infantry equipped with special weapons were often named after that weapon, such as grenadiers for their grenades, or fusiliers for their fusils. These names can persist long after the weapon speciality; examples of infantry units that retained such names are the Royal Irish Fusiliers and the Grenadier Guards.
More commonly in modern times, infantry with special tactics are named for their roles, such as commandos, rangers, snipers, marines, (who all have additional training) and militia (who have limited training); they are still infantry due to their expectation to fight as infantry when they enter combat.
Dragoons were created as mounted infantry, with horses for travel between battles; they were still considered infantry since they dismounted before combat. However, if light cavalry was lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties; this practise increased over time, and dragoons eventually received all the weapons and training as both infantry and cavalry, and could be classified as both. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms. Thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, the dragoon and cavalry designations can be retained long after their horses, such as in the Royal Dragoon Guards, Royal Lancers, and King's Royal Hussars.
Similarly, motorised infantry have trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat. Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is generally assumed, and the few exceptions might be identified as modern light infantry, or "leg infantry" colloquially. Mechanised infantry go beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities, armoured personnel carriers (APCs), providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to be infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those of light tanks. Some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated as armoured infantry. Given that infantry forces typically also have some tanks, and given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred.
The terms infantry, armour, and cavalry used in the official names for military units like divisions, brigades, or regiments might be better understood as a description of their expected balance of defensive, offensive, and mobility roles, rather than just use of vehicles. Some modern mechanised infantry units are termed cavalry or armoured cavalry, even though they never had horses, to emphasise their combat mobility.
In the modern US Army, about 15% of soldiers are officially Infantry. The basic training for all new US Army soldiers includes basic use of infantry used weapons and basic tactics, even for tank crews, artillery crews, and base and logistical personnel. However, no other MOS receives the same detailed rigorous training and standards in which every infantry soldier endures on a regular basis.
History
The first military forces in history were infantry. In antiquity, infantry were armed with early melee weapons such as a spear, axe, or sword, or an early ranged weapon like a javelin, sling, or bow, with a few infantrymen being expected to use both a melee and a ranged weapon. With the development of gunpowder, infantry began converting to primarily firearms. By the time of Napoleonic warfare, infantry, cavalry and artillery formed a basic triad of ground forces, though infantry usually remained the most numerous. With armoured warfare, armoured fighting vehicles have replaced the horses of cavalry, and airpower has added a new dimension to ground combat, but infantry remains pivotal to all modern combined arms operations.
The first warriors, adopting hunting weapons or improvised melee weapons, before the existence of any organised military, likely started essentially as loose groups without any organisation or formation. But this changed sometime before recorded history; the first ancient empires (2500–1500 BC) are shown to have some soldiers with standardised military equipment, and the training and discipline required for battlefield formations and manoeuvres: regular infantry. Though the main force of the army, these forces were usually kept small due to their cost of training and upkeep, and might be supplemented by local short-term mass-conscript forces using the older irregular infantry weapons and tactics; this remained a common practice almost up to modern times.
Before the adoption of the chariot to create the first mobile fighting forces , all armies were pure infantry. Even after, with a few exceptions like the Mongol Empire, infantry has been the largest component of most armies in history.
In the Western world, from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages ( 8th century BC to 15th century AD), infantry are categorised as either heavy infantry or light infantry. Heavy infantry, such as Greek hoplites, Macedonian phalangites, and Roman legionaries, specialised in dense, solid formations driving into the main enemy lines, using weight of numbers to achieve a decisive victory, and were usually equipped with heavier weapons and armour to fit their role. Light infantry, such as Greek peltasts, Balearic slingers, and Roman velites, using open formations and greater manoeuvrability, took on most other combat roles: scouting, screening the army on the march, skirmishing to delay, disrupt, or weaken the enemy to prepare for the main forces' battlefield attack, protecting them from flanking manoeuvers, and then afterwards either pursuing the fleeing enemy or covering their army's retreat.
After the fall of Rome, the quality of heavy infantry declined, and warfare was dominated by heavy cavalry, such as knights, forming small elite units for decisive shock combat, supported by peasant infantry militias and assorted light infantry from the lower classes. Towards the end of Middle Ages, this began to change, where more professional and better trained light infantry could be effective against knights, such as the English longbowmen in the Hundred Years' War. By the start of the Renaissance, the infantry began to return to dominance, with Swiss pikemen and German Landsknechts filling the role of heavy infantry again, using dense formations of pikes to drive off any cavalry.
Dense formations are vulnerable to ranged weapons. Technological developments allowed the raising of large numbers of light infantry units armed with ranged weapons, without the years of training expected for traditional high-skilled archers and slingers. This started slowly, first with crossbowmen, then hand cannoneers and arquebusiers, each with increasing effectiveness, marking the beginning of early modern warfare, when firearms rendered the use of heavy infantry obsolete. The introduction of musketeers using bayonets in the mid 17th century began replacement of the pike with the infantry square replacing the pike square.
To maximise their firepower, musketeer infantry were trained to fight in wide lines facing the enemy, creating line infantry. These fulfilled the central battlefield role of earlier heavy infantry, using ranged weapons instead of melee weapons. To support these lines, smaller infantry formations using dispersed skirmish lines were created, called light infantry, fulfilling the same multiple roles as earlier light infantry. Their arms were no lighter than line infantry; they were distinguished by their skirmish formation and flexible tactics.
The modern rifleman infantry became the primary force for taking and holding ground on battlefields worldwide, a vital element of combined arms combat. As firepower continued to increase, use of infantry lines diminished, until all infantry became light infantry in practice.
Modern classifications of infantry have expanded to reflect modern equipment and tactics, such as motorised infantry, mechanised or armoured infantry, mountain infantry, marine infantry, and airborne infantry.
Equipment
An infantryman's equipment is of vital concern both for the man and the military. The needs of the infantryman to maintain fitness and effectiveness must be constantly balanced against being overburdened. While soldiers in other military branches can use their mount or vehicle for carrying equipment, and tend to operate together as crews serving their vehicle or ordnance, infantrymen must operate more independently; each infantryman usually having much more personal equipment to use and carry. This encourages searching for ingenious combinations of effective, rugged, serviceable and adaptable, yet light, compact, and handy infantry equipment.
Beyond their main arms and armour, each infantryman's "military kit" includes combat boots, battledress or combat uniform, camping gear, heavy weather gear, survival gear, secondary weapons and ammunition, weapon service and repair kits, health and hygiene items, mess kit, rations, filled water canteen, and all other consumables each infantryman needs for the expected duration of time operating away from their unit's base, plus any special mission-specific equipment. One of the most valuable pieces of gear is the entrenching tool—basically a folding spade—which can be employed not only to dig important defences, but also in a variety of other daily tasks, and even sometimes as a weapon. Infantry typically have shared equipment on top of this, like tents or heavy weapons, where the carrying burden is spread across several infantrymen. In all, this can reach for each soldier on the march. Such heavy infantry burdens have changed little over centuries of warfare; in the late Roman Republic, legionaries were nicknamed Marius' mules as their main activity seemed to be carrying the weight of their legion around on their backs.
When combat is expected, infantry typically switch to "packing light", meaning reducing their equipment to weapons, ammo, and bare essentials, and leaving the rest with their transport or baggage train, at camp or rally point, in temporary hidden caches, or even (in emergencies) discarding whatever may slow them down. Additional specialised equipment may be required, depending on the mission or to the particular terrain or environment, including satchel charges, demolition tools, mines, barbed wire, carried by the infantry or attached specialists.
Historically, infantry have suffered high casualty rates from disease, exposure, exhaustion and privation — often in excess of the casualties suffered from enemy attacks. Better infantry equipment to support their health, energy, and protect from environmental factors greatly reduces these rates of loss, and increase their level of effective action. Health, energy, and morale are greatly influenced by how the soldier is fed, so militaries often standardised field rations, starting from hardtack, to US K-rations, to modern MREs.
Communications gear has become a necessity, as it allows effective command of infantry units over greater distances, and communication with artillery and other support units. Modern infantry can have GPS, encrypted individual communications equipment, surveillance and night vision equipment, advanced intelligence and other high-tech mission-unique aids.
Armies have sought to improve and standardise infantry gear to reduce fatigue for extended carrying, increase freedom of movement, accessibility, and compatibility with other carried gear, such as the US All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment (ALICE).
Weapons
Infantrymen are defined by their primary arms – the personal weapons and body armour for their own individual use. The available technology, resources, history, and society can produce quite different weapons for each military and era, but common infantry weapons can be distinguished in a few basic categories.
Ranged combat weapons: javelins, slings, blowguns, bows, crossbows, hand cannons, arquebuses, muskets, grenades, flamethrowers.
Close combat weapons: bludgeoning weapons like clubs, flails and maces; bladed weapons like swords, daggers, and axes; pole weapons like spears, halberds, naginata, and pikes.
Both ranged and close weapons: the bayonet fixed to a firearm allows infantrymen to use the same weapon for both ranged combat and close combat. This started with muskets and continued with rifles to automatic firearms. Use of the bayonet has declined with modern automatic firearms, but still generally kept as a weapon of last resort.
Infantrymen often carry secondary or back-up weapons, sometimes called a sidearm or ancillary weapons in modern terminology, either issued officially as an addition to the soldier's standard arms, or acquired unofficially by any other means as an individual preference. Such weapons are used when the primary weapon is no longer effective, such it becoming damaged, running out of ammunition, malfunction, or in a change of tactical situation where another weapon is preferred, such as going from ranged to close combat. Infantry with ranged or pole weapons often carried a sword or dagger for possible hand-to-hand combat. The pilum was a javelin the Roman legionaries threw just before drawing their primary weapon, the gladius (short sword), and closing with the enemy line.
Modern infantrymen now treat the bayonet as a backup weapon, but may also have handguns or pistols. They may also deploy anti-personnel mines, booby traps, incendiary or explosive devices defensively before combat.
Some non-weapon equipment are designed for close combat shock effects, to get and psychological edge before melee, such as battle flags, war drums, brilliant uniforms, fierce body paint or tattoos, and even battle cries. These have become mostly only ceremonial since the decline of close combat military tactics.
Protection
Infantry have employed many different methods of protection from enemy attacks, including various kinds of armour and other gear, and tactical procedures.
The most basic is personal armour. This includes shields, helmets and many types of armour – padded linen, leather, lamellar, mail, plate, and kevlar. Initially, armour was used to defend both from ranged and close combat; even a fairly light shield could help defend against most slings and javelins, though high-strength bows and crossbows might penetrate common armour at very close range. Infantry armour had to compromise between protection and coverage, as a full suit of attack-proof armour would be too heavy to wear in combat.
As firearms improved, armour for ranged defence had to be thicker and stronger. With the introduction of the heavy arquebus designed to pierce standard steel armour, it was proven easier to make heavier firearms than heavier armour; armour transitioned to be only for close combat purposes. Pikemen armour tended to be just steel helmets and breastplates, and gunners little or no armour. By the time of the musket, the dominance of firepower shifted militaries away from any close combat, and use of armour decreased, until infantry typically went without any armour.
Helmets were added back during World War I as artillery began to dominate the battlefield, to protect against their fragmentation and other blast effects beyond a direct hit. Modern developments in bullet-proof composite materials like kevlar have started a return to body armour for infantry, though the extra weight is a notable burden.
In modern times, infantrymen must also often carry protective measures against chemical and biological attack, including military gas masks, counter-agents, and protective suits. All of these protective measures add to the weight an infantryman must carry, and may decrease combat efficiency. Modern militaries are struggling to balance the value of personal body protection versus the weight burden and ability to function under such weight.
Infantry-served weapons
Early crew-served weapons were siege weapons, like the ballista, trebuchet, and battering ram. Modern versions include machine guns, anti-tank missiles, and infantry mortars.
Formations
Beginning with the development the first regular military forces, close-combat regular infantry fought less as unorganised groups of individuals and more in coordinated units, maintaining a defined tactical formation during combat, for increased battlefield effectiveness; such infantry formations and the arms they used developed together, starting with the spear and the shield.
A spear has decent attack abilities with the additional advantage keeping opponents at distance; this advantage can be increased by using longer spears, but this could allow the opponent to side-step the point of the spear and close for hand-to-hand combat where the longer spear is near useless. This can be avoided when each spearman stays side by side with the others in close formation, each covering the ones next to him, presenting a solid wall of spears to the enemy that they cannot get around.
Similarly, a shield has decent defence abilities, but is literally hit-or-miss; an attack from an unexpected angle can bypass it completely. Larger shields can cover more, but are also heavier and less manoeuvrable, making unexpected attacks even more of a problem. This can be avoided by having shield-armed soldiers stand close together, side-by-side, each protecting both themselves and their immediate comrades, presenting a solid shield wall to the enemy.
The opponents for these first formations, the close-combat infantry of more tribal societies, or any military without regular infantry (so called "barbarians") used arms that focused on the individual – weapons using personal strength and force, such as larger swinging swords, axes, and clubs. These take more room and individual freedom to swing and wield, necessitating a more loose organisation. While this may allow for a fierce running attack (an initial shock advantage) the tighter formation of the heavy spear and shield infantry gave them a local manpower advantage where several might be able to fight each opponent.
Thus tight formations heightened advantages of heavy arms, and gave greater local numbers in melee. To also increase their staying power, multiple rows of heavy infantrymen were added. This also increased their shock combat effect; individual opponents saw themselves literally lined-up against several heavy infantryman each, with seemingly no chance of defeating all of them. Heavy infantry developed into huge solid block formations, up to a hundred meters wide and a dozen rows deep.
Maintaining the advantages of heavy infantry meant maintaining formation; this became even more important when two forces with heavy infantry met in battle; the solidity of the formation became the deciding factor. Intense discipline and training became paramount. Empires formed around their military.
Organization
The organization of military forces into regular military units is first noted in Egyptian records of the Battle of Kadesh (). Soldiers were grouped into units of 50, which were in turn grouped into larger units of 250, then 1,000, and finally into units of up to 5,000 – the largest independent command. Several of these Egyptian "divisions" made up an army, but operated independently, both on the march and tactically, demonstrating sufficient military command and control organisation for basic battlefield manoeuvres. Similar hierarchical organizations have been noted in other ancient armies, typically with approximately 10 to 100 to 1,000 ratios (even where base 10 was not common), similar to modern sections (squads), companies, and regiments.
Training
The training of the infantry has differed drastically over time and from place to place. The cost of maintaining an army in fighting order and the seasonal nature of warfare precluded large permanent armies.
The antiquity saw everything from the well-trained and motivated citizen armies of Greek and Rome, the tribal host assembled from farmers and hunters with only passing acquaintance with warfare and masses of lightly armed and ill-trained militia put up as a last ditch effort. Kushite king Taharqa enjoyed military success in the Near East as a result of his efforts to strengthen the army through daily training in long distance running.
In medieval times the foot soldiers varied from peasant levies to semi-permanent companies of mercenaries, foremost among them the Swiss, English, Aragonese and German, to men-at-arms who went into battle as well-armoured as knights, the latter of which at times also fought on foot.
The creation of standing armies—permanently assembled for war or defence—saw increase in training and experience. The increased use of firearms and the need for drill to handle them efficiently.
The introduction of national and mass armies saw an establishment of minimum requirements and the introduction of special troops (first of them the engineers going back to medieval times, but also different kinds of infantry adopted to specific terrain, bicycle, motorcycle, motorised and mechanised troops) culminating with the introduction of highly trained special forces during the first and second World War.
Operations
Attack operations
Attack operations are the most basic role of the infantry, and along with defence, form the main stances of the infantry on the battlefield. Traditionally, in an open battle, or meeting engagement, two armies would manoeuvre to contact, at which point they would form up their infantry and other units opposite each other. Then one or both would advance and attempt to defeat the enemy force. The goal of an attack remains the same: to advance into an enemy-held objective, most frequently a hill, river crossing, city or other dominant terrain feature, and dislodge the enemy, thereby establishing control of the objective.
Attacks are often feared by the infantry conducting them because of the high number of casualties suffered while advancing to close with and destroy the enemy while under enemy fire. In mechanised infantry the armoured personnel carrier (APC) is considered the assaulting position. These APCs can deliver infantrymen through the front lines to the battle and—in the case of infantry fighting vehicles—contribute supporting firepower to engage the enemy. Successful attacks rely on sufficient force, preparative reconnaissance and battlefield preparation with bomb assets. Retention of discipline and cohesion throughout the attack is paramount to success. A subcategory of attacks is the ambush, where infantrymen lie in wait for enemy forces before attacking at a vulnerable moment. This gives the ambushing infantrymen the combat advantage of surprise, concealment and superior firing positions, and causes confusion. The ambushed unit does not know what it is up against, or where they are attacking from.
Patrol operations
Patrolling is the most common infantry mission. Full-scale attacks and defensive efforts are occasional, but patrols are constant. Patrols consist of small groups of infantry moving about in areas of possible enemy activity to locate the enemy and destroy them when found. Patrols are used not only on the front-lines, but in rear areas where enemy infiltration or insurgencies are possible.
Pursuit operations
Pursuit is a role that the infantry often assumes. The objective of pursuit operations is the destruction of withdrawing enemy forces which are not capable of effectively engaging friendly units, before they can build their strength to the point where they are effective. Infantry traditionally have been the main force to overrun these units in the past, and in modern combat are used to pursue enemy forces in constricted terrain (urban areas in particular), where faster forces, such as armoured vehicles are incapable of going or would be exposed to ambush.
Defence operations
Defence operations are the natural counter to attacks, in which the mission is to hold an objective and defeat enemy forces attempting to dislodge the defender. Defensive posture offers many advantages to the infantry, including the ability to use terrain and constructed fortifications to advantage; these reduce exposure to enemy fire compared with advancing forces. Effective defence relies on minimising losses to enemy fire, breaking the enemy's cohesion before their advance is completed, and preventing enemy penetration of defensive positions.
Escort operations
Escorting consists of protecting support units from ambush, particularly from hostile infantry forces. Combat support units (a majority of the military) are not as well armed or trained as infantry units and have a different mission. Therefore, they need the protection of the infantry, particularly when on the move. This is one of the most important roles for the modern infantry, particularly when operating alongside armoured vehicles. In this capacity, infantry essentially conducts patrol on the move, scouring terrain which may hide enemy infantry waiting to ambush friendly vehicles, and identifying enemy strong points for attack by the heavier units.
Base defence
Infantry units are tasked to protect certain areas like command posts or airbases. Units assigned to this job usually have a large number of military police attached to them for control of checkpoints and prisons.
Manoeuvring operations
Maneouvering consumes much of an infantry unit's time. Infantry, like all combat arms units, are often manoeuvred to meet battlefield needs, and often must do so under enemy attack. The infantry must maintain their cohesion and readiness during the move to ensure their usefulness when they reach their objective. Traditionally, infantry have relied on their own legs for mobility, but mechanised or armoured infantry often uses trucks and armoured vehicles for transport. These units can quickly disembark and transition to light infantry, without vehicles, to access terrain which armoured vehicles can't effectively access.
Reconnaissance/intelligence gathering
Surveillance operations are often carried out with the employment of small recon units or sniper teams which gather information about the enemy, reporting on characteristics such as size, activity, location, unit and equipment. These infantry units typically are known for their stealth and ability to operate for periods of time within close proximity of the enemy without being detected. They may engage high-profile targets, or be employed to hunt down terrorist cells and insurgents within a given area. These units may also entice the enemy to engage a located recon unit, thus disclosing their location to be destroyed by more powerful friendly forces.
Military reserve force
Some assignments for infantry units involve deployment behind the front, although patrol and security operations are usually maintained in case of enemy infiltration. This is usually the best time for infantry units to integrate replacements into units and to maintain equipment. Additionally, soldiers can be rested and general readiness should improve. However, the unit must be ready for deployment at any point.
Construction/engineering
This can be undertaken either in reserve or on the front, but consists of using infantry troops as labor for construction of field positions, roads, bridges, airfields, and all other manner of structures. The infantry is often given this assignment because of the physical quantity of strong men within the unit, although it can lessen a unit's morale and limit the unit's ability to maintain readiness and perform other missions. More often, such jobs are given to specialist engineering corps.
Raids/hostage rescue
Infantry units are trained to quickly mobilise, infiltrate, enter and neutralise threat forces when appropriate combat intelligence indicates to secure a location, rescue or capture high-profile targets.
Urban combat
Urban combat poses unique challenges to the combat forces. It is one of the most complicated type of operations an infantry unit will undertake. With many places for the enemy to hide and ambush from, infantry units must be trained in how to enter a city, and systematically clear the buildings, which most likely will be booby trapped, in order to kill or capture enemy personnel within the city. Care must be taken to differentiate innocent civilians who often hide and support the enemy from the non-uniformed armed enemy forces. Civilian and military casualties both are usually very high.
Day to day service
Because of an infantryman's duties with firearms, explosives, physical and emotional stress, and physical violence, casualties and deaths are not uncommon in both war and in peacetime training or operations. It is a highly dangerous and demanding combat service; in World War II, military doctors concluded that the average American soldier fighting in Italy was psychologically worn out after about 200 days of combat.
The physical, mental, and environmental operating demands of the infantryman are high. All of the combat necessities such as ammunition, weapon systems, food, water, clothing, and shelter are carried on the backs of the infantrymen, at least in light role as opposed to mounted/mechanised. Combat loads of over 36 kg (80 lbs) are standard, and greater loads in excess of 45 kg (100 lbs) are very common. These heavy loads, combined with long foot patrols of over a day, in any climate from in temperature, require the infantryman to be in good physical and mental condition. Infantrymen live, fight and die outdoors in all types of brutal climates, often with no physical shelter. Poor climate conditions adds misery to this already demanding existence. Disease epidemics, frostbite, heat stroke, trench foot, insect and wild animal bites are common along with stress disorders and these have sometimes caused more casualties than enemy action.
Some infantry units are considered Special Forces. The earliest Special Forces commando units were more highly trained infantrymen, with special weapons, equipment, and missions. Special Forces units recruit heavily from regular infantry units to fill their ranks.
Air force and naval infantry
Naval infantry, commonly known as marines, are primarily a category of infantry that form part of the naval forces of states and perform roles on land and at sea, including amphibious operations, as well as other, naval roles. They also perform other tasks, including land warfare, separate from naval operations.
Air force infantry and base defense forces, such as the Royal Air Force Regiment, Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Defence Guards, and Indonesian Air Force Paskhas Corps are used primarily for ground-based defense of air bases and other air force facilities. They also have a number of other, specialist roles. These include, among others, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) defence and training other airmen in basic ground defense tactics.
See also
Air assault
Airborne infantry
Armoured infantry
Combined arms
Foot guards
Fusiliers
Grenadiers
Indonesian Army infantry battalions
Infantry Branch (United States)
Infantry of the British Army
Infantry tactics
Line infantry
Marines
Mechanized infantry
Medium infantry
Marine (military)
Motorised infantry
Mountain troops
Mounted infantry
United States Army Rangers
Riflemen
Royal Canadian Infantry Corps
School of Infantry
Special forces
Pathfinder (military)
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
English, John A., Gudmundsson, Bruce I., On Infantry, (Revised edition), The Military Profession series, Praeger Publishers, London, 1994. .
The Times, Earl Wavell, Thursday, 19 April 1945 In Praise of Infantry.
Tobin, James, Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II, Free Press, 1997.
Mauldin, Bill, Ambrose, Stephen E., Up Front, W. W. Norton, 2000.
Trogdon, Robert W., Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Reference, Da Capo Press, 2002.
The New York Times, Maj Gen C T Shortis, British Director of Infantry, 4 February 1985.
Heinl, Robert Debs, Dictionary of Military and Naval Quotations, Plautus in The Braggart Captain (3rd century AD), Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1978.
Nafziger, George, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, Presidio Press, 1998.
McManus, John C. Grunts: inside the American infantry combat experience, World War II through Iraq New York, NY: NAL Caliber. 2010 plus Webcast Author Lecture at the Pritzker Military Library on 29 September 2010.
External links
Historic films and photos showing Infantries in World War I at europeanfilmgateway.eu
In Praise of Infantry, by Field-Marshal Earl Wavell; First published in "The Times," Thursday, 19 April 1945.
The Lagunari "Serenissima" Regiment KFOR: KFOR Chronicle.
Web Version of U.S. Army Field Manual 3-21.8 – The Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad.
— includes several drawings
Combat occupations |
46528800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%20Convention%20Exhibition | Indonesia Convention Exhibition | Indonesia Convention Exhibition (ICE) is a convention and exhibition centre located at BSD City, Pagedangan, Tangerang Regency, Banten, Indonesia. The convention and exhibition center was inaugurated in August 2015. It is the biggest convention and exhibition center in Indonesia.
It has total land area of approximately 220,000 sqm, 10 exhibition halls with a total area of 50,000 sqm, 50,000 sqm outdoor exhibition space, 33 meeting rooms, one 4,000 sqm convention hall and one 12,000 sqm pre-function lobby. The halls are equipped to accommodate exhibitions, trade shows, conferences and other events. A four star hotel is located within the ICE complex to facilitate for accommodation for those joining different events at the venue.
Entertainment events
Notable events
Access
This exhibition center is located approximately 10 minutes away from Serpong railway station, Rawa Buntu railway station, and Cisauk railway station, which makes it easily accessible to commuters using Jakarta commuter railway system. Moreover, this convention center does not sit too far away from Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road. This toll road directly connects ICE to some important places in both West Jakarta and South Jakarta.
See also
Jakarta Convention Center
List of convention and exhibition centers
List of largest buildings
References
Linggo Mandiri Technik. -Jasa Service Mesin Cuci Bsd Tangsel
External links
Official website
Tangerang Regency
Post-independence architecture of Indonesia
Music venues in Indonesia
Convention centres in Indonesia |
49819195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushwant%20Lal%20Wig | Khushwant Lal Wig | Khushwant Lal Wig (1904–1986) was an Indian physician, medical academic, writer and the director of the All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi. He was a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and a recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award, the highest Indian award in the medical category. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1964, for his contributions to the Medical science.
Biography
Kushwant Lal Wig was born on 30 September 1904 to Mohan Lal Wig and Dhan Devi Chib in a rich family of Gujranwala, in the Punjab region of the British India and did his schooling at the local Mission High School, after which he studied at the Government College and, later, at Dayanand Anglo Vedic College, Lahore, from where he secured his graduate degree. After obtaining his graduate degree in medicine from King Edward Medical College, present-day King Edward Medical University, of the Punjab University, Lahore, he did his residency at Mayo Hospital, Lahore and proceeded to London to complete his post graduate studies (MRCP) at the Charing Cross Hospital Medical School in 1931. Returning to India, he joined his alma mater, King Edward Medical College, and Mayo Hospital, as an assistant professor at the department of medicine in 1941, continuing there till 1946. After the Indian independence in 1947, he moved to Amritsar to join the Victoria Jubilee Hospital (later-day Government Medical College, Amritsar) as the professor of medicine. While working at V. J. Hospital, he also served as a member of faculty at Punjab University until 1958 when he moved to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi as a professor of medicine and, later, as the director of the institution till his superannuation in 1969.
Wig served as an examiner at several universities including Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab University, Chandigarh, University of Madras, Lucknow University, Patna University and the University of Delhi and sat on the boards of universities of Lucknow and Delhi. Associating with the Indian Council of Medical Research, he served as a member of the sub-committee attending to clinical trials and was the president of the annual conference of the Indian Association of Chest Diseases in 1961. He published around 55 medical articles and headed the board of editors of the Punjab Medical Journal. After getting elected as a Fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) in 1950, he worked as the governor of the North India chapter of ACCP for a period. He was a recipient of the Dr. B. C. Roy Award from the Medical Council of India and a founder fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences. The Royal College of Physicians of London elected him as their Fellow in 1961 before the Government of India honoured him with the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1964. In 1962, he also served as the honorary physician to the President of India.
Wig, who was honoured by the Banaras Hindu University with honorary doctorate (DSc), died on 8 June 1986, at Bern, Switzerland, survived by his wife Shanta Puri and their son and two daughters. The All India institute of Medical Sciences named their Centre for Medical Education as K. L. Wig Centre for Medical Education and Technology, in honour of its former director and the National Academy of Medical Sciences instituted an annual oration under the name, Dr. K. L. Wig Oration. The story of his life has been documented in his autobiography, Memoirs of a Medical Man.
See also
Charing Cross Hospital Medical School
King Edward Medical University
References
External links
Further reading
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine
1904 births
1986 deaths
People from Gujranwala
Medical doctors from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Indian medical academics
Indian medical writers
Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
King Edward Medical University alumni
King Edward Medical University faculty
Indian Council of Medical Research
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi faculty
Directors of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi |
7158992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walls | The Walls | The Walls are an Irish rock band. They were formed in 1998 by two ex-members of The Stunning – brothers Steve and Joe Wall. Their debut album Hi-Lo was released in 2000 and included the singles "Bone Deep", "Something's Wrong" and "Some Kind of a Girl". U2 invited The Walls to support them at their second show in Slane Castle in 2001 after the band sent them copies of their debut. A number of songs from Hi-Lo featured in movies: Goldfish Memory, On the Edge, and Dead Bodies. In 2002 they released the single "To the Bright and Shining Sun". It was used on an Irish TV commercial and became a hit in Ireland. The subsequent album New Dawn Breaking (2005) included "To the Bright and Shining Sun" and three other singles: "Drowning Pool", "Passing Through" and "Black and Blue". The 2013 movie Begin Again starring Keira Knightley and Mark Ruffalo features "Drowning Pool" over the opening credits. The first track on the album "Open Road" proved a favourite with Nic Harcourt on his KCRW show Morning Becomes Eclectic and he invited the band to play a session on the show in 2006. They played SXSW in Austin, Texas, a few days beforehand. The following year the band travelled to Australia and played their first shows there, opening up for Crowded House on the latter's first reunion gigs. The Walls opened the shows in Sydney and Melbourne and also performed their own gigs in both of those cities. The band's third album Stop the Lights was released in 2012. The first single "Bird in a Cage" became a firm favourite with Irish radio, in particular with Irish DJ Tony Fenton who championed them. The second single was the title track "Stop the Lights", an autobiographical story of a motorbike crash. A video was shot for the song in the brother's hometown, Ennistymon, and in the Dublin mountains. In March 2013 the band played their first shows in Russia and performed live on the Evening Urgant show. They returned the following year.
In 2014 the band decided to take a break to concentrate on other projects, but they have not broken up. Drummer Rory Doyle recorded and toured with Irish band Bell X1 and also Hozier with whom he appeared on the 2015 Grammy Awards. Steve developed a new career as an actor, appearing in the History channel series Vikings and in Chris O'Dowd's Moone Boy, amongst others, including Silent Witness and Crossing Lines.
Members
Steve Wall
Joe Wall
Carl Harms (guitar/keyboards) (left February 2004)
Rory Doyle (drums)
Jon O'Connell (bass) (joined February 2004)
Biography
1998–2004; Hi-Lo
Brothers Steve and Joe Wall (previously of The Stunning) returned to Ireland after a two-year failed label stint in London. Their Camden housemate Carl Harms joined the band on guitar and keyboard duties. Drummer Rory Doyle joined soon afterwards. They set up their own label, Earshot Records (later changing it to Dirtbird Records) and recorded and released a string of singles. A remix of one of the album tracks, "Bone Deep", became a nationwide hit. Many of the songs have featured on a number of TV series and feature films such as Bachelors Walk, Dead Bodies, Goldfish Memory and On the Edge (starring Cillian Murphy). Their debut album Hi-Lo was released in May 2000.
The Walls heard rumour of a second Slane Castle date for U2 in 2001 (as the first concert had sold out in hours). They sent four copies of their album to the band. Bono loved it and offered The Walls a support slot. That day the band played to their biggest crowd to date, around 80,000 people. "To the Bright and Shining Sun" was their next single. That June they supported Red Hot Chili Peppers. They spent the next year gigging while building their own studio in Dublin.
In February 2004, original member Carl Harms decided to leave the band to make his own record. They recruited bassist Jon O'Connell, who had two weeks to learn all the songs before a two-week tour of the new European Union accession states: Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. "To the Bright and Shining Sun" also featured on the EA Sports soundtrack for the UEFA Euro 2004 official licensed game.
Track listing
2004–2007; New Dawn Breaking
For the next album, the band went to Studio Black Box in France to record with producer and ex-The Frames guitarist David Odlum. Originally scheduled for a release date in September 2004, The Walls decided to hold their album until the new year.
In October 2004, they released a taster, "Drowning Pool", a blues song. It took people by surprise and divided opinion. They supported Bob Dylan to a capacity crowd in Galway that summer and played a storming set that showed there were changes afoot in The Walls sound. They christened the album New Dawn Breaking after the final track on the record. It went straight into the Irish charts at no. 5 in its first week of release in June 2005 and produced four hit singles: "To the Bright and Shining Sun", "Passing Through", "Drowning Pool" and "Black and Blue".
The band kicked off 2007 with a gig in Dubai. They also supported Crowded House on their Australian comeback tour before retreating into their studio to work on their third album.
Track listing
2010–2014; Stop the Lights
In 2010, the double A-side "Carrying The Fire"/"Phantom Power" was released. Following this, in March 2011, the "Bird In A Cage" EP was released, of which the title track was revealed to also be on the band's forthcoming album Stop The Lights, which was to be released in 2012. Following this announcement, the band's new single "Stop The Lights" was released in January 2012.
Stop the Lights, The Walls' third album, was released on 9 March 2012, going top 20 in Ireland. The singles "Bird in a Cage" and "Stop the Lights" received strong airplay. Part-funded by the band's fans, people involved in the making of it include Rob Kirwan. For the artwork a five-meter high installation was designed and constructed by 'Conor & David'.
As well as playing some shows in Ireland, the band made their first trip to Russia in March 2013 playing Moscow, Bryansk and Kaluga. They played live on the Ivan Urgant TV show and on Moscow FM radio. They returned in 2014, playing three shows in Moscow.
Steve Wall returned to acting, landing roles in The Witcher (TV series) (Netflix), Raised by Wolves (2020 TV series) (HBO), Tin Star for Sky Atlantic, Vikings (MGM/History Channel), Silent Witness (BBC), Crossing Lines and Rebellion (RTE/Sundance 2016).
Begin Again, the 2014 film, features The Walls' "Drowning Pool" throughout the opening credit sequence. The song is not included on the soundtrack album of the movie.
The song "Carrying The Fire" was later covered by The Stunning on their 2018 album Twice Around the World.
Track listing
Discography
Studio albums
Hi-Lo (released May 2000)
New Dawn Breaking (released June 2005) (reached No. 5 in Irish charts)
Stop The Lights (released March 2012)
Singles and albums
"The Night I Called It A Day" (Single, released Feb 1999)
"Broken Boy" (Single, released Sept 1999)
"Something's Wrong" (Single, released Apr 2000)
"Some Kind of a Girl" (Single, released 2000)
Hi-Lo (Album, released May 2000). A remix of one of the album tracks, Bone Deep, was popular in Ireland. Some songs featured on TV series and feature films: Bachelors Walk, Dead Bodies, Goldfish Memory and On the Edge.
"To the Bright and Shining Sun" (Single, released 2002) reached No. 11 in the Irish charts.
"Drowning Pool" (single, released 2004)
"New Dawn Breaking" (Album, released June 2005) reached No. 5 in Irish charts and has produced four hit singles: "To the Bright and Shining Sun", "Passing Through", "Drowning Pool" and "Black and Blue".
"Passing Through" (Single 2005)
"Black and Blue" (Single 2005)
"Carrying the Fire" / "Phantom Power" (double-A sided single, released Jun 2010)
"Bird In A Cage EP" (4 Track EP, released Mar 2011)
"Stop the Lights" (album) released May 2012)
"Remixes" (4-track EP released Jan 2021 featuring remixes of The Night I called it a Day; Some kind of a Girl; Broken Boy and Bone Deep)
Cover versions and miscellaneous
Cover version of Chaka Khan's "Ain't Nobody" on Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 1
Cover version of Natasha Bedingfield's "These Words" on Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2
Cover version of U2's "With or Without You" on Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 3
Irish-language version of "To the Bright and Shining Sun" titled "Grian Gheal Lonrach" on the compilation album Ceol '08 (2008).
Irish-language version of "Carrying The Fire" from "Stop The Lights" on "Rí-Rá le Hector" (2012) dubbed "An Tine Bheo Sa Chroí"
Career highlights
Supported U2 at Slane Castle, 2001
Supported Red Hot Chili Peppers, 2002
Supported Bob Dylan, Galway, 2005
Supported Crowded House, Australia, 2007
References
External links
Official band website
Taking the Hi with the Lo - Steve Cummins article. https://www.stevecummins.com/ruminations/the-walls-taking-the-hi-with-the-lo
Musical groups established in 1998
Irish rock music groups |
20864936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%20de%20l%27Alma%20station | Pont de l'Alma station | Pont de l'Alma is a railway station in Paris, France, on Line C of the Île-de-France's suburban rail system, the Réseau Express Régional (RER). First opened in 1900, the station is in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. Alma – Marceau on Paris Métro Line 9 is located on the other side of the Pont de l'Alma. The Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac is located near the station.
This station was closed 25 July 2017 for renovation. Its reopening was delayed for August 2017, then end-2017, then end-2018, then 25 August 2019. It finally reopened on 15 September 2019.
See also
List of stations of the RER
External links
Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900
Réseau Express Régional stations
Railway stations in Paris |
47070578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%20Revenge%3A%20The%20Intimate%20Life%20of%20Simon%20Cowell | Sweet Revenge: The Intimate Life of Simon Cowell | Sweet Revenge: The Intimate Life of Simon Cowell is a 2012 biography of the British music and entertainment figure Simon Cowell by the British investigative journalist and biographer Tom Bower. Cowell cooperated with the book and a sequel is planned. The book received a mixed reception from critics.
Background
A friend had suggested to Bower that he write Cowell's biography, feeling that Cowell's life fitted Bower's "track record of writing about men with power and money". Bower subsequently received a call inviting him to meet Cowell, after he had commenced research on the book, and Cowell agreed to cooperate, subject to Bower's condition that he would "publish criticism and any evidence of wrongdoing". The pair would subsequently meet in London and Los Angeles and have many telephone conversations as part of the writing process. Bower spent time at Cowell's various homes and traveled with him as he researched the biography. Cowell was not aware of the exact contents of the book prior to its publication.
Though Cowell had given Bower some 200 hours of access to him, Bower subsequently said that Cowell had tried to restrict his access to sources. In Bower's presence, Cowell told his friend Sinitta that she was not allowed to speak to Bower, and as compensation for not speaking to Sinitta, Bower was allowed to speak to Cowell's mother. Sinitta later confirmed that she had given a verbal agreement to Cowell not to contribute to the biography. Cowell's fellow entertainment manager, Simon Fuller, also refused to cooperate with Bower after apparently finding out that a colleague of Cowell's was not supporting the book.
The title of the book refers to Cowell's relationship with fellow entertainment impresario Simon Fuller.
Contents
The book consists of 18 chapters with an introduction. The book opens with Cowell on holiday in the South of France during the opening week of the American X factor, and continues through his childhood an early career in music publishing, as an A&R manager for RCA and the creation of his various Pop Idol and The X Factor franchises and his personal and business relationships including Simon Fuller, Cheryl, Louis Walsh, and Philip Green. It concludes with the relaunch of The X Factor in the United States in 2012.
Reception
Sweet Revenge received mixed reviews from critics, who cited the apparent lack of revelations in the book. The writer Lynn Barber, in her Sunday Times review of Sweet Revenge, wrote that "According to the tabloids, Cowell now regrets co-operating on the book but I don't see why. Bower has not produced any really damaging revelations." Barber also commented that Bower failed to answer "the question of whether Cowell's shows are in any way fixed". In his review for the Daily Telegraph, Mark Sanderson wrote that "...shackled by its subject's co-operation, this bloated book turns out to be an enervating catalogue of small-screen meetings and tabloid affairs. The man behind the smirk and bad haircut remains a mystery."
Barbara Ellen gave a favourable review of Sweet Revenge for The Guardian commenting that "What's left to say about this 'unauthorised' (sort of), hilarious (definitely) book except: how could anyone be angry or upset about it? ... A lone cover-quote from Cowell says: 'People have taken advantage of me in the past. I have a long memory and I've been very patient. One day I'll get my revenge.' Oh dear, you think, someone's in a mood." Ellen concluded that Sweet Revenge "is a must-buy hoot and, certainly in the initial pre-fame half, Cowell never looked funnier or more lovable." Another reviewer writing for The Guardian, Marina Hyde, likened Bower's quest to examine Cowell to the plot of Citizen Kane, stating that "As for Cowell's own motivations, the revenge narrative that so dominates the book is not wholly convincing". Hyde enjoyed Bower's recollections of Cowell's "grimly entertaining tales of [his] shows' micromanagement" and concluded that "...Alas, Cowell's Rosebud eludes this book. Perhaps even now the flames are licking round a metaphorical sled, whose symbolism will never be disclosed. Or perhaps there is nothing there – a vast nullity at the heart of the man able to hold so many in his thrall".
Release
Cowell contacted Bower after the publication of Sweet Revenge and said he had found the book "a bit embarrassing" adding "...you got things I didn't know you'd got". The Sun paid around £100,000 to serialise Sweet Revenge in the week before its publication. Sweet Revenge was the subject of John Crace's comedic parody series "Digested Read" in The Guardian in May 2012.
The launch party for the book was held at the Serpentine Gallery in Hyde Park, in a speech at the party Cowell apologised to anyone embarrassed by the biography. In his speech Cowell said that "...I spent last week under a pillow in my bedroom. Newspapers were literally banned for a week ... When I first got the call saying someone was writing a book about me I said 'good, who is it?' They said 'Tom Bower'. Not good." Cowell said that Bower's previous biographical subject, the Formula One executive Bernie Ecclestone, had advised him to cooperate with Bower. Cowell likened his relationship with Bower to the relationship between a captor with Stockholm syndrome and their kidnapper. Cowell also joked in his speech that he was planning to write a book called The Sordid Sex Life of Tom Bower. Bower said at the party that "I've had 20 victims and this is the first time anyone I've written about has wanted to celebrate ... I reckon there must be something wrong with my writing but I am well assured Simon doesn't like me very much."
Bower has secured Cowell's cooperation for a planned sequel to the book.
Bibliography
References
2012 non-fiction books
Books by Tom Bower
British biographies
Faber and Faber books |
19095258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Definitive%20Collection%20%28Billy%20Ray%20Cyrus%20album%29 | The Definitive Collection (Billy Ray Cyrus album) | The Definitive Collection is a compilation album released from country music singer-songwriter, Billy Ray Cyrus in June 2004. The album is part of Universal Music Group's The Definitive Collection series and was released without Cyrus' supervision, thus no new material was recorded. "Fastest Horse in a One-Horse Town" was not previously included on any of Cyrus's albums, although he recorded it for a compilation called NASCAR: Runnin' Wide Open.
Track listing
References
2004 compilation albums
Billy Ray Cyrus albums
Mercury Records compilation albums |
9493214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathazari%20Upazila | Hathazari Upazila | Hathazari () is an upazila of Chittagong District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Geography
Hathazari is located at . It has 52,594 households and a total area of 251.28 km2. The main river is Halda. It is surrounded by Fatikchhari Upazila on the north, Panchlaish Thana and Chandgaon Thana on the south, Raozan Upazila on the east and Sitakunda Upazila on the west.
History
Part of the ancient kingdom of Harikela, 36 thin bull-and-triglyph silver coins were discovered inside a little clay pot in Hathazari's Jobra village in July 1980. All, except one, mentioned the kingdom of Harikela. The Kingdom of Mrauk U built numerous mudforts in present-day Hathazari.
In the fifteenth century, the Sultan of Bengal Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah had a mosque constructed in Dewannagar mouza which is now known as Faqir Mosque. During an expedition against the Arakanese in the early 16th century, Prince Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah passed through the area where he dug a reservoir and built a mosque which still stands today in Chikandandi Union. During the Mughal period, present-day Hathazari was a part of the Aurangabad Pargana. 12 hazaris were appointed to keep law and order and defend the pargana of Aurangabad. Due to Aurangabad being so far away from Murshidabad, the erstwhile capital of the Nawabs of Bengal, the hazaris neglected their duties. The Nawab's representative, Mahasingh, resorted to a ruse to undermine the power of the Hazaris and took the invitation to the Nawab's Kanchari in Sitakunda by cheating with the help of a trick. He was able to betray and capture eight of the twelve Hazaris and send them to Murshidabad. Two of the ten remaining Hazaris surrendered and were excused. The Nawab of Bengal imprisoned the eight Hazaris in iron cages and ordered them to be drowned in the Ganges. One of the excused Hazaris, Bir Singh Hazari, established a haat bazaar in the area and so it came to be known as Hathazari (The haat/market of the Hazari).
Hathazari formed as a thana (police unit) in 1929. The following year, Hathazari was the site of the historic Battle of Jalalabad which took place a few days after the Chittagong armoury raid. It was an encounter which took place between the Bengali revolutionaries led by Surya Sen and Ananta Singh against the British troops. Over 80 British troops and 12 Bengali revolutionaries were killed in the ensuing gunfight in atop the Jalalabad Hills. Sen dispersed his men to neighbouring villages in small groups and thus some escaped though many were arrested. The plan was elaborate and included seizing of arms from the armoury as well as destruction of communication system of the city (including telephone, telegraph and railway), thereby isolating Chittagong from the rest of British Raj.
During the Burma campaign 1944–45, the United States Army Air Forces used the Hathazari Airfield as a supply point and staging airfield for resupply airlift drops over Burma and also as a radio relay station. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, 11 Bengali freedom fighters were murdered near Nazirhat Bus Stand. The Nobel Prize-recognised Grameen Bank was established in the village of Jobra through a rural banking project there. Hathazari Thana was made an upazila in 1983.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Hathazari had a total population of 431,748 with 215,201 Males and 226,547 Females. Most of the people immigrate largely in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other countries in Europe and the Middle East.
Literacy and education
The average literacy rate of Hathazari is 57.9%; with male percentage being 61.1% and female being 54.6%. Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam, established in 1896, is the oldest and largest Deobandi institution in the country - ranking among the top ten madrasas in the subcontinent. The public research University of Chittagong in Fatehpur was founded in 1966 and is notable for having the largest campus among the universities of Bangladesh. Hathazari Government University College, the Hathazari research and farm-based campus of the Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University and the Farhadabad High School are also notable educational institutions of Hathazari. The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute has a research station in Hathazari.
Administration
Hathazari Upazila is divided into 15 union parishads, further divided into 48 mouzas and 59 villages. The unions are:
Burischar
Chhibatali
Chikandandi
South Madarsha
Dhalai
Fatehpur
Forhadabad
Garduara
Gumanmardan
Hathazari
Mekhal
Mirzapur
Nangalmora
Shikarpur
North Madarsa
Upazila chairmen
Notable people
Anisul Islam Mahmud, politician
Habibullah Qurayshi, Islamic scholar
Mahbubul Alam, award-winning writer
M Harun-Ar-Rashid, former Chief of Army Staff
Muhammad Ibrahim, physician
Muhammad Faizullah, Islamic speaker
Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
Syed Muhammad Ibrahim, former army officer and politician
Syed Wahidul Alam, politician
See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
External links |
43202796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba%20Skinny | Tuba Skinny | Tuba Skinny is a traditional jazz street band based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The band's instrumentation includes cornet, clarinet, trombone, tuba, tenor banjo, guitar, frottoir, and vocals. The ensemble draws its inspiration from the early jazz, ragtime, and blues music of the 1920s and 1930s. The group began as an itinerant busking band and has performed around the world, including at music festivals in Mexico, Sweden, Australia, Italy, France, Switzerland, and Spain.
For over a decade, Tuba Skinny "has grown steadily in popularity, releasing [ten] albums, frequently touring, and attracting high-profile fans from R. Crumb to Amanda Palmer and Neil Gaiman. They've garnered fans from all over the world—young and old, neophytes and niche-enthusiasts." Their albums have garnered multiple awards, and they have been hailed by Offbeat magazine, The Syncopated Times, and other publications as one of the best traditional early jazz bands performing today.
The band is popular on YouTube with "more than 500 videos, many with 100,000-plus views, in a variety of languages." However, the ensemble does not have an official YouTube page, and nearly all of the recorded footage is fan-made. The band's fan base has been described as possessing a "lighthearted, fun, flapper vibe," a reflection of the Jazz Age time period evoked by their music. Despite the band's global fame and frequent performances in nightclubs and at jazz festivals, they have continued to perform on the streets of New Orleans and other cities in order to maintain their intimate connection with audiences.
History
Beginnings in street bands
The nucleus of Tuba Skinny began coalescing in the Crescent City circa 2003 to 2005, just prior to Hurricane Katrina. Several of its musicians played together in a handful of other bands on the streets of New Orleans. None of them are native to the city. The band's orchestrator and cornetist Shaye Cohn—the granddaughter of jazz saxophonist Al Cohn—is a Bostonian. Trombonist Barnabus Jones is a Virginian. Todd Burdick, the eponymous tuba of Tuba Skinny who also plays the banjo and guitar, is a Chicagoan. Guitarist Max Bien-Kahn is from Oregon. Vocalist and bass drummer Erika Lewis is from New York's Hudson River Valley and resides in Tennessee. Clarinetist Craig Flory and frottoirist Robin Rapuzzi are from Seattle.
Dead Man Street Orchestra
In 2005, Shaye Cohn, Barnabus Jones, Todd Burdick, Kiowa Wells, and other itinerant street musicians who would eventually comprise Tuba Skinny formed a busking string band called the Dead Man Street Orchestra and often played in the hurricane-ravaged city. Subsisting in modest circumstances, they "played for tips in Jackson Square out of necessity more than choice." Cohn played the accordion, Jones played the fiddle, Burdick played the banjo, and Wells played the guitar. Alynda Segarra—future band leader of Hurray for the Riff Raff—played the mini-washboard. Their tramp band played Cajun folk music, gypsy music, and Balkan melodies, as well as "old-time mountain music in the fashion of Old Crow Medicine Show, the Avett Brothers, and Uncle Earl." A surviving 2005 recording of their Balkan melody interpretation of "You Are My Sunshine" illustrates the band's inchoate style during this period.
At least one of the band members was arrested for "bumming for money on Bourbon Street" in the heart of the French Quarter and had learned to play a musical instrument in order to no longer have to beg for spare change. As itinerant musicians, they frequently undertook boxcar tours as far away as the East Coast and West Coast. At the time, the Dead Man Street Orchestra was described by The New Yorker as a motley collection of New Orleans street people belonging to "a subculture of rail-riding, outdoor-living hobos." They were known to "sleep out in the open, look for food in trash cans, indulge themselves with excessive drinking and drugs and play great music." A gritty photo-essay chronicling the hardscrabble perambulatory band, The Ballad of the Hobo by photographer James Heil, was published in Time magazine in 2006.
While playing as the Dead Man Street Orchestra, the seeds for a brass band began to germinate in their minds. "We had this talk one day when we were with Dead Man Street Orchestra," recalled Barnabus Jones, "I remember Shaye said, 'Wouldn't it be great if one day we had a brass band?'" When the Dead Man Street Orchestra informally dissolved, Cohn, Jones, Burdick, Wells, Segarra, and other instrumentalists joined the Loose Marbles led by trumpeter Ben Polcer and clarinetist Michael Magro.
Loose Marbles
By performing with the Loose Marbles, the budding musicians who would later comprise Tuba Skinny learned to play traditional jazz. Polcer's and Magro's Loose Marbles was "a sort of amalgamated jazz corporation that creates subsidiaries around the city, to maximize tips and minimize boredom. The fifteen musicians play clarinet, trumpet, banjo, washboard, accordion, trombone, guitars, tuba, standup bass, and guitars, but you're likely to see only seven or eight performers at any given gig." The ever-changing impromptu line-up sometimes included jazz vocalist Tamar Korn and trumpeter Marla Dixon.
Cohn initially played jazz piano with the Loose Marbles. This reflected her training as a classical pianist. However, she had "burned out on classical piano" due to spending "many, many hours practicing in a tiny rehearsal room going over the same four measures again and again." One day in New Orleans, while residing in a dilapidated building where there was an assortment of "abandoned" instruments, Cohn salvaged a flood-damaged trumpet and became a devotee of the instrument. "Barnabus [Jones] and I were trying to figure out scales on the trumpet together, and it was just so fun. I just got really hooked. I had never played a wind instrument before and it just felt really powerful, so I got to play second trumpet with [the Loose Marbles], sometimes they'd invite me to play with them."
Todd Burdick likewise began his musical background on different instruments. He had played punk rock and experimental music as a percussionist, but he was introduced to the banjo, guitar, and other instruments by busking with the ensemble: "It was like learning from the ground up with them." Over time, as various musicians rolled in and out of the Loose Marbles, new ensembles were born such as chanteuse Meschiya Lake's Little Big Horns Jazz Band and, later, Tuba Skinny.
Formation and early years
Shaye Cohn, Barnabus Jones, Kiowa Wells, and Todd Burdick had been frequently playing jazz on Royal Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans while learning an array of various instruments. They selected hot jazz because—in their estimation—it was the most accessible form of music. "People bump into you and say, ‘What kind of music is that? I never heard that kind of jazz,'" Cohn explained, "which I can relate to because, at one point, I had never heard this kind of jazz either." Since "Bourbon Street's loud bars and drunken crowds make busking, or street performances, all but impossible," Tuba Skinny often performed on Royal Street with its quieter "art galleries, antique and jewelry shops and restaurants."
The band's name, Tuba Skinny, was purportedly acquired by happenstance and was a sarcastic remark by a passerby. Whenever the band's slender sousaphone player, Todd Burdick, would cycle down a street with his iconic instrument in Faubourg Marigny, a random heckler would repeatedly shout: "Hey, look, it's Tuba Skinny!" This remark was a reference to Jackson Square musician Anthony "Tuba Fats" Lacen, a "folk hero" who fought for the rights of street musicians and who died in 2004. Burdick recounted this incident to his friends and band mates. The band decided to run with the incident and christened themselves, "Tuba Skinny." Other than the happenstance name, the band has neither official ties to Tuba Fats nor was named in his honor.
In their early years, the band drew extensively upon the Loose Marbles' repertoire. As time passed, they began resurrecting forgotten tunes by "Louis Armstrong's Hot 5 and Hot 7, Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers, Bunk Johnson, George Lewis, Jim Robinson, the Mississippi Sheiks, Sam Morgan's Jazz Band, Johnny and Baby Dodds, Blind Blake, Blind Boy Fuller, the Memphis Jug Band, King Oliver, Bessie Smith" and others. They became a popular ensemble among local traditional jazz haunts because of their historical fidelity to the traditional 1920s jazz, which is an era that is often overlooked in the New Orleans music scene. Unlike revival or pre-revival bands, Tuba Skinny attempts to imitate the sound of traditional jazz in the days "before phonographs were widely available."
Global tours and albums
Tuba Skinny began globally touring as a band in July 2009 when they flew to France. An acquaintance had invited the band to the coastal town of Meschers-sur-Gironde where they played music in the streets and at a local tavern. They purchased used bicycles in Meschers and embarked upon a bicycle tour visiting the picturesque seaside towns along the southwest coast of France. They camped overnight to reduce expenses.
Over the years, the band has continued their celebrated busking tradition. They played as a busking band in Hobart, Tasmania—where they recorded their fifth album Pyramid Strut in 2013—and in old town centers throughout mainland Europe such as France, Italy, and Spain. Reportedly, their least pleasant experience while busking occurred at a flea market in San Severo, Italy, where not a single person lingered to listen to them. The band also toured in their native homeland of the United States. To do so, they squeezed their eight members, primary instruments, secondary instruments, and several pets—including Barnabus' pet dog Tupelo—into a six-seat van.
Over the years, Tuba Skinny has released ten albums containing more than a hundred tracks. In September 2016, Cohn and Lewis released a country album Waiting For Stars for their other lesser-known band, The Lonesome Doves. The album, described as "original country from Chattanooga by way of New Orleans," consisted entirely of songs composed by Lewis. On the album, both Cohn and Lewis sang vocals, with Lewis playing the guitar and Cohn playing the fiddle.
During Summer 2018, the band was invited to the Netherlands where they performed five nights a week for several months with the Ashton Brothers circus. Their performances included Lewis' vocals accompanying trapeze acts and Cohn playing ragtime solos. When not performing with the circus, the band members bicycled into Utrecht where they busked on the city streets. The circus invited them back the following year, but the band declined due to their commitment to seeking out new experiences. "We're jazz musicians and seek improvisation all the time," frottoirist Rapuzzi explained, "We can't fix ourselves to the same set list of songs let alone the same acts and show routine for another season, all very untrue to the nature of our band."
In April 2019, the peripatetic band released their tenth album Some Kind-a-Shake which was recorded at The Living Room Studio in New Orleans and featured nine instrumentalists. In addition to traditional jazz and blues songs, the album featured two original compositions, "Some Kind-a-Shake" by Cohn, and "Berlin Rag" by noted clarinetist Ewan Bleach. The jazz-centric publication The Syncopated Times reviewed the album and declared that the band's "tenth album, as unbelievable as this will sound, is their best." The publication further observed that Tuba Skinny's "method is to rehearse on the street, fine tune in performance, and nail it in the studio." Particular praise was given to album's throwback emphasis on an ensemble sound as opposed to solos.
Repertoire
Tuba Skinny's repertoire, while it includes some original material they have composed, is drawn from the lesser-known compositions of the early jazz era and has been documented to include over 400 songs. Their selection of deserving tunes has garnered praise and the following is especially noteworthy: "New Orleans Bump," "Cushion Foot Stomp," "You Can Have My Husband," "Jackson Stomp," "Deep Henderson," "Banjoreno," "Treasures Untold," "Russian Rag," "Oriental Strut," "Minor Drag," "Michigander Blues," "In Harlem's Araby," "Me and My Chauffeur," "A Jazz Battle," "Droppin' Shucks," "Fourth Street Mess Around," and "Carpet Alley Breakdown."
The singers and composers whose material they favor include Victoria Spivey, Jelly Roll Morton, Lucille Bogan, Memphis Minnie, Jabbo Smith, Georgia White, Skip James, Merline Johnson, Ma Rainey, Hattie Hart, Blind Blake and Clara Smith. Some of the bands whose material Tuba Skinny has interpreted in its own manner are the Memphis Jug Band, the Dixieland Jug Blowers and the Mississippi Mud Steppers.
While hailed as outstanding performers of traditional jazz, Tuba Skinny have not restricted their selection of material exclusively to what is permitted in the traditional repertoire. In fact, their goal is not to be circumscribed by rigid genres. The ensemble began playing predominantly early jazz and, as time passed, they transitioned "towards jug band music, country blues, string band music and ragtime." They briefly incorporated folk-country songs and New Orleans rhythm and blues into their performances before returning to their early jazz roots.
Musical style
Their music has been praised by music critics for its originality and technical competence. One review of their 2014 performance at the Melbourne Music Festival captured the quality of their music well:
Band members
Although the band's members have varied somewhat since their début in 2009, the ensemble as of 2018 includes the following musicians.
Shaye Cohn:
Barnabus Jones:
Todd Burdick: ,
Craig Flory:
Gregory Sherman:
Max Bien-Kahn:
Jason Lawrence:
Robin Rapuzzi:
Erika Lewis:
Part-time members include:
Jonathan Doyle: ,
Ewan Bleach: ,
Discography
Tuba Skinny (2009)
Six Feet Down (2010)
Garbage Man (2011)
Rag Band (2012)
Pyramid Strut (2014)
Owl Call Blues (2014)
Blue Chime Stomp (2016)
Tupelo Pine (2017)
Nigel's Dream (2018)
Some Kind-a-Shake (2019)
Quarantine Album: Unreleased B-Sides (2020)
Mardi Gras EP (2021)
Tuba Skinny also appears on:
Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: Music From the Second Series (2013)
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Tuba Skinny at Bandcamp
Dixieland ensembles
American jazz ensembles from New Orleans
Swing ensembles
Musical groups established in 2009
Musical groups from New Orleans
Jazz musicians from New Orleans |
45364707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procometis | Procometis | Procometis is a genus of moths in the family Autostichidae.
Species
The species of this genus are:
Procometis acharma Meyrick, 1908 (from South Africa)
Procometis acutipennis (Walsingham, 1891) (from Gambia & Congo)
Procometis aplegiopa Turner, 1904 (from Australia)
Procometis bisulcata Meyrick, 1890 (from Australia)
Procometis brunnea (West, 1931) (from Taiwan)
Procometis coniochersa Meyrick, 1922 (from Australia)
Procometis diplocentra Meyrick, 1890 (from Australia)
Procometis genialis Meyrick, 1890 (from Australia)
Procometis hylonoma Meyrick, 1890 (from Australia)
Procometis limitata Meyrick, 1911 (from South Africa)
Procometis lipara Meyrick, 1890 (from Australia)
Procometis melanthes Turner, 1898 (from Australia)
Procometis milvina Meyrick, 1914 (from South Africa)
Procometis mistharma (Meyrick, 1908)
Procometis monocalama Meyrick, 1890 (from Australia)
Procometis ochricilia Meyrick, 1921 (from South Africa)
Procometis oxypora Meyrick, 1908 (from South Africa)
Procometis periscia Lower, 1903 (from Australia)
Procometis phloeodes Turner, 1898 (from Australia)
Procometis sphendonistis (Meyrick, 1908) (from Sri Lanka)
Procometis spoliatrix (Meyrick, 1916) (from India)
Procometis stenarga Turner, 1902 (from Australia)
Procometis terrena Meyrick, 1908 (from Zambia)
Procometis trochala Meyrick, 1908 (from Sri Lanka)
References
De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. 2014. Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera). World Wide Web electronic publication (www.afromoths.net) (11-Jan-2015
Autostichinae |
1112893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscato | Moscato | Moscato may refer to:
Muscat (grape), a family of grapes used in wine-making
Moscato d'Asti, an Italian sparkling wine
Moscato Giallo, a variety of grape
Judah Moscato, Italian rabbi, poet, and philosopher of the sixteenth century
Vincent Moscato, former French international rugby player, now radio host, actor and comedian |
65331723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin%20Sheets%20%28Sharon%20O%27Neill%20song%29 | Satin Sheets (Sharon O'Neill song) | "Satin Sheets" is a song by New Zealand singer-songwriter Sharon O'Neill, which was released in 1990 as the lead single from her sixth studio album Edge of Winter. The song was written by O'Neill and Alan Mansfield, and produced by Mansfield and Carey Taylor. "Satin Sheets" reached No. 106 on Australia's ARIA Chart.
The song's music video was directed by Kriv Stenders and produced by Jason Schepsi for World's End Film Productions. In 2005, the song was included on the Sony compilation The Best of Sharon O'Neill.
Background
Edge of Winter was released in 1990 as O'Neill's second and final album for Polydor. Preceding the album was the lead single "Satin Sheets", which generated only limited airplay on radio and failed to become a hit. The lack of commercial success for "Satin Sheets", its follow-up "Poster Girl" and Edge of Winter led O'Neill to concentrate on songwriting rather than her solo career. In 2001, O'Neill told Radio New Zealand, "I was so disappointed Edge of Winter got lost in the shuffle somewhere along the line. The first single "Satin Sheets" never really did do what we had hoped."
In a 1990 interview with The Sydney Morning Herald, O'Neill said of the song in context of the album, "There's still the ballads, but there are a couple of really strong rock tracks on Edge of Winter [including "Satin Sheets"] that are going to be fantastic live and sound really good on record. They basically kick arse, which is nice, 'cause I love that."
Critical reception
In a review of the single, Penelope Layland of The Canberra Times wrote, "It is a while since we've heard from O'Neill, but time has done nothing to diminish the excellence of her voice. This is fairly standard pop/rock. Nice, but nothing special." In a review of Edge of Winter, John Lilley, writing for The Canberra Times, described the song as "equal of any of O'Neill's previous hits".
Track listing
7" single
"Satin Sheets" – 3:50
"Little One" – 4:28
Personnel
Satin Sheets
Sharon O'Neill – vocals
Maggie McKinney, Mark Williams – backing vocals
Peter Northcote, Alan Darby, Tommy Emmanuel – guitars
Kirk Lorange – slide guitar solo
Alan Mansfield – keyboards, percussion
Michael Hegerty – bass
John Watson – drums
Production
Alan Mansfield – producer of "Satin Sheets" and "Little One"
Carey Taylor – producer, engineer and mixing on "Satin Sheets" and "Little One"
Ian Cooper, Don Bartley – mastering
Other
Grant Matthews – photography
Arthur Gregory – cover design
Charts
References
1990 songs
1990 singles
Sharon O'Neill songs
Polydor Records singles
Songs written by Sharon O'Neill |
16047605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Story%20of%20Temple%20Drake | The Story of Temple Drake | The Story of Temple Drake is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film directed by Stephen Roberts and starring Miriam Hopkins and Jack La Rue. It tells the story of Temple Drake, a reckless woman in the American South who falls into the hands of a brutal gangster and rapist. It was adapted from the highly controversial 1931 novel Sanctuary by William Faulkner. Though some of the more salacious elements of the source novel were not included, the film was still considered so indecent that it helped give rise to the strict enforcement of the Hays Code.
Long unseen except in bootleg 16mm prints, The Story of Temple Drake was restored by the Museum of Modern Art and re-premiered in 2011 at the TCM Classic Film Festival. The Criterion Collection released the film for the first time on DVD and Blu-ray in December 2019.
Plot
Temple Drake, the reckless granddaughter of a prominent judge in a small Mississippi town, refuses to marry her lawyer boyfriend, Stephen Benbow. This earns her a reputation in the town as a seductress. On the night of a town dance, Temple declines Stephen's proposal for a second time, and instead goes out with one of her suitors, Toddy Gowan. Toddy, who has been drinking, crashes their car near a dilapidated plantation home occupied by a speakeasy run by a man named Lee Goodwin. Trigger, a gangster and bootlegger at the speakeasy, forces Temple and Toddy into the house. Toddy, drunk and injured, attempts to fight Trigger, but Trigger knocks him unconscious. Temple tries to flee, but Trigger insists she spend the night. Lee's wife, Ruby, suggests that Temple sleep in the barn, and arranges for a young man named Tommy to stand watch.
At dawn, Trigger shoots Tommy to death before raping Temple in the barn. Trigger proceeds to kidnap Temple, making her his gun moll, and brings her to a brothel in the city run by a woman named Reba. Meanwhile, Toddy awakens in a warehouse and skips town. Newspapers erroneously report that the missing Temple has traveled to Pennsylvania to visit family. At the speakeasy, Lee is arrested for Tommy's murder, and Stephen is appointed as his lawyer. Fearing for his life, Lee refuses to implicate Trigger in Tommy's murder. Ruby, however, directs Stephen to search for Trigger at Reba's home.
Stephen tracks down Trigger to Reba's address, and finds Temple there, dressed in a negligee. Fearing that Trigger will kill Stephen, Temple falsely assures Stephen that she willingly went with him. Stephen believes her, and serves them summons for Tommy's murder trial. After Stephen leaves, Temple tries to escape, only to be attacked by Trigger. In the melee, Temple wrests his gun and shoots him to death.
Temple returns to her hometown, and near the conclusion of the trial, she begs Stephen to dismiss her from testifying. He denies her wish, and forces her to take the stand in court, but, out of his love for her, he is unable to question her about Trigger. Despite his lack of questioning, Temple openly confesses everything that happened, including her witnessing Tommy's murder, her rape, and her murder of Trigger. At the end of her confession, she loses consciousness, and Stephen carries her out of the courtroom.
Cast
Production
Development
In 1932, Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to the film's basis, the controversial novel Sanctuary (1931) by William Faulkner, for $6,000. Faulkner's novel dealt with a young Southern debutante held captive by a gang member and rapist. As the public felt the novel had a racy reputation, the film received a new title as the plot had been made more mild and to avoid associating it with the source work. Despite this, even before filming had begun, it was publicly condemned by U.S. women's leagues, an article in The New York Times, as well as the Roman Catholic Church.
The credits only stated that Faulkner wrote the original novel. Robert Littell, who wrote a review of the film published in The New Republic on June 14, 1933, stated that the film producers also consulted Faulkner; statements about this are not present in the credits.
Deviations from novel
Several alterations were made to the screenplay that deviated from the source material: For example, in the novel, the judge is Temple's father; Phillips stated that "presumably" to make it more believable that he is "ineffectual" with her, he was changed into being her grandfather. For a short period before the film went into production, it was tentatively titled The Shame of Temple Drake.
The relatively upbeat ending of the film is in marked contrast to the ending of Faulkner's novel Sanctuary, in which Temple perjures herself in court, resulting in the lynching of an innocent man. E. Pauline Degenfelder of Worcester Public Schools wrote that the characterization of Temple differs from that of the novel version, and that the film gives her a "dual nature" of a dark nature and a light nature. Gene D. Phillips of Loyola University of Chicago wrote that she is "better" morally than the novel character. According to Pre-Code scholar Thomas Doherty, the film implies that the deeds done to Temple are in recompense for her immorality in falling into a relationship with the gangster instead of fleeing him.
Casting
George Raft was initially cast as the male lead of Trigger, but dropped out of the production, which resulted in his being temporarily suspended by Paramount. Raft felt taking the role would be "screen suicide" as the character had no redeemable qualities, and also demanded a salary of $2 million. He was ultimately replaced by Jack La Rue, then a bit player for Paramount who had garnered some notice for his performance in a Broadway production of Diamond Lil opposite Mae West.
According to Filmink the fact the film ultimately "did little for La Rue’s career... served to give Raft a false idea of the quality of his instincts when it came to script selection. "
Miriam Hopkins, who was cast in the titular role of Temple Drake, was a newcomer at the time of filming, and had only begun establishing herself in two Ernst Lubitsch films: The Smiling Lieutenant (1931) and Trouble in Paradise (1932). Hopkins' mother was reportedly upset that her daughter was portraying a rape victim. Hopkins herself would continually cite the role as one of her personal favorites due to its emotional complexity: "That Temple Drake, now, there was a thing. Just give me a nice un-standardized wretch like Temple three times a year! Give me the complex ladies, and I'll interpret the daylights out of them."
Filming
Principal photography of The Story of Temple Drake began in mid-February 1933 on the Paramount Studio lot in Los Angeles, California. According to biographer Allan Ellenberger, the mood on the set was "gloomy" due to the dark subject matter, and the cast members frequently played pranks on one another to lighten the mood. Jean Negulesco, a sketch artist and technical advisor at Paramount, helped design and orchestrate the film's rape sequence. Though the film only suggests the rape, as the scene concludes with Trigger approaching Temple, followed by her scream, Hopkins recalled that Negulesco had extensively "planned how it could be done... If you can call a rape artistically done, it was."
Release
Censorship
Will H. Hays, who was in charge of the Motion Picture Production Code, had objected to any film adaptation of Sanctuary, and, after the film was made, forbade any reference to it in advertising materials. However, Joseph I. Breen, who was in charge of public relations for the Hays Office, stated the finished film was so tame in comparison to Faulkner's novel that patrons who had read it and watched the film would "charge us with fraud."
In March 1933, the Hays Office recommended several cuts be made before the film was released, with the central rape scene being of utmost concern. In the original cut (and in Faulkner's novel), Temple's rape occurs in a corn crib, and she is at one point penetrated with a corn cob during the assault; the sequence also featured shots in which the corncob is picked up by Trigger and examined after the rape. These shots were allegedly only supposed to be included in rushes and not in the final cut, but were considered obscene enough that the Hays Office ordered Paramount to reshoot the rape sequence in a barn, and mandated that no footage of a corncob could be shown. The scenes at Reba's home were also "portrayed too graphically," according to the Hays Office, and they ordered Paramount to excise footage and dialogue that indicated that the home was a brothel. It was now portrayed, despite nude statuary, as a boarding house. Some lines were cut, while Ruby's use of the word "chippie" (a slang term for a woman of low morals) was occluded by a clap of thunder.
Because the film was considered so scandalous, it has been credited with spurring the strict enforcement of the Hays Code.
Box office
The Story of Temple Drake premiered theatrically in the United States on May 12, 1933. According to film historian Lou Sabini, it was one of the highest-earning films of the year.
Critical response
Several protests and critical articles in newspapers appeared after the production company had purchased the rights before the release of the film. Phillips wrote that some critics, while acknowledging the murder of Trigger would be justifiable, believed that it was wrong for the film to justify it. A review published in The Washington Times lambasted the film, describing it as "trash," while the New York American deemed it "shoddy, obnoxiously disagreeable... trashy, sex-plugged piece." Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times was similarly unimpressed, describing the film as "deliberately sordid, unsympathetic, and nearly offensive," as well as "crudely realistic."
Some critics were more favorable in their responses, such as Martin Dickson of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, who deemed the film a "compelling, if not always pleasant, photodrama," adding that Hopkins brings "a vital and credible characterization to the part." The Atlanta Constitution also praised Hopkins' performance as "outstanding," and also praised La Rue as "excellent." Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times heralded the cast as "well chosen," also adding that "Miss Hopkins delivers a capital portrayal."
Home media
The Story of Temple Drake largely remained unavailable to the public after its initial theatrical release, never even receiving television airings in the United States. The Museum of Modern Art restored the film in 2011 and subsequently screened it to the public. The Criterion Collection announced they will be releasing the film on Blu-ray and DVD for the first time on December 3, 2019.
Legacy
Faulkner stated that initially he wished to end the plot at the end of Sanctuary but he decided that, in Degenfelder's words, "Temple's reinterpretation would be dramatic and worthwhile." Degenfelder believes that he may have gotten inspiration for the sequel, Requiem for a Nun, from The Story of Temple Drake due to common elements between the two.
See also
Pre-Code sex films
References
Sources
External links
The Story of Temple Drake: Notorious an essay by Geoffrey O’Brien at the Criterion Collection
1933 crime drama films
1933 films
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
American films
English-language films
Films about rape
Films about prostitution
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by William Faulkner
Films directed by Stephen Roberts
Films set in Mississippi
Films shot in Los Angeles
Paramount Pictures films
American rape and revenge films
Southern Gothic films
Films scored by Karl Hajos |
59329701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Wadsack | Herbert Wadsack | Herbert Wadsack (Knittelfeld, February 19, 1912-Vienna, July 15, 2004) was an Austrian librarian and writer.
He was at the Wehrmacht and was a prisoner of war.
He was a member of the Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband and of the PEN International.
Works
A-To-Nal, 1982
Bescheidenes Massaker. Kurzprosa aus dreißig Jahren, 1995
Das Gedichtwerk. , 1995
Poetry books
Die vor uns sterben, 1946
Gewaltige Fuge des Lebens, 1966
References
1912 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Austrian writers
People from Knittelfeld
Austrian prisoners of war
Austrian librarians |
42938809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobis | Tobis | Tobis may refer to:
Tobis Film, German studio.
Tobis Portuguesa, a company formed to foster the development of Portuguese cinema.
Yvonne Tobis (born 1948), Israeli Olympic swimmer. |
61748854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Fidow | Ed Fidow | Teofilio "Ed" Fidow (born 11 September 1993) is a Samoan rugby union who plays wing for Rugby New York of Major League Rugby (MLR) in the United States. He also plays for the Manu internationally.
Professional rugby career
Fidow began his career in New Zealand with the Papatoetoe RFC in the Auckland Gallagher Shield competition, Earning selection for the Auckland Sevens squad.
In 2015, Fidow was selected for the Samoa rugby sevens team as part of the World Rugby Sevens Series. He played two seasons with Samoa Sevens, scoring 21 tries in 46 Appearances.
In 2017, Fidow moved to Australia to play with Wests Rugby in the Queensland Premier Rugby Competition Fidow was spotted by Brad Thorn and selected for Brisbane City for the 2017 National Rugby Championship.
Later on in 2017, Fidow was selected as a medical joker for Bordeaux-Begles in the French top 14 season, staying until the end of the season.
In May 2018, Fidow was selected for the Samoan national team for the first time to play in the Pacific Nations Cup.
Following on from his Samoan selection, the newly promoted Provence rugby contracted him for the 2018-19 Pro D2 competition.
Fidow was selected for the Samoan team for the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
Fidow has signed with Worcester Warriors for the 2019-2021 Premiership rugby seasons.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Samoan rugby union players
Samoa international rugby union players
Union Bordeaux Bègles players
Provence Rugby players
Worcester Warriors players
Manawatu rugby union players
Brisbane City (rugby union) players
Rugby union wings
Rugby New York players |
60938323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieta%20Norma%20Fierro%20Gossman | Julieta Norma Fierro Gossman | Julieta Norma Fierro Gossman (born February 24, 1948) is a Mexican astrophysicist and science communicator. She is a researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), in its .
Biography
Julieta Fierro studied physics at the UNAM School of Sciences.
She hosted a television series titled: "Más allá de las estrellas" (Beyond the Stars), which was chosen as the best science show in Mexico in 1998. She was UNAM's General Director of Scientific Outreach from 2000 to 2004. She has written 40 books, of which 23 are on popular science, and dozens of articles in various conferences and journals. One of her writings was published in Mayan (an indigenous language). She participated in the creation of the Universum astronomy room (Universum is one of the most popular University museums in Latin America) and the Museo Descubre of Aguascalientes. She collaborated on the creation of a science museum in Puerto Rico and the McDonald Observatory in the United States and the Sutherland in South Africa.
She is a currently a researcher at the UNAM and a professor at the university's School of Sciences. She was elected a member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua on July 24, 2003, and took possession of its 25th chair on August 26, 2004. She was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Spanish Academy on April 21, 2005.
Recognitions
Third World Network of Scientific Organizations outreach award, 1992
Kalinga Prize, UNESCO, 1995
Primo Rovis Gold Medal, Trieste Center of Astrophysical Theory, 1996
Klumpke-Roberts Award, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1998
National Award for Science Journalism, 1998
Latin American Award for the Popularization of Science, Chile, 2001
Citizen's Medal of Merit from the Mexico City Assembly of Representatives, 2003
Benito Juárez Medal, 2004
Flama Recognition, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 2005
Doctor honoris causa, Coordinadora de Identidades Territoriales Mapuche and Michoacan University of Saint Nicholas of Hidalgo
Vasco de Quiroga Medal, 2011
TWAS-ROLAC Regional Prize, 2017
Selected publications
La familia del Sol (1989), co-authored with Miguel Ángel Herrera, Cultural Economic Fund, . Part of the collection "La ciencia para todos", #62, and the Classroom Libraries collection.
Extraterrestres (2000), Lectorum, . Part of the Classroom Libraries collection.
Fronteras el universo (2000), co-authored with Manuel Peimbert (compiler), Silvia Torres-Peimbert, Miguel Ángel Herrera, Miriam Peña, , Dany Page, José Jesús González, Déborah Dultzin, Cultural Economic Fund, . Wrote one chapter about planetary systems. Part of the collection "La ciencia para todos", #176.
La astronomía de México (2001), Lectorum, . Reissued in 2005.
Albert Einstein: Un científico de nuestro tiempo (2005), co-authored with Héctor Domínguez, Lectorum,
Lo grandioso de la luz, Gran paseo por la ciencia (2005), Editorial Nuevo México,
Lo grandioso del tiempo, Gran paseo por la ciencia (2005), Editorial Nuevo México,
Cartas Astrales: Un romance científico del tercer tipo (2006), co-authored with Adolfo Sánchez Valenzuela, Alfaguara,
La luz de las estrellas (2006), co-authored with Héctor Domínguez, Ediciones La Vasija,
Galileo y el telescopio, 400 años de ciencia (2007), co-authored with Héctor Domínguez, Uribe y Ferrari Editores,
Newton, la luz y el movimiento de los cuerpos (2007), co-authored with Héctor Domínguez, Uribe y Ferrari Editores,
Nebulosas planetarias: la hermosa muerte de las estrellas (2009), co-authored with Silvia Torres-Peimbert, Cultural Economic Fund, . Part of the collection "La ciencia para todos", #220.
La Evolución Química del Sol (2012), co-authored with Manuel Peimbert, Cultural Economic Fund, . Part of the collection "La ciencia para todos", #234.
References
External links
Julieta Norma Fierro Gossman at the UNAM Institute of Astronomy
1948 births
20th-century Mexican scientists
21st-century Mexican scientists
20th-century Mexican women writers
20th-century Mexican writers
21st-century Mexican women writers
Kalinga Prize recipients
Living people
Members of the Mexican Academy of Language
Mexican astrophysicists
Mexican women physicists
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
National Autonomous University of Mexico faculty
Science writers
Scientists from Mexico City
Women science writers
Writers from Mexico City |
21371399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Ingham | Elaine Ingham | Elaine Ingham is an American microbiologist and soil biology researcher and founder of Soil Foodweb Inc. She is known as a leader in soil microbiology and research of the soil food web, She is an author of the USDA's Soil Biology Primer.
Career
On 1981, Ingham earned a PhD from the Colorado State University in microbiology with an emphasis in soil. Along with her husband Russ, who has a doctorate in zoology emphasizing nematology, she was offered a post-doctoral fellowship at the Natural Resource Ecology Lab at Colorado State University. In 1985, she accepted a Research Associate Fellowship at the University of Georgia.
In 1986, Ingham moved to Oregon State University and joined the faculty in both Forest Science and Botany and Plant Pathology. She remained on faculty until 2001.
Ingham has been an Affiliate Professor of Sustainable Living at Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa, Adjunct Faculty at Southern Cross University in Lismore, New South Wales from 1999 to 2005, Visiting Professor with Melbourne University from 2004 to 2008, and was Program Chair of the Ecological Society of America from 1999 to 2000. She was named chief scientist at The Rodale Institute in 2011 and was later director of research and an instructor at the Agricultural Celebration Institute's farm in California.
She is the founder of Soil Foodweb Inc, which works with soil testing laboratories to assess soil biology.
Selected publications
Ingham, E.R. and M. Alms. (1999), The Compost Tea Handbook 1.1
Ingham, E.R. (2000) The Compost Tea Brewing Manual. Sustainable Studies Institute, Eugene, Oregon. 2nd–5th eds. Soil Foodweb Inc, Corvallis, Oregon.
Ingham, E. R. (1999). Chapters 1–5 in: The Soil Biology Primer. NRCS Soil Quality Institute, USDA.
Ingham, E.R. (2004). "The Soil Foodweb: Its Role in Ecosystems Health". In: The Overstory Book: Cultivating Connections with Trees. Ed. Craig R. Elevitch. 2nd ed. Holualoa, Hawaii: Permanent Agriculture Resources.
Ingham, E.R. and M.D. Slaughter. (2005). "The Soil Foodweb–Soil and Composts As Living Ecosystems". International SoilACE Conference in Soil and Compost Eco-Biology. Leon, Spain. 1: 127-139.
See also
Klebsiella planticola
References
External links
Soil Foodweb Inc
Life in the Soil Class by Dr. Elaine Ingham
Koons, Deborah (2012). Symphony of the Soil, documentary.
Women microbiologists
American microbiologists
Soil biology
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
1847082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniyan | Anniyan | Anniyan () is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language psychological action thriller film written and directed by S. Shankar and produced by V. Ravichandran of Aascar Films. The plot centres on a disillusioned everyman whose frustration at what he sees as increasing social apathy and public negligence leads to a split personality that attempts to improve the system. Vikram stars as Ambi, an idealistic, law-abiding lawyer who has Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as Multiple personality disorder) and develops two other identities: a metrosexual fashion model named Remo, and a murderous vigilante named Anniyan and Sadha plays his love interest, Nandini. Actors Vivek, Nedumudi Venu, Nassar and Prakash Raj also feature.
Shankar conceived the film in mid-2003 during the post-production period of his previous film, Boys. He based the film on his own life experiences during his formative years when he was disturbed by what he saw around him, and his eventual displeasure with the society. Pre-production for Anniyan began in November 2003 and principal photography in March 2004. The making of the film, which included numerous production delays, took 14 months. The film was shot at Hyderabad, Thanjavur, Tindivanam and Chennai, and the song sequences were filmed in Mumbai, Malaysia, Amsterdam and Tenkasi. The film was notable for its recreation of the Tyagaraja Aradhana music festival and the extensive use of time slice photography in an action sequence.
Cinematographer V. Manikandan abandoned the project halfway through, until he was replaced with Ravi Varman. The technical departments were headed by V. T. Vijayan (editing), Sabu Cyril (production design), and Peter Hein (stunt choreography), and the soundtrack was composed by Harris Jayaraj, who was in his first collaboration with the director. The film was touted as the director's magnum opus and was budgeted at 263.8 million, making it at the time of its release the most expensive South Indian film ever made. Notably, it was the first South Indian film to obtain institutional finance, and it had the highest insurance coverage available for films at that time.
Originally filmed in Tamil, and released simultaneously in the four South Indian states on 10 June 2005, the film was dubbed into Telugu as Aparichithudu and in Hindi as Aparichit The Stranger was released a year later on 19 May 2006. Further, the film was also dubbed into French and released in French-speaking countries worldwide by Columbia Tristar. While the film was a commercial success across South India, the Hindi version received a lukewarm response and was a box-office failure. Anniyan received positive responses from critics grossed 570 million in its lifetime run. In addition to winning a record breaking eight Filmfare Awards and six State Film Awards, the film also won a National Award in the Special Effects category.
Plot
Ramanujam Iyengar alias Ambi is a straightforward consumer protection advocate from Triplicane, Chennai. He expects everyone to follow the law and prosecutes those who violate it. However, his efforts fail as circumstantial evidences always seem to favour the accused. His efforts to raise civic awareness go in vain due to pervasive corruption and a general lack of seriousness. Frustrated at his inability to bring about a change in society, his suppressed anger manifests itself in an alter ego named Anniyan, a grim reaper-themed vigilante who murders corrupt and indifferent people. Anniyan creates a website, compiles a list of wrongdoers in it and kills them using punishments described in the Garuda Puranam, one of the ancient Hindu scriptures.
Ambi is secretly in love with his neighbour Nandini, a medical student and an aspiring Carnatic singer, but never expresses his feelings due to fear of rejection. When he does get the courage to do so during the annual Tyagaraja Aradhana with the help of his friend, Sub-inspector Chari, she rejects him as she cannot bear his overbearing nature and constant complaining and nitpicking. Distraught, Ambi attempts suicide, almost drowning himself before having second thoughts. Subsequently, he develops another personality named Remo, a metrosexual fashion model. Nandini is smitten by Remo and falls in love with him, unaware that Remo is one of Ambi's split personalities. Their marriage is eventually fixed.
While purchasing a plot of land for her dowry, Nandini decides to undervalue the property to evade stamp duty. Ambi, who accompanies her to the government office, refuses to help her on learning of her intention to skirt the law. Later, when Nandini and Remo are on a date, Remo transforms into Anniyan and attempts to punish her for her corrupt act. As he is about to kill her, Nandini calls out for Ambi. Anniyan then reverts to Ambi, who collapses and loses consciousness. Nandini takes Ambi to National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) where he is diagnosed with multiple personality disorder. Through recovered-memory therapy, Vijaykumar, the chief psychiatrist of NIMHANS, uncovers Ambi's past. It is revealed that when Ambi was ten years old, he witnessed the accidental death of his younger sister Vidya due to civic apathy. The incident left a deep emotional scar, which is the reason for his lofty ideals. It is also discovered that while Anniyan and Remo are aware of Ambi as a separate person, Ambi is oblivious to their existence within him. Vijaykumar declares that Remo will cease to exist if Nandini reciprocates Ambi's feelings, but Anniyan will cease to exist only when the society reforms. Nandini accepts Ambi's love and Remo disappears.
Meanwhile, DCP Prabhakar and Chari investigate the murders committed by Anniyan. In disguises, they discover clues left behind by Anniyan, which are the names of the punishments he meted out to his victims. Prabhakar is personally determined to punish Anniyan, as one of his victims, Chockalingam, an errant catering contractor with the Indian Railways, was his elder brother. In a dramatic publicity stunt, Anniyan admits to the murders he committed when he appears amidst the public and the press at the Nehru Stadium. He explains the rationale behind them and says that only when every Indian is responsible and sincere will the country prosper on par with developed nations. His methods draw both praise and criticism. Prabhakar tries to catch Anniyan, but he escapes.
On investigating the phone records and IP address of Anniyan's internet activity, Prabhakar discovers that the connection belongs to Ambi. Upon further analysis of a security footage of Anniyan's public appearance, Ambi's face is revealed under the hood. Prabhakar arrests Ambi and subjects him to a polygraph test to make him confess to his crimes. The officers see that he is telling the truth and is oblivious to killing anyone, believing his innocence. Prabhakar, enraged and not having any of it, orders all the officers and Chari to leave, and begins brutally attacking and tormenting Ambi with Garuda Puranam punishments. Ambi is eventually thrown into a boiling hot salt water tank by Prabhakar. When a traumatised Ambi begs for mercy, Prabhakaran mockingly turns on the water cooler, making the water extremely cold to the point it becomes ice so that Ambi will freeze to death.
The near-death experience and pain triggers Anniyan's reappearance. Ambi's personality alternates between Ambi and Anniyan; he brutally subdues Prabhakar as Anniyan, while begging for mercy as Ambi. Later, when Ambi is tried for several murders, Vijaykumar testifies to Ambi's mental condition. Chari also had secretly recorded Ambi's interrogation and torture at Prabhakar's hands and presents it as evidence of Ambi's mental condition. Ambi is acquitted, but is directed to undergo psychotherapy in a mental hospital and will be eligible for release when cured.
When Ambi is released two years later, his rigid adherence to protocol has diminished and he appears more open and accommodating. He marries Nandini. While travelling on a train during their trip, Ambi notices a man (an electrician who was indirectly responsible for his sister's death several years ago) drinking amidst fellow passengers. Suffering a relapse, he transforms into Anniyan and throws the man off the train, killing him. However, he hides the incident from Nandini, indicating that he has successfully blended his personalities into one instead of eradicating them.
Cast
Vikram as Ramanujam "Ambi" Iyengar / Remo / Anniyan
Sadha as Nandhini Krishna, Ambi's love interest (voice dubbed by Kanika)
Nedumudi Venu as Parthasarathy, Ambi's father (voice dubbed by S. N. Surendar)
Vivek as Chari, Ambi's close friend and Sub-Inspector
Prakash Raj as DCP Prabhakar
Nassar as Vijaykumar, Ambi's psychiatrist
Cochin Haneefa as a delinquent car owner
Kalabhavan Mani as Ponnambalam, a covetous landlord
Sairam Sukumaran as P. A. Bhirama
Charle as a wastrel
Shanmugarajan as Chockalingam, the railway contract caterer, DCP Prabhakar's brother
Saurabh Shukla as Ethirajan Naidu, the brake cable company owner
Yana Gupta (special appearance in the song "Kaadhal Yaanai")
Manobala as the Ticket Conductor on the train to Thiruvaiyaru
Shanthi Williams as Susheela, Ambi's mother
Neelu as Ananthanarayanan, secretary of the Sangeetha Academy
Sriranjini as Nandhini's mother (voice dubbed by Meera Krishnan)
Vatsala Rajagopal as Ambi's grandma
Mohan Vaidya as Krishna, Nandhini's father
Viraj as young Ambi
Divya Nagesh as Vidya, Ambi's late sister
Citizen Mani as a cook who works under Chockalingam
Unnikrishnan Cameo Appearance as singer in Thyagaraja Festival
Master Wong as Karate Master
Stunt Silva as a passerby (Uncredited)
Production
Pre-production
During the making of his Bollywood directorial debut Nayak in early 2001, director S. Shankar had conceived a science fiction film titled Robot. A futuristic techno-thriller set in the 22nd century Chennai, the film was to star Kamal Haasan and Preity Zinta. However, after completing a photo-shoot featuring the two, the production was shelved due to various reasons, including Haasan's unavailability of dates and creative differences with the director. Shankar postponed the project indefinitely and made the coming of age film, Boys (2003). When the post-production work of Boys was underway, Shankar was awaiting the return of its composer A. R. Rahman, who was then outside India, to complete the background score. In the meantime, Shankar had an idea for a storyline and called Vikram, who expressed enthusiasm for the subject.
Development
Following the release of Boys in August 2003, Shankar began work on his next directorial venture entitled Anniyan. It was initially thought to be Shankar's pet project Robot revived with a new title, but this was later proven not to be correct. Shankar said the film was his "dream project" and disclosed that it would be a racy, fantasy-thriller. When questioned on how the idea behind the film had come to him, the director revealed, "The seeds of all my movies were sown when I was young, long before I started making movies. So many things disturbed me, and these stayed with me. Those were the seeds. I make films based on them."
With the highest production value among Tamil films of its time, the film was touted to be the director's magnum opus and was labelled "the most eagerly awaited film of the year" by the media. The film deals with a person having dissociative identity disorder, commonly known as "multiple personality disorder" (MPD) or "split personality syndrome". It was compared to Chandramukhi, released two months before, as it also focused on a character with the same syndrome.
Casting
To portray the lead character, Shankar needed a performer who could play an action hero. He chose Vikram as he felt that the actor, in addition to being a performer, had the image of an action hero. While his casting was made public in a November 2003 news report announcing the project's inception, the director revealed that Vikram was added to the cast in mid-2003 and refuted theories that the actor's casting was to capitalise on his new-found popularity following his success at the National Film Awards, where he won the National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film Pithamagan (2003). Stating that Vikram was selected for the lead role months before the theatrical release of Pithamagan, Shankar added, "I don't look at actors that way." He further remarked that Vikram was the "life and soul" of Anniyan.
The heroine role of a "devoted Iyengar Brahmin girl" was originally offered to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, who was too busy to accommodate production dates. After months of waiting for her call sheet, Shankar eventually offered the role to Sadha. Expressing hope that it would be "an important movie" in her career, Sadha accepted the offer, working on the film for 120 days, adding, "I have a major role to play in Anniyan. There are few heavy portions involving me in the movie that I have given my best." She considered being a part of a Shankar film, especially during the early stages of her career, as a "god's gift" and a "once-in-a-lifetime experience". However, when offered similar roles following the film's success, she refused to be typecast and stated, "I am now looking for roles where my creative potential is tapped. I don't want to be part of such cinema where all one has to do is dance around trees."
Vivek, Prakash Raj, Nedumudi Venu and Nassar appear in supporting roles. Mohan Vaidhya, a carnatic vocalist and occasional actor, plays a minuscule role as Sadha's father Krishna. Malavika Avinash was approached to play Vikram's mother; she rejected the offer, stating, "I am too young to do a screen mom and too old to be a heroine!" Cochin Haneefa, Charle, Kalabhavan Mani, Shanmugarajan and Saurabh Shukla make cameo appearances as delinquent citizens. Haneefa played an indifferent car owner who refuses to help an accident victim as he does not want his "brand new car" to be soiled with blood. Following Haneefa's death in February 2010, Vikram recalled the actor's appearance in the film and said, "Though he'd come only in a few scenes no one could miss him. For roles that have some ambiguity about whether it's a good guy or a bad guy, he is one of the best choices. Until the end, one cannot really guess if he'll end up being good or bad." Comedian and character artiste Charle played an unnamed wastrel and alcoholic who extorts money from his ageing parents for his expenses and is considered by Anniyan to be a liability to society. Charle was instructed by Shankar, "People should see only the character. Only later should they realise that it was Charle."
The role of the younger Ambi was played by child actor Hari Prashanth alias Viraj. When he came to the recording studio to voice his lines, he was accompanied by his father S. N. Surendar, a singer and dubbing artiste. Shankar recognised Surendar and asked him to lend his voice for Nedumudi Venu as the latter was a Malayali. In the 2004 comedy film Aethirree, which featured Sadha in the female lead, Kanika played the second lead role of a "naughty" Brahmin girl. Shankar, apparently impressed with Kanika's performance in the film, asked her to attend a voice test. When the film-makers preferred Kanika's accent and modulation among the thirty females whose voices were tested, she was selected to dub for Sadha's Brahmin role.
Technical crew
The film was produced by V. Ravichandran under his own film production and distribution company 'Oscar Films' (presently 'Aascar Films'). The screenplay was written by Shankar and the film had dialogue written by writer Sujatha. Shankar retained Sabu Cyril, his production designer from Boys, to handle the set design; the scenes were edited by V. T. Vijayan. While the action sequences were orchestrated by Peter Hein and assisted by Stunt Silva, the dance sequences were choreographed by Raju Sundaram, Kalyan and Ahmed Khan. Film institute student Prabhu Raja Chozhan, who would later turn director with Karuppampatti (2013), joined Shankar as his protégé and worked as his assistant.
Shankar, who grew up admiring the works of cinematographer P. C. Sreeram in films like Nayakan (1987), Agni Natchathiram (1988) and Idhayathai Thirudathe (1989), desired to collaborate and was in talks with him to handle the photography. While Sreeram was intent on working in Anniyan, he could not accept the offer due to prior commitments. It was initially reported in the media that Sreeram had been recruited; however, Shankar chose V. Manikandan as the director of photography, impressed with his work in Main Hoon Na (2004). Manikandan had earlier collaborated with Shankar when he shot the music video of the song "Secret of Success" in Boys. Manikandan gave six months of bulk dates for the project; but, when the production was troubled by delays, Shankar demanded three more months to complete the film. Manikandan walked out in October 2004 citing scheduling conflicts and Shankar replaced him with Ravi Varman.
During the casting stage of Boys, the film's cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran was temporarily unavailable and his then-assistant Ravi Varman handled the camera to film Genelia D'Souza's makeup test. Subsequently, Varman nurtured a desire to work with Shankar. Before Shankar commenced work on Anniyan, Varman expressed his desire to work in the film and was hopeful of landing the assignment. He was disappointed when Shankar recruited Manikandan for the project. However, when Manikandan abandoned the project after completing almost half the film, Shankar asked Varman to shoot the remaining portions of the film. Varman had committed to work in Bengali director Buddhadeb Dasgupta's next film, work on which was scheduled to begin shortly; he dropped out of it to accept Shankar's offer and termed working in Anniyan "a dream come true".
Preparation and character looks
Vikram allotted 18 months and 190 days of his call sheet for the film, including 165 days of bulk dates spread across six months. Speaking on the extent of his involvement in the filmmaking process, Vikram said, "Before beginning the film, I was totally involved in the research and preparation, but once on the sets, I go by what the director says." He further clarified that he discussed every shot with Shankar, went for re-takes where necessary to make the scenes better, and gave suggestions, but left the "ultimate verdict" to the director. Disclosing that, among the three shades to his character, he found playing Ambi to be the toughest, he reasoned, "Because as a hero you are not used to being a wimp on screen. It's difficult digesting getting beaten up." In contrast, being a graduate in English literature, he found playing Remo much easier and more in his comfort zone.
In an interview with Gulf News, Vikram spoke of the challenges in portraying all three characters while wearing the same costumes. He said, "I love such challenges. [...] Although the costume defined each of the three characters in Anniyan, there were scenes where Ambi would suddenly become Remo and Remo would become Anniyan. There I made it dramatic to bring out each character." He credited his wife Shailaja Balakrishnan, a psychologist, for helping him in fleshing out the character of Ambi, a person who has multiple personality disorder. In a conversation with film critic Baradwaj Rangan, Shailaja recalled the times the film was being made and spoke of Vikram, saying, "I felt we should live in two houses. It's not easy to live with a man who can get that eccentric, an actor who wants to be that difficult on himself. I wouldn't say he becomes the character, but there's definitely some kind of internalisation." Vikram confessed that he had a tough time during the film's making as playing different characters affected him and he found himself going mad. He added that he would take a break after a 15-day shoot and watch the pigeons on his terrace as a way of dealing with the pressure.
Vikram grew a tummy to portray Ramanujam while he sported a "macho look" for Anniyan. He also grew his hair long in preparation for his role and rejected other film offers to maintain the continuity in his looks. Together with his character looks and those that he sported in the song sequences, Vikram appears in the film in 18 different getups. Vikram's look in the film was created by make-up artiste Banu. For those parts that show him as metrosexual Remo, he coloured his hair in streaks of copper and blonde. Unwilling to reveal his 'new look' until the film was ready, Vikram avoided the media despite winning the aforementioned National Award for the year 2003. Meanwhile, Sadha's make-up and hair styling were done by Mumbai-based celebrity stylist Ojas M. Rajani.
Filming
The film was officially launched with a traditional puja and muhurat shot on 4 March 2004 at AVM Studios, Chennai. The studio was decorated with life-sized stills showing Vikram in three distinct looks, "a voodoo hunter, a pious 'sami' and a bubbling youth"; this led the media to speculate that Vikram would be playing either a triple role or a character with three shades. The film's caption was 'He who comes from hell is not afraid of hot ashes'. During the launch function, Shankar expressed hope of completing the film in six months and releasing the film on 12 November 2004, coinciding with the Diwali festival. However, the production, which began shortly afterwards in May 2004, was marred by several delays and took 14 months to complete. The film was shot in Amsterdam, Malaysia, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Tenkasi, Thanjavur, Villupuram and Chennai.
The film features a scene at the Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Utsavam. The Utsavam is a week-long music festival which commemorates the 18th-century saint-composer Tyagaraja, revered as one of the greatest composers of carnatic music, and is held annually at his resting place in Thiruvaiyaru, Thanjavur. With the use of sets, the art department recreated the Tyagaraja Aradhana near Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu. For filming the scene, the crew recreated a performance of the famous kriti "Jagadānanda kārakā", the first of the five Pancharatna Kriti compositions of Tyagaraja, as performed during Tyagaraja Aradhana. The aradhana, held on the fifth day of the festival, witnesses exponents of carnatic music from across the world converging at his samaadhi, where they sing his pancharatna kritis in unison as an homage to the saint.
Shankar approached violin maestro Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan, a regular participant at the actual event, to conceive and orchestrate the sequence. Vaidyanathan was serving as the secretary of Sri Thyagabrahma Mahotsava Sabha, the committee which organises the aradhana. The scene features him in a cameo and was shot in June 2004 at a studio in Chennai. Realistic sets were erected to resemble the actual venue and leading carnatic vocalists Sudha Ragunathan, Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram, O. S. Arun, P. Unni Krishnan and instrumentalists such as violinist A. Kanyakumari, mridangam exponent Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman were recruited to add a touch of authenticity. The two-minute scene was brought to life in "painstaking detail". The sequence was much talked about and well appreciated.
In a fight sequence, Anniyan encounters about a hundred martial artists inside the fictional International Martial Arts School, Vodao. The stunt scene was shot at the JJ Indoor Stadium in Chennai over a period of 25 days. Peter Hein, the stunt choreographer, is a native of Vietnam. 127 professionally trained fighters were brought in from Vietnam for the shoot. During the rehearsals, the rope, to which the stuntmen were tied and hung upside down, gave in. About a dozen stuntmen crashed down from the balcony, injuring themselves badly. The action sequence was shot using 120 cameras for employing the time slice photography technique, a visual effect known as "bullet time" and popularised by the American film The Matrix (1999), to achieve the frozen-time effect. Shankar had earlier toyed with the idea of time-slice and tried it while filming the song "Ale Ale" in his Boys. While the time-freeze sequence in Boys was achieved by the linking of 60–62 cameras to attain a 180° rotation, Anniyan employed 120–122 cameras for a 270° rotation.
The scene where Anniyan addresses a huge gathering was shot in a stadium in Hyderabad. As he speaks to the audience, the lights turn on and off in the background. Speaking on how the sequence was filmed, Ravi Varman said that they decided not to light up the entire stadium as they felt it would have looked flat. As the sequence was important to the film, he juxtaposed the stadium with light and shadow so that it would look different. During the pre-climax scene, when Ambi is held custody and enquired by Prabhakar, Ambi's persona keeps switching between the characters Ambi and Anniyan. Dubbed the "chameleon act" in the media, Vikram claims to have completed the sequence in a single take.
An action sequence was filmed in a set erected in Campa Cola grounds, Chennai. For the scene where Remo courts Nandini, a chemical tube brought from Malaysia was used to measure how attractive a person is. For filming scenes based on the punishments, buffaloes and snakes were transported in hundreds exclusively from Vellore and the sequence was shot for about three days. The "Anthakoopam" punishment sequence featuring the buffaloes was filmed in a set erected in Chennai's Prasad Studios. The animals were transported in 15 lorries containing 20 buffaloes each. For the scene where Charle's character is killed by Anniyan, the studio was filled with snake charmers who were brought in to handle the large number of snakes.
Song sequences
The semi-classical song "Kumari" was the first of the scenes to be shot. Filmed at the World Flower Show in May 2004, the sequence was picturised in a large tulip garden located in the city of Vijfhuizen near Amsterdam, Netherlands. The song was shot during the Netherlands International Flower Show called Floriade, a decennial event which was held between 10 April and 20 October 2004. While the crew had planned to film another song at a garden in Keukenhof, they were denied permission by the authorities as a previous Indian film crew had damaged the habitat a few weeks before.
The song features the lead pair singing amidst a flower farm as mridangam and flute players accompany them in the background. It was choreographed by Raju Sundaram who also appears in a cameo, playing a harmonium. As part of their roles, the male supporting actors who appear in the song were required to wear a panjakkacham and angavastram, leaving most of their body exposed to the freezing cold. The shoot began as early as 5:30 AM and the locals, who thought they should be out of their mind to be dressed so, came up to them and warned that they might freeze to death.
"Iyengaru Veetu", a semi-classical song, begins with a prelude of the Pancharatna Kriti "Jagadānanda kārakā". The actual song which follows later was picturised on a set erected at AVM Studios made to look like an old traditional Iyengar home in Thanjavur. The song was shot extravagantly with the lead pair and the dozens of support dancers sporting rich, colourful costumes.
In December 2004, a ten-day shoot was held in Mumbai for the item number "Kadhal Yaanai" featuring Vikram alongside a top model, whose identity was initially undisclosed to generate curiosity. It was later revealed to be Czech-based model Yana Gupta. Filmed by Ravi Varman and choreographed by Ahmed Khan, the song was filmed like a fashion show where Vikram and Yana Gupta wear fashionable clothes and sashay along a ramp. The song was filmed in a set erected in a studio to resemble a famous night-spot in London.
The track "Kannum Kannum Nokia", a peppy and trendy love duet choreographed by Raju Sundaram, was picturised on the lead pair and had them wearing costumes made entirely of designer labels. The song was picturised in Malaysia at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport and Petronas Towers. The song, filmed during the night, was reportedly the first song to be shot at the airport. Ravi Varman revealed in an interview that the song was shot like a commercial. The song was also filmed at the Nokia Headquarters in Espoo, Finland.
The folk song "Andangkaaka" was shot in a village near Sengottai. For filming the song, a huge set was erected to resemble a village. The sets were visualised and created by Sabu Cyril, the film's art director. Shankar adopted a village near Tenkasi and Sabu Cyril painted all the houses, roads, rocks and even a bridge in varied colours. They then hired hundreds of lorries and old model ambassador cars and painted faces on them. The lead pair were joined by hundreds of dancers and the total cost of the song worked out to 10 million. In all, 350 houses were painted.
Post-production
In the narrative, Ambi is referred to the website, www.anniyan.com. Shankar envisioned that the website would take visitors through all the punishments that await sinners in hell. For designing the website, Shankar wanted to recreate hell and approached the Visual Computing Labs (VCL) of Tata Elxsi, a Mumbai-based company with which he had collaborated earlier for the song "Girlfriend" in Boys. The team at VCL conceptualised and created a 'hell' in 3d animation with the punishments taken from ancient scriptures. They also designed a grim reaper astride his bull who guides visitors through hell. Pankaj Khandpur, creative director of VCL said, "We tried to stay true to the scriptures, while creating imagery that wasn't too gory. [...] an interesting project since we had to visualise it all without any reference point." The animation was done in a span of three months.
VCL also did the CGI for a "cosmic zoom" scene, where the camera zooms from beyond the clouds to the streets of Chennai city, which no real camera can achieve. Aerial views and paintings of the city were stitched together along with computer generated images (CGI) of clouds to create the long, one-piece camera zoom. Animator and special effects designer L. I. Kannan, who would later turn director with the long-delayed period film Karikalan with Vikram in the lead, also worked on the special effects. Meanwhile, the special effects for the time-slice sequence were rendered by Big Freeze in London.
The scene where Anniyan addresses a packed audience in Nehru Stadium was filmed with the space empty. The crowd was created through visual effects using crowd multiplication methods. The VFX for the sequence was done under the supervision of visual effects consultant Zameer Hussain of Land Marvel Animation Studios, Chennai. The scene, in which hundreds of buffaloes chase down a delinquent car owner into an abandoned sand quarry and trample him to death, was accomplished through CGI using just one buffalo. The CG work, was supplied by Jayakumar and V. Srinivas Mohan of the Chennai-based firm, Indian Artists Computer Graphics. Srinivas and his team had earlier worked with Shankar in Boys. Speaking of the sequence, Srinivas quipped, "The animals are lethargic and listless in their movements. Nothing can make them agile."
Themes and influences
The storyline in Anniyan is typical of Shankar's yen for showcasing society's ills and targets the inept, rules-flouting public. The film sheds light on the increasing social apathy and public negligence, and attempts to address these issues which plague the society and hamper the development of India. S. Anand of Outlook noted that most of Shankar's films portray the hero as a "one-man agent of change" and cited, "From the neo-Nazi character Kamal Haasan plays in Indian to his last film Anniyan, featuring a schizophrenic Brahmin serial killer who butchers 'wrongdoers', Shankar has always offered fascist-fantastic solutions to what he perceives as social ills resulting from typical governmental inertia."
In an interview with The Hindu, Shankar elaborated on the message he conveys through the film:
Following the release of the trailer on 7 May 2005, the film was believed to be inspired by the 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson novel, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Upon the film's release, The Hindu drew parallels between it and the 1998 novel Tell Me Your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon. Shankar denied that the film was inspired by Tell Me Your Dreams, claiming that he knew of the novel only after completing the script. Sify compared the character of Ambi to the protagonist of The Mask (1994), a film about a "mild mannered guy changing into a one-man army, craving to see natural justice realised".
The methods of punishment meted out to the sinners by Anniyan in the film is based on Garuda Purana, a Vaishnavite purana which speaks of life after death and punishments for wrongdoers. Shankar pointed out that he "worked tirelessly day and night and intense research was done with the help of a professor in department of Vaishnavism in Madras University."
Music
The album marked Shankar's first collaboration with Harris Jayaraj; all his previous directorial ventures had A. R. Rahman composing the music. As Rahman was busy with his debut Broadway musical Bombay Dreams and had also signed up for another musical Lord of the Rings, Rahman and Shankar decided to part ways. In early 2004, Harris Jayaraj went on a trip to Phuket Islands in Thailand for some inspiration for the album; he was accompanied by Shankar and Vairamuthu. Eventually, the three songs penned by the lyricist were composed in the island. The visit took place much before the tragic 2004 tsunami struck the countries bordering the Indian Ocean and wreaked havoc. In a chat with Shankar, Harris Jayaraj said "the music was a challenge because the film was a mix of genres – action, comedy, thriller. In essence, it was a cock-mocktail .." Harris Jayaraj commenced the film's re-recording in April 2005 and took more than a month to complete, delaying the film's release. The soundtrack album features six tracks, including a theme music; the lyrics for the songs were written by Vairamuthu, Na. Muthukumar and Kabilan. The album was released as a soft launch on 13 May 2005.
== Release ==
The film cleared the censors without any cuts and was rated "U" (Universal) by the Central Board of Film Certification. While Shankar had hoped to release the film on Diwali 2004, there were numerous production delays which postponed the release date through early 2005. While production was completed in March 2005, the re-recording which began in April took more time than anticipated lasting nearly 45 days with Harris Jayaraj being blamed for further delays. After the film was postponed from 20 May 2005, and later, from 27 May 2005, the film was finally scheduled for 10 June 2005. But, Shankar released it a week later on 17 June 2005 as he considered 8 as his lucky number (1+7 yielding 8).
The film was dubbed into other South Indian languages and was released simultaneously in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The film was also released in key overseas countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Malaysia and Singapore. The film was released with 404 prints in Tamil and Telugu alone. Later, the film was dubbed into French by Paramount Pictures. Reportedly, Anniyan is the first Indian film to be dubbed into French and released in French-speaking countries worldwide by Columbia Tristar. The film was further dubbed and released in Hindi as Aparichit: The Stranger on 19 May 2006. It is the first film featuring Vikram in the lead to have a theatrical release in Hindi. At a private screening held a day before its Hindi theatrical release, the film received a "warm reception".
Reception
The film received highly positive reviews from critics. Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu said that the film works as it melds an interesting screen line with racy action. She also noted that the story resembled Shankar's Indian (1996) a lot while also bearing semblance to his Gentleman (1993). She remarked that the story and screenplay deserved to be lauded for its "ingenious sparks in narration" but problems arose with respect to its plausibility. She then declared, " [...] some of the best camera shots, stunts and locations on a mind-boggling scale have been showcased. If you enjoy magnificence in cinema you will like this Anniyan." Krishnakumar wrote for Rediff.com that learning from the debacle of Boys, the director went back to his strength by taking a social theme, spicing it up and serving the perfect commercial fare. He added that in trying to explain multiple personality disorder in the simplest of terms, the director has only succeeded to a certain extent as a majority of viewers who are not that well informed might not even comprehend what is being said. Labelling the film as a "must see", a reviewer at Sify acclaimed that the film holds the viewers riveted with its racy narration, a relevant message backed with technical wizardry, never-seen before colourful song picturisation and particularly the performance of Vikram. Yet, the reviewer criticised that the film was too lengthy and the story too thin on logic.
Reviewing Aparichithudu, the Telugu version of the film, The Hindu said that it was watchable. Regarding the Hindi version of the film, Raja Sen of Rediff.com derided the pathetic dubbing though saying that it was refreshing and watchable, despite boasting of enough masala to make the viewers sneeze. He concluded his review by saying, "Overall, Aparichit is a slickly made, well-paced actioner that works quite well, despite the dub. The film is engaging and crisply scripted, and the action is never too excessive, lightened by jokes and general tomfoolery that never offensively interrupts the actual plot."
Awards
Following the commercial success of the Telugu version Aparichitudu, which was a runaway hit in Andhra Pradesh, Shankar was felicitated by Sri Venkateswara Social and Cultural Organisation (SVESCO) of Tirupati and was conferred the title 'Darsaka Brahma'. In a conversation with athlete Shiny Wilson, actor Jayaram remarked, "Anniyan was a runaway hit in Kerala. But if a Malayalam star had tried out an Anniyan-kind of role with a weird hairdo, it would have been a disaster!"
The film received numerous awards and nominations. The film won National Award in the Special Effects category. Anniyan became the fourth film directed by Shankar to receive that award; the other three are Kadhalan (1994), Indian (1996) and Jeans (1998). It also won eight out of the total 15 awards awarded by Filmfare for the best of Tamil cinema.
Economics
Pre-release
By the time the production was nearing completion, the trade sources had estimated the film to cost around 120–150 million; but, as often happens with films directed by Shankar, the budget was overshot. Made at a cost of 263.8 million, Anniyan was touted as the most expensive South Indian film to be ever made during the time of its release.
IndiaGlitz estimates that the total production cost, excluding the remuneration cost of the cast and technicians, is 90 million. It was the first Tamil film and the first in South India to get institutional finance. For its institutional finance, it procured a sum of 95 million from IDBI Bank. Anniyan was insured by United India Insurance for 150 million, thereby making it the first south Indian film to be insured and also the largest insurance cover extended to a south Indian film at that time.
Distribution
With the amount of hype the film generated in the media, theatre owners eagerly came forward and offered hefty prices as Minimum Guarantee (MG). In Tamil Nadu, funds amounting to 120 million were gathered as MG and advance. The MG raised through audio rights and movie distribution to theatres in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and overseas fetched a combined sum of 224 million. The film was distributed and released throughout Tamil Nadu by Aascar Films.
The rights for Aparichithudu, the Telugu-dubbed version, was bought by a producer for an all-time record price. Meanwhile, the film was sold in Kerala for 13 million, which was again a record for a Tamil film there. The US rights was bought by the distribution house Bharat Creations. With the theatrical rights and pre-release booking, the trade circuit predicted that the film would recover its cost within ten days of its release.
Box office
The advance booking for the film began on 14 June 2005 across Tamil Nadu and received overwhelming response from the audience which the trade circuit felt was "phenomenal". The film took a "historic opening" worldwide and set multiple records at the box office. A day after release, the film was touted as a hit. In its opening weekend (17–19 June), Anniyan grossed 5.024 million from only six multiplexes in Chennai and reached #1 position at the Chennai box-office. In Sathyam Cinemas alone, the film grossed 1.4 million, the highest ever three-day opening from a single multiplex in South India.
A week after release, the film grossed more than 10 million in Chennai, 2.7 million in Sathyam Cinemas, 7.1 million from 10 prints in Salem and netted 4.1 million in Coimbatore which were all box office records. And beyond Tamil Nadu, the film earned the distributors 12.7 million from Nizam in Andhra, 5 million in Karnataka and 1 million from 3 screens in Mumbai. The film got a hundred percent opening and surpassed Chandramukhi as the top-grossing Tamil film of the week, a position occupied by the latter since its release on 14 April 2005. IndiaGlitz likened the Vikram-Shankar combo to that of Sachin Tendulkar and Brian Lara batting together. The trade pundits estimated that V. Ravichandran would get a distributor's share of 80–100 million in its first week from cinemas across Tamil Nadu. A week after its release, the Telugu-dubbed version Aparichithudu was declared a hit in Andhra Pradesh. Distributor Karunakara Reddy of Megha Films in Hyderabad quipped, "Aparichitudu has taken an opening just like a Telugu superstar film and should collect a distributor's share of Rs. 5–7 crores for the Nizam area alone." In Kerala, Anniyan released in 35 screens across the state, receiving a "record opening" for a Tamil film and became the first Tamil film to get a distributors' share of 6.2 million in its first week. A fortnight after its release, the film was labelled a "super hit" in Tamil cinema's half-yearly report compiled by film trade analyst for The Hindu Sreedhar Pillai.
In exactly a six-week theatrical run, Anniyan netted 10.5 million with a distributor's share of around 5.2 million. It was an "all India record for collections, the highest share in least number of days from any theatre in India." However, in Tamil Nadu, collections began dropping five weeks after its release and it was estimated that the film would earn a share of 160 million. In September 2005, the film's gross earnings surpassed the 2 million milestone. At the completion of a 50-day run at Sathyam Cinemas, Anniyan "recorded the highest 50 days collection for a Tamil film from a single screen in the world" earning 11.29 million.
Anniyan was declared a blockbuster at the close of the year and, together with Chandramukhi, earned an estimated gross of 1.1 billion worldwide. The film also collected a distributor's share of 20 million. In Andhra Pradesh, Aparichitudu was named the biggest hit of 2005. The film did better business than straight Telugu films. It was the highest grosser among all Telugu films released that year. The film's success earned Vikram a big fan-following in Andhra. It also prompted producers in the Telugu film industry, which had hit a rough patch following a spate of box-office failures, to acquire the dubbing rights to Vikram's previous Tamil films and release them in Telugu.
In Kerala, the film ran for more than 150 days and grossed over 60 million, it became the highest grossing Tamil film in Kerala at that time. In Karnataka too, the film was a "big success" although the exact box-office figures are not known. However, the film's Hindi version Aparichit opened to poor reception earning only 21 million across 150 screens and was declared a flop by Box Office India. While acknowledging that the film underperformed at the box-office, Vikram stated that it nevertheless made an impact. He further added that the film got him recognition from people in the remote corners of India as the drama and the action sequences greatly appealed to them. By the end of its theatrical run, the film had grossed 570 million in its lifetime.
Legacy
In an August 2005 seminar titled "Revisiting psychiatric disorders in Tamil films", where the discussion revolved around the films Chandramukhi and Anniyan, psychiatrist Asokan found many logical faults in both films. While acknowledging that Anniyan was a technically better film, he stated that it did not explain some of the medical theories. In another August 2005 seminar conducted to mark the anniversary of the Quit India Movement, where participants were urged to actively fight corruption, the convener T. Hema Kumari referred to the films Bhaarateeyudu (the Telugu dubbed version of Indian) and Aparichitudu. She noted that while such films which depict a fight against corruption were appreciated, people were reluctant to join movements against such issues.
Remake plans
Despite the dubbed Hindi version, in April 2021, it was announced that Shankar would direct a Hindi remake with Ranveer Singh reprising Vikram's role. However, in August 2021, it was reported that the remake is stalled due to the differences with producer V. Ravichandran. Ravichandran alleged that the film was getting a remake without his consent and he challenged it.
Impact
During the 20th Vijayawada Book Festival held at Vijayawada in January 2009, Garuda Puranam, one of the 18 puranas of Hinduism, was a best-seller. Writing for The Hindu, G.V. Ramana Rao said that the book was made popular following several mentions in the film and sold like "hot cakes". Following the stupendous success of Aparichitudu in Andhra Pradesh, the State Transport Corporation of Warangal named a bus Remo, after the character played by Vikram in the film. When stand-up comedian and television anchor Bosskey launched a quirky play titled Dada (Don) in October 2005, he named the cast after famous characters in Tamil films. Accordingly, Anniyan (one of Vikram's character in the film), Badshah (Rajinikanth in Baashha) and Velu Nayakkar (Kamal Haasan's role in Nayakan) play the central characters of a family of brothers. Similarly, in the 2013 comedy film Onbadhule Guru, in which the characters were named after popular protagonists of Tamil cinema, a member of the supporting cast was christened Anniyan.
The characters played by Vikram were spoofed by Vadivelu in the Tamil film Aaru (2005); the comedy sequence also features four songs from the film's soundtrack album. Aparichitudu, the film's Telugu version, was parodied by comedian Venu Madhav in the Telugu films Chatrapati (2005) and Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan (2005). It was also parodied, along with Chandramukhi, in the film Rajababu (2006). In the 2010 film Thamizh Padam, a full-length parody on stereotypical characters and clichéd sequences in Tamil cinema, the lead actor Shiva recreates the "Anthakoopam" punishment sequence to comic effect, where he tries to force a herd of buffaloes into stampeding a villain but fails in his attempt. Later, the comedy sequence was re-enacted by Allari Naresh in Sudigadu (2012), an official remake of Thamizh Padam. In the 2012 Kannada film Yaare Koogadali, a remake of the Tamil film Poraali (2011), the long and unkempt hair sported by Puneeth Rajkumar was reportedly inspired by the look of Anniyan. The character Remo inspired Sivakarthikeyan's film to have a title of the same name.
See also
Corruption in India
List of mental disorders in film
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
2000s Tamil-language films
2000s vigilante films
2005 action thriller films
2005 films
2005 psychological thriller films
Dissociative identity disorder in films
Films about corruption in India
Films directed by S. Shankar
Films featuring an item number
Films set in Chennai
Films shot in Amsterdam
Films shot in Finland
Films shot in Hyderabad, India
Films shot in Kollam
Films shot in Malaysia
Films shot in Mumbai
Films shot in Tirunelveli
Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award
Indian action thriller films
Indian films
Indian psychological thriller films
Indian vigilante films
Films scored by Harris Jayaraj
Tamil-language films |
41163767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20automatic%20restoration | Fast automatic restoration | Fast automatic restoration (FASTAR) is an automated fast response system developed and deployed by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) in 1992 for the centralized restoration of its digital transport network. FASTAR automatically reroutes circuits over a spare protection capacity when a fiber-optic cable failure is detected, hence increasing service availability and reducing the impact of the outages in the network. Similar in operation is real-time restoration (RTR), developed and deployed by MCI and used in the MCI network to minimize the effects of a fiber cut.
Restoration techniques
It is a recovery technique used in computer networks and telecommunication networks such as mesh optical networks, where the backup path (the alternate path that affected traffic takes after a failure condition) and backup channel are computed in real time after the occurrence of a failure. This technique can be broadly classified into two: centralized restoration and distributed restoration.
Centralized restoration techniques
This technique uses a central controller which has access to complete up-to-date and accurate information about the network, the available resources, resources used, the physical topology of the network, the service demands etc. When failure is detected in any part of the network through some failure detection, identification and notification scheme, the central controller calculates a new re-route path around the failure based on the information in its database about the current state of the network. After this new route (backup path) is calculated, the central controller sends out commands to all the affected digital cross-connects to make appropriate reconfigurations to their switching elements in order to implement this new path. FASTAR and RTR restoration systems are examples of systems that use this restoration technique.
Distributed restoration techniques
In this restoration technique, no central controller is used, hence no up-to-date database of the state of the network is needed. In this scheme, all nodes in the network use local controllers that have only local information about how a particular node is connected to its neighboring nodes, available and spare capacity on the links used to connect to neighbors, and the state of their switching elements. When a failure occurs in any part of the network, the local controllers handle the computation and re-routing of the affected traffic. An example of an approach where this technique is used is the Self-Healing Networks (SHN).
Recovery architecture evolution
As the transport networks gradually developed from digital cross connect system (DCS)-based mesh networks, to SONET ring networks, and to optical mesh networks over the years, so did the recovery architecture used therein. The recovery architectures used for the different transport networks are: DCS-based mesh networks restoration of DS3 facilities, Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)-based ring protection of SONET ring networks, and finally Optical Cross Connect (OXC)-based mixed protection and restoration of optical mesh networks
DCS-based mesh restoration
The first restoration architecture which was used in the 1980s is the DCS-based mesh restoration of DS3 facilities. This architecture used a centralized restoration technique: every restoration event was coordinated from the network operation center (NOC). This restoration architecture is path-based and failure dependent, and is used after a fault occurs, for fault detection and isolation. This architecture is capacity-efficient due to the use of stub release but has a slow failure recovery time (the time it takes to reestablish traffic continuity after a failure by rerouting the signals on diverse facilities) on the order of minutes.
ADM-based ring protection
This architecture was implemented in the 1990s with the introduction of the SONET/SDH networks, and employed the distributed protection technique. It uses either path-based (UPSR) or span-based (BLSR) protection, and its recovery path is precomputed before the occurrence of a failure. ADM-based ring protection is capacity-inefficient, unlike the DCS-based mesh restoration, but has a faster recovery time (50 ms).
OXC-based protection of optical mesh networks
This recovery architecture is used in the protection of optical mesh networks which was introduced in early 2000s. This protection architecture has a recovery time between tens and hundreds of milliseconds which is a significant improvement over the recovery time supported in DCS-based mesh restoration but unlike the DCS-based mesh restoration, its recovery path is predetermined and pre-provisioned. This architecture also has the capacity efficiency seen in the preceding mesh restoration architecture (DCS-based).
FASTAR architecture
FASTAR uses DCS-based mesh restoration architecture. This architecture consists of nodal equipment, central control equipment, and a data communication network interconnecting the nodes to the central controller. The figure on the right explains the architecture of FASTAR and how the different building blocks interact.
Central equipments
The central processor called the Restoration and Provisioning Integrated Design (RAPID) located at the NOC is responsible for receiving and analyzing alarm reports generated in the event of a fiber failure. it also handles alternate (backup) route computation, re-routing of the affected traffic from the primary path to the already computed backup path, path assurance tests, and enables the roll-back of traffic to the original path after the failure is repaired. The RAPID maintains an up-to-date information about the state of the network and the available spare capacity.
The Central Access and Display system (CADS) provides a craft interface for RAPID and other related restoration management systems.
The Traffic Maintenance and Administration System (TMAS) enables RAPID to perform and control the protection switch lock-out process on protection channels being used for restoration, by sending commands to the Line Terminating Equipment (LTE).
Nodal equipment
The Restoration Network Controllers (RNCs) are located at each central office (CO) in the fiber optic network. The alarms generated by the affected digital access and cross-connect system (DACSs) or from the LTE are sent to the RNC, where it is aged to find out if the alarm is as a result of a transient, correlated and finally sent to the RAPID via the data communication network.
The LTE, which is either FT Series G digital transmission system or an add drop multiplexer (ADM), reports any fiber failure between LTEs to the RNC and also provides RAPID with immediate access to the backup channels for re-routing of traffic or path assurance tests.
The Restoration Test Equipment (RTE) provides RAPID with the means to perform continuity tests used in path assurance.
The DACS is responsible for reporting fiber failures and node failures that occur within the office to the RNC. In addition, the DACS enables automatic restoration by providing the central processor access to remotely perform cross-connects at the DS-3 level.
Data communication network
The data communication network is used to connect the nodal equipments with the central controller. To achieve the needed availability of this network, full redundancy is used in the form of two totally diverse terrestrial and satellite-based networks. In an event of a major restoration process, one of these networks can support the communication burden in the absence of the other.
Restoration using FASTAR
FASTAR operates at the DS-3 level; it does not restore individual smaller demands. FASTAR restores 90 to 95 percent of the affected DS-3 demand within two to three minutes. When a fiber-optic cut occurs between the output of a DACS equipment and the input of another, each RNC collects alarms from the affected LTEs. The RNC ages these alarms and sends it to RAPID. RAPID determines the amount of spare capacity available after this failure, identifies the DS-3 demands affected, finds the restoration route for each affected traffic in sequential order of priority, and sends a command to the appropriate DACSs to implement the re-route, thus establishing a restoration.
In the figure on the right, a route exists between node A and node Q via nodes C, F, K, and L. In the event of a fiber-optic cable failure between nodes F and K, the LTE (FT Series G or the ADM) in these two offices detects and sends alarm reports for this failure to their respective RNCs. Both RNCs age the alarm and send these reports to RAPID, located at the NOC. RAPID initiates a time window to ensure all related alarms generated from the RNCs of the affected nodes and the RNC of any other office whose traffic uses the F to K failed fiber optic cable. When this window times out, RAPID performs route computation, to establish a new backup path for the traffic between node A and node Q. Here it creates a new route through C, F, G, J, K, and L. This route computation is also done sequentially in order of priority for all the traffic between any two nodes in the network that use the same failed fiber-optic cable. Once the backup path for all the traffic going through nodes F and K has been computed, RAPID ensures that there is continuity or connectivity along the established back-up paths by sending a command to the RNCs located at A and Q, both of which in turn use the test signal generated by their respective RTE to check for continuity in the link. When the connectivity of this backup path has been verified, the traffic between nodes A and Q is transferred to this backup path by commanding the DACS IIIs to make the appropriate cross connections. RAPID performs a service verification test to verify that the service transfer was successful. If this test returns a positive result, then the service transfer was successful, else the service transfer was unsuccessful and needs to be repeated. This service or traffic transfer process is performed for all the traffic going through the affected fiber optic cable F–K.
FASTAR restores as much of the affected traffic demand as the available protection capacity will allow.
Restoring networks with SRLGs using FASTAR
Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs) refer to situations where links that connect two distinct nodes or offices in a network share a common conduit. In that configuration, links in the group have a shared risk: if one link fails, other links in the group may fail too. Majority of the networks in use today use SRLGs, as most times, the only access into a building or across a bridge is only through a single conduit.
To restore the traffic in a link between two offices or nodes that share the same SRLG with other links in the event of a conduit cut, at least one of these two offices must be FASTAR-ompliant.
A cut in SRLG1 would be restorable using FASTAR if FASTAR is implemented in either office A or B but B and C were not yet FASTAR-compliant. But given a failure in SRLG2, the DS-3 traffic on link 3 would be restored by FASTAR via a newly re-computed backup path while the DS-3 traffic on link 2 would not be restored as FASTAR is not implemented in either office B or C. To restore all three links in the event of failure of both SRLGs, FASTAR is implemented in offices A and C. A failure in SRLG1 would cause FASTAR to automatically re-route each of the traffic on link 1 and 3 via two re-computed backup paths. Also if at another time failure of SRLG2 is detected, it is reported to RAPID and the traffic through link 2 and 3 are each re-routed through a new backup path.
FASTAR network management
FASTAR network management is used to integrate and analyze the different data and alarms supplied by the various system elements that make up the FASTAR architecture for centralized display, and to troubleshoot and isolate problems through fault management analysis so that corrective action can be taken. The FASTAR network management cuts across three tiers.
The first (lowest) tier consists of all the elements that constitute the FASTAR architecture, and all the interconnecting links between them.
The second tier consists of Element Management Systems (EMSs) which are computerized operations systems (OSs) used to manage the elements that are in the first tier. The different EMSs are collectively called FASTAR Element Management Systems (FASTEMS). The two major FASTEMS are the DACS Element Management Systems (DEMS) and the RNC Element Management Systems (RNC-EMS). DEMS is designed to assist NOC with management of DACSs. In the event of a change in the status of the network due to a fiber failure, RAPID forwards this status change to DEMS, which triggers DEMS to isolate the problem. The RNC-EMS monitors the RNCs directly via the data communication network and indirectly monitors the RTE, LTE, and DASC III, and their links to the RNC, via agents residing in the RNC. It consists two components: the manager and the agent. The manager software daemon (NMd) runs on the RNC-EMS machine and is responsible for polling the RNCs. Every RNC is polled twice, once over each of the data communication networks. The agent software daemon (NAd) runs on every RNC as part of the application software. It accesses the RNC application log to respond to manager queries, and has the ability to send autonomous alarms to the manager.
The third (highest) tier comprises only the CADS workstation and provides centralized access to the network manager via the lower two tiers.
See also
Access network
Availability
Cross-connect
Link protection
Network node
Optical fiber
Telecommunications
Wireless mesh networks
References
Further reading
Network architecture
Fiber-optic communications
Mesh networking |
14642703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808%20in%20Ireland | 1808 in Ireland | Events from the year 1808 in Ireland.
Events
2 February – Daniel Delany, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin, founds the Patrician Brothers.
15 February – laying of the foundation stone for Nelson's Pillar in Dublin
6 June – the Bank of Ireland moves its premises to the former Irish Houses of Parliament on College Green, Dublin.
12 July – Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley embarks troops at Cork to join the Peninsular War in Portugal.
15 August – seven men, including Edmund Rice, take religious promises under John Power, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, as the Presentation Brothers.
22 August – the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne in Cork is dedicated.
Arts and literature
Mary Leadbeater's Poems published.
Rev. Charles Maturin's novel The Wild Irish Boy published under the pseudonym Dennis Jasper Murphy.
Thomas Moore's A Selection of Irish Melodies (first two volumes) published.
Births
15 May – Michael William Balfe, composer (died 1870).
Anne Elizabeth Ball, phycologist (died 1872).
Joseph Francis Olliffe, physician (died 1869).
Deaths
10 February – Hugh Douglas Hamilton, artist (b. c1734).
30 September – Peter Russell, gambler, government official, politician and judge in Upper Canada (born 1733).
References
1800s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 19th century in Ireland |
25026196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siminshahr | Siminshahr | Siminshahr (, also Romanized as Sīmīnshahr) is a city in Gomishan District, in Torkaman County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census its population was 13,545, in 2,762 families.
References
Populated places in Torkaman County
Cities in Golestan Province |
69276344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20Little%20All-America%20college%20football%20team | 1969 Little All-America college football team | The 1969 Little All-America college football team is composed of college football players from small colleges and universities who were selected by the Associated Press (AP) as the best players at each position. For 1969, the AP selected two teams, each team having separate offensive and defensive platoons.
Terry Bradshaw of Louisiana Tech was the first-team quarterback. During his time at Louisiana Tech, hew tallied 6,589 passing yards, the most ever by a quarterback at any Louisiana program. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers and led the club to four Super Bowl championships.
Halfback Larry Schreiber of Tennessee Tech was named to the first team and was also named Ohio Valley Conference Player of the Year. He rushed for 1,522 yards in 1969 and 4,421 during his collegiate career.
Leon Burns of Long Beach State was named to the first team as a fullback.
First team
Offense
Quarterback - Terry Bradshaw (senior, 6'3", 215 pounds), Louisiana Tech
Halfback - Paul Hatchett (senior, 5'9", 185 pounds), North Dakota State
Halfback - Larry Schreiber (senior, 6'0", 200 pounds), Tennessee Tech
Fullback - Leon Burns (junior, 6'1", 228 pounds), Long Beach State
End - Bruce Cerone (senior, 5'11", 193 pounds), Emporia State
End - Richard McGeorge (senior, 6'4", 233 pounds), Elon
Tackle - John Kohler (senior, 6'6", 255 pounds), South Dakota
Tackle - Doug Wilkerson (senior, 6'3", 240 pounds), North Carolina Central
Guard - Glenn Kidder (senior, 6'2," 230 pounds), McNeese State
Guard - Joe Stephens (senior, 6'3", 255 pounds), Jackson State
Center - Dan Buckley (senior, 6'0", 218 pounds), Arkansas State
Defense
Defensive end - Harvey Adams (senior, 5'10", 205 pounds), Kings Point
Defensive end - Joe Jones (senior, 6'6", 242 pounds), Tennessee State
Defensive tackle - Dave Haverdick (senior, 6'2", 245 pounds), Morehead State
Defensive tackle - Clovis Swinney (senior, 6'3", 238 pounds), Arkansas State
Middle guard - Teddy Taylor (senior, 6'0", 195 pounds), Eastern Kentucky
Linebacker - Chip Bennett (senior , 6'3", 230 pounds), Abilene Christian
Linebacker - Glenn Lafleur (senior, 6'0", 195 pounds), Southwestern Louisiana
Linebacker - Kevin Lee (senior, 5'11", 220 pounds), Willamette
Defensive back - Merl Code (senior, 6'1", 200 pounds), North Carolina A&T
Defensive back - David Hadley (senior, 5'10", 187 pounds), Alcorn A&M
Defensive back - Bruce Taylor (senior, 5'11", 185 pounds), Boston University
Second team
Offense
Quarterback - Tom DiMuzio, Delaware
Halfback - Arthur James, East Texas
Halfback Frank Lewis, Grambling
Fullback - Les Kent, Montana
End - Eddie Bell, Idaho State
End - Mike Carter, Sacramento State
Tackle - Bill Crone, Loyola of Los Angeles
Tackle - Tuufuli Uperesa, Montana
Guard - Dave Kinkela, Puget Sound
Guard - Tom Young, Wittenberg
Center - Mark Maneval, Angelo State
Defense
Defensive end - Lawrence Esters, Alcorn A&M
Defensive end - Billy Newsome, Grambling
Defensive tackle - Charles Blossom, Texas Southern
Defensive tackle - Carter Campbell, Weber State
Middle guard - Margarito Guerrero, Texas A&I
Linebacker - Sidney Allred, Wofford
Linebacker - Rayford Jenkins, Alcorn A&M
Linebacker - Doug Linebarger, East Tennessee State
Defensive back - Steve Krumrei, North Dakota
Defensive back - Alvin Matthews, Texas A&I
Defensive back - Steve Sweeters, Santa Clara
See also
1969 College Football All-America Team
References
Little All-America college football team
Little All-America college football team
Little All-America college football teams |
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