English
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For a chemist, a mole conjures up the number 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd, not a fuzzy little animal.
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ááŹááŻááąááááŹáážááşáá
áşááąáŹááşáĄáá˝ááşáááąáŹáˇ mole áááŻáᏠáĄáá˝áąá¸áὠமிரŕŻááąáŹááşááąá¸ áááŻááşáᲠ6.02 x 10^23 áááŻáá˛áˇ ááááşá¸ááᯠááźáąá¸ááźááşááŹááŤá
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The only difference is that the other quantities are more familiar to us.
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áá
áşááŻáᲠáá˝áŹááźáŹá¸ááŹá áááźáŹá¸ परिऎञणáá˝áąá ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áááŻááźáŽá¸ áááşá¸áážáŽá¸ááąááŹááŤá
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So there you have it - the story of the mole, Avogadro, basketballs, and how to buy salami at the grocery store.
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áᲠááŤááŤáᲠ- mole áá˛áˇ ááŹááşááźáąáŹááşá¸á Avogadroá áááşá
áááşááąáŹ áá˝áąáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇ ááŻááşá
áŻáśáááŻááşáážáŹ áááŹáᎠáááşáááŻáááşááááşáááŻááŹááŤá
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What's your sign?
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áááˇáşáá˛áˇ ááŹááŽáá˝ááşá ááŹáá˛á
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In Western astrology, it's a constellation determined by when your birthday falls in the calendar.
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áĄááąáŹááşáááŻááşá¸ ááášáááşááąáááşáážáŹááąáŹáˇ ááźáášáááááşáá˛áážáŹ áááˇáşáá˝áąá¸áááş ááťááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťáááşáááą áááşáážááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááźááşááŹááŹá
áŻááŤá
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But according to the Chinese zodiac, or shÄngxiĂ o, it's your shÇxiĂ ng, meaning the animal assigned to your birth year.
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ááŤááąáá˛áˇ áááŻááş ááŹááŽáá˝ááş áááŻáˇáááŻááş shÄngxiĂ o áĄáááąáŹáˇ ááŤáᏠáááˇáşáá˛áˇ shÇxiĂ ng ááŤá áááˇáşáá˝áąá¸áážá
áşááᯠáááşáážááşááąá¸áá˛áˇ áááá
ášááŹááşáááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻáááşá
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And of the many myths explaining these animal signs and their arrangement, the most enduring one is that of the Great Race.
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ááŽáááá
ášááŹááş ááŹááŽáá˝ááşáá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşá¸áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áĄá
áŽáĄá
ááşááᯠáážááşá¸ááźáá˛áˇ ááášááŹááŽááťáŹá¸á
á˝áŹáĄáááş áĄáá˝ááˇáşáážááşááŻáśá¸áá
áşááŻáááąáŹáˇ The Great Race ááźááŻááşáá˝á˛ááźáŽá¸ááŤá
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As the story goes, YĂš DĂŹ, or Jade Emperor, Ruler of the Heavens, wanted to devise a way to measure time, so he organized a race.
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ááŹááşáááşá¸áĄáááąáŹáˇ YĂš DĂŹ (áááŻáˇ) ááťáąáŹááşá
áááşá¸ á§áááŹááşá áááŻá¸ááąáŹááşá¸áááşááŻáśáá˛áˇ áĄáážááşááááşáᏠáĄááťáááşáááŻáááŻááşá¸ááŹáááŻáˇ áááşá¸áááşá¸áá
áşááŻááᯠáááşááŽá¸ááťááşááŹááźáąáŹááˇáş ááźááŻááşáá˝á˛áá
áşááŻááᯠááťááşá¸ááááşá
|
The first twelve animals to make it across the river would earn a spot on the zodiac calendar in the order they arrived.
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ááźá
áşááᯠááźááşááťáąáŹáşáááŻááşáá˛áˇ áááááŻáśá¸ áááá
ášááŹááş áá ááąáŹááşáᏠáá°áááŻáˇ ááąáŹááşáážááá˛áˇ áĄá
áŽáĄá
ááşáĄáááŻááşá¸ ááŹááŽáá˝ááş ááźáášáááááşáážáŹ ááąááŹáá
áşáᯠááážáááźááááˇáşáááşá
|
The rat rose with the sun to get an early start, but on the way to the river, he met the horse, the tiger, and the ox.
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ááźá˝ááşá á
áąáŹá
áąáŹá
áááŻááşáááŻáˇ ááąáá˛áˇáĄáá° ááá˛áˇááąáááˇáş ááźá
áşáᎠáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá¸áážáŹ ááźááşá¸á ááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá˝áŹá¸áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ ááŻáśáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
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Because the rat was small and couldn't swim very well, he asked the bigger animals for help.
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ááźá˝ááşá ááąá¸áááşááźáŽá¸ ááą ááááşááá°á¸áááşááŹááźáąáŹááˇáş áááŻááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áááá
ášááŹááşáá˝áąááᯠáĄáá°áĄááŽááąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
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While the tiger and horse refused, the kind-hearted ox agreed to carry the rat across.
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ááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááźááşá¸á ááźááşá¸áááşáá˛áˇááąáááˇáş ááźááşááŹáááşáá˛áˇ áá˝áŹá¸á ááźá˝ááşááᯠááźá
áşáá
áşáááşáááşá¸áᎠáááşááąáŹááşáá˝áŹá¸áááŻáˇ áááąáŹáá°áá˛áˇáááşá
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Yet, just as they were about to reach the other side, the rat jumped off the ox's head and secured first place.
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áááŻáˇááąáááˇáş áá°áááŻáˇ áá
áşáááşáááşá¸ááᯠááąáŹááşááŤááŽá¸áážáŹáᲠááźá˝ááşá áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááąáŤááşá¸ááąáŤáşáááą ááŻááşááťááźáŽá¸ áááááąááŹááᯠáĄááá°áááŻááşáááşá
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The ox came in second, with the powerful tiger right behind him.
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áá˝áŹá¸á ááŻáááááąáᏠááąáŹááşááŹááźáŽá¸ áá°áˇááąáŹááşáážáŹááąáŹáˇ áĄááşáĄáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ ááťáŹá¸á áááşááŤááŹáááşá
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The rabbit, too small to battle the current, nimbly hopped across stones and logs to come in fourth.
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ááŻááşá ááąá
áŽá¸ááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠáĄááşááŻáááŻáˇ ááąá¸áááşáá˝ááşá¸ááŹááźáąáŹááˇáş á
ááŻáášáááąááŹááᯠááááŻáˇ ááťáąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áá
áşááŻáśá¸áá˝áąááᯠááťááşááźááşá
á˝áŹ ááŻááşááťáąáŹáşááźááşáá˛áˇáááşá
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Next came the dragon, who could have flown directly across, but stopped to help some creatures she had encountered on the way.
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ááąáŹááşáá
áşááąáŹááşáááąáŹáˇ áááŤá¸áá˛á ááááşááᯠáááŻááşáááŻááş ááťáśáááşá¸ááźááşááťáąáŹáşáááŻááşááąáááˇáş áááşá¸áážáŹ áá°áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááášáááŤáááťááŻáˇááᯠáááşááźáŽá¸ áá°ááŽááąá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
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After her came the horse, galloping across the river. But just as she got across, the snake slithered by.
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áá°áˇááąáŹááşáážáŹááąáŹáˇ ááźááşá¸á ááźá
áşááᯠáĄááźááşá¸ááźáąá¸ ááźááşááťáąáŹáşááŹáááşá ááŤááąáááˇáş áá° ááźááşáá°á¸ááźáŽá¸ááŤááž ááźá˝áąá áá
áşáááş ááąáŹááşáážáááŹáááşá
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The startled horse reared back, letting the snake sneak into sixth place.
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áááˇáşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááźááşá¸á ááąáŹááşááźááşááŻááşáááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş ááźá˝áąá ááášááááąááŹááᯠáááŻá¸áááşáá˝ááˇáş ááá˝áŹá¸áááşá
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The Jade Emperor looked out at the river and spotted the sheep, the monkey, and the rooster all atop a raft, working together to push it through the weeds.
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ááťáąáŹááşá
áááşá¸á§áááŹááşá ááźá
áşááᯠááźááˇáşáááŻááşááąáŹáˇ áááŻá¸á ááťáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ ááźááşááááŻáˇáĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ ááąáŹááşáá
áşááŻááąáŤáşáážáŹ áĄáá°áá° ááąáŤááşá¸áááşáá˝áąááᯠáá˝ááşá¸áááşááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááşááᯠáážáąáˇáááŻá¸ááąááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŻááşááááşá
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When they made it across, the trio agreed to give eighth place to the sheep, who had been the most comforting and harmonious of them, followed by the monkey and the rooster.
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áá°áááŻáˇ áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ ááźááşáá°á¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠ááŻáśá¸áŚá¸ááŹá¸á áá°áááŻáˇáá˝áąáá˛áážáŹ áážá
áşááááˇáşáážáŻ áĄááąá¸áááŻááşááŻáśá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááŻááşáááşááŻáśá¸ááźá
áşáá˛áˇ áááŻá¸ááᯠáĄáášááááąááŹááᯠááąá¸áááŻáˇ áááąáŹáá°áá˛áˇááźááźáŽá¸ ááťáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ ááźááşáá ááąáŹááşá áááŻááşáá˛áˇáááşá
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Next came the dog, scrambling onto the shore. He was a great swimmer, but frolicked in the water for so long that he only managed to come in eleventh.
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ááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááŹáá˛áˇ áá˝áąá¸áááąáŹáˇ áááşá¸ááąáŤáşááᯠááŻááşáááş áá˝ááşáááşááŹáááşá áá°á ááąáá°á¸ ááťááşááŽááśáá
áşááąáŹááşááźá
áşááąáááˇáş ááąáá˛áážáŹ áĄááťáááşáĄááźáŹááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹáˇáá
áŹá¸ááąáá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş áĄáááˇáş áá ááąááŹáááŻáᲠááąáŹááşááŹáááŻááşáá˛áˇáááşá
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The final spot was claimed by the pig, who had gotten hungry and stopped to eat and nap before finally waddling across the finish line.
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ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ááąááŹáááŻááąáŹáˇ áááşá ááá°áá˝áŹá¸áááşá áááŻááşááŹáááŻáˇ áĄá
áŹá
áŹá¸áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá áážáąá¸áááŻáˇ áááşááŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááž ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áážáŹ áááşáááşáááşáááşáá˛áˇ áááşá¸áááŻááşááᯠááąáŹááşááŹáá˛áˇááŹááąáŤáˇá
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And so, each year is associated with one of the animals in this order, with the cycle starting over every 60 years.
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ááŽáááŻáá˛áˇ áážá
áşáá
áşáážá
áşá
áŽáᏠááŽáĄá
áŽáĄá
ááşáĄáááŻááşá¸ áááá
ášááŹááşáá
áşááąáŹááşá
áŽáá˛áˇ áááşá
ááşááąááźáŽá¸ áážá
áş áá ááźáŹáááŻááşá¸ áá
áşáááş ááźááşáááşááŤáááşá
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Why 60 and not twelve? Well, the traditional Chinese calendar is made up of two overlapping systems.
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ááŹááźáąáŹááˇáş áá áážá
áş áááŻááşáᲠáážá
áş áá ááźá
áşáááŹáá˛á áĄááşá¸á áááŻááşáááŻá¸áᏠááźáášáááááşááᯠáááşááąáá˛áˇ á
áá
áşáážá
áşááŻáá˛áˇ áá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸ááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
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The animals of the zodiac are associated with what's called the Twelve Earthly Branches, or shĂ'èrzhÄŤ.
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ááŹááŽáá˝ááşáá˛áˇ áááá
ášááŹááşáá˝áąáᏠáááˇáşáážá
áş ááźáąáááŻááşá¸ááťáŹá¸ áááŻáˇáááŻááş shĂ'èrzhÄŤ áááŻáˇááąáŤáşáá˛áˇ áĄááŹáá˛áˇ áááşá
ááşááąáááşá
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Another system, the Ten Heavenly Stems, or tiÄngÄn, is linked with the five classical elements of metal, xÄŤn, wood, mĂš, water, shuÇ, fire, huÇ, and earth, tÇ.
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ááąáŹááşáááş á
áá
áşáá
áşááŻááźá
áşáá˛áˇ áááş ááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááşá
ááşááťáŹá¸ áááŻáˇáááŻááş tiÄngÄn á ááášááááş ááźááşá
ááşááźáŽá¸ ááŤá¸ááŤá¸ááźá
áşáá˛áˇ ááášáᯠ(xÄŤn)á áá
áş (mĂš)á ááą (shuÇ)á ááŽá¸ (huÇ) áá˛áˇ ááźáą (tÇ) áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áááşá
ááşááąáááşá
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Each element is assigned yÄŤn or yĂĄng, creating a ten-year cycle.
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ááźááşá
ááşáá
áşááŻá
áŽááᯠáááş áááŻáˇáááŻááş áááş áááşáážááşááąá¸ááŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáážá
áş á
ááşáááşá¸áá
áşááŻááᯠáááşááŽá¸ááŤáááşá
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When the twelve animals of the Earthly Branches are matched with the five elements plus the yÄŤn or the yĂĄng of the Heavenly Stems, it creates 60 years of different combinations, known as a sexagenary cycle, or gÄnzhÄŤ.
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áááˇáşáážá
áş ááźáąáááŻááşá¸ááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áááá
ášááŹááşáá˝áąááᯠááźááşá
ááşááźáŽá¸ ááŤá¸ááŤá¸á ááźáŽá¸ááąáŹáˇ áááş ááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááşá
ááşááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áááş áááŻáˇáááŻááş áááşáááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá˝á˛áááşáááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄá፠ááá°ááŽáá˛áˇ ááąáŤááşá¸á
ááşáážáŻáá˝áąáááą áážá
áş áá ááᯠáááşááŽá¸ááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ áĄá˛ááŤááᯠáážá
áşááźáąáŹááşáááş á
ááşáááşá¸ áááŻáˇáááŻááş gÄnzhÄŤ áááŻáˇ áá°ááááťáŹá¸ááŤáááşá
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So someone born in 1980 would have the sign of yĂĄng metal monkey, while someone born in 2007 would be yÄŤn fire pig.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áááá ááŻáážá
áşáážáŹ áá˝áąá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá°áᏠáááş ááášáᯠááťáąáŹááş ááŹááŽáá˝áŹá¸ ááźá
áşááźáŽá¸ áááá ááŻáážá
áşáážáŹ áá˝áąá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá°áááąáŹáˇ áááş ááŽá¸ áááş ááźá
áşááŤááááˇáşáááşá
|
In fact, you can also have an inner animal based on your birth month, a true animal based on your birth date, and a secret animal based on your birth hour.
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ááááşááąáŹáˇ áááˇáşáážáŹ áá˝áąá¸áááᯠáĄááźáąááśáá˛áˇ áááşáá˝ááşá¸ áááá
ášááŹááşá áá˝áąá¸áááşááᯠáĄááźáąááśáá˛áˇ áááá
ášááŹááş áĄá
á
áşáá˛áˇ áá˝áąá¸ááťáááşááŹááŽááᯠáĄááźáąááśáá˛áˇ ááťážááŻáˇáážááş áááá
ášááŹááşáááŻáˇáááşá¸ áážááááŻááşááŤááąá¸áááşá
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It was the great race that supposedly determined which animals were enshrined in the Chinese zodiac, but as the system spread through Asia, other cultures made changes to reflect their communities.
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áááşáááá
ášááŹááşáá˝áąááᯠáááŻááşááŹááŽáá˝ááşáážáŹ áááˇáşáá˝ááşá¸áááşáááŻááŹááᯠáĄááŻáśá¸áĄááźááşááąá¸áá˛áˇ ááźááŻááşáá˝á˛ááźáŽá¸ ááźá
áşáá˛áˇáááşáááŻáˇ áá°ááááąáááˇáş ááŽá
áá
áşá áĄáŹáážáá
áşáá˝ážáŹá¸ ááťáśáˇáážáśáˇááŹááŹáá˛áˇáĄááťáž áááźáŹá¸ááąáŹ áááşááťáąá¸áážáŻáá˝áąááááşá¸ áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá°áˇáĄáá˝á˛áˇáĄá
ááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠáááşáááşá
áąáááŻáˇ áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá˛áá˝áą ááźáŻááŻááşáá˛áˇááźáááşá
|
So if you consult the Vietnamese zodiac, you may discover that you're a cat, not a rabbit, and if you're in Thailand, a mythical snake called a Naga replaces the dragon.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş ááŽáááşáááş ááŹááŽáá˝ááşááᯠááąáˇááŹááźááˇáşáááşáááŻáááş áááşáᏠááŻááş áááŻááşáᲠááźáąáŹááş ááźá
áşááąááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáážááááŻááşááźáŽá¸ áááŻááşá¸áážáŹáááŻáááşááąáŹáˇ áááŤá¸ááąááŹáážáŹ áááŤá¸áááŻáˇááąáŤáşáá˛áˇ ááášááŹááŽáᏠááźá˝áąáá
áşááąáŹááşá áĄá
áŹá¸áááŻá¸ááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤááááˇáşáááşá
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So whether or not you place stock in what the zodiac says about you as an individual, it certainly reveals much about the culture it comes from.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş ááŹááŽáá˝ááşá áááˇáşááᯠáá
áşááŽá¸ááŻáášáááá
áşááąáŹááşáĄááźá
áş áááşáááŻáᲠááźáąáŹááŹá¸ááŤá
áąá áĄá˛ááŤá áĄá˛ááŽááŹááŽáá˝ááşáá˛áˇ áá°ááááşááťáąá¸áážáŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááťáŹá¸á
á˝áŹ ááąáŹáşááźááąáááşáááŻááŹáááąáŹáˇ ááąááťáŹááŤáááşá
|
Thank you very much.
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ááťáąá¸áá°á¸ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸áááşááŤáááşá
|
Well, I would like to start with testicles.
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áᲠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşá áážáąá¸á
áąáˇáá˝áą áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇ á
áááşááťááşááŤáááşá
|
Men who sleep five hours a night have significantly smaller testicles than those who sleep seven hours or more.
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ááážáŹ ááŤá¸ááŹááŽááźáŹ áĄáááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸ááŹá¸áá˝áąáážáŹ ááŻáá
áşááŹáᎠááŤáážáááŻááş áááŻáĄáááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸ááŹá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ á
áŹáááş áážáąá¸á
áąáˇáᏠááááááŹáᏠáááŻááąá¸ááŤáááşá
|
In addition, men who routinely sleep just four to five hours a night will have a level of testosterone which is that of someone 10 years their senior.
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áĄá˛ááŤáˇáĄááźááş ááŻáśáážááş ááááŻááşá¸ ááąá¸ááŹááŽáááą ááŤá¸ááŹááŽááąáŹááşáᲠáĄáááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸ááŹá¸áá˝áąáážáŹáážááá˛áˇ áááşá
áááŻá
ááŽááŻááşá¸ áááŹááᏠáá°áááŻáˇáááş áĄáááş áá áážá
áş áááŻááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá°áá˝áąáážáŹ áážááá˛áˇ áááŹááá˛áˇ áá˝áŹá¸áá°ááąááŤááááˇáşáááşá
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So a lack of sleep will age a man by a decade in terms of that critical aspect of wellness.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááŹáᏠáĄááťááŻá¸ááŹá¸áá
áşááąáŹááşááᯠááťááşá¸ááŹááąá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááąá¸ááŤáá˛áˇ ááášááá
áşááŻáĄá áááşá
áŻáážá
áşáá
áşááŻá
ᏠáĄááŻáááşá¸áááˇáşááąáŹáşá
áąááŤáááşá
|
And we see equivalent impairments in female reproductive health caused by a lack of sleep.
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áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááŹááźáąáŹááˇáş áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ ááťááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááťááşá¸ááŹááąá¸áážáŹáááşá¸ áĄááŹá¸áá° áááááŻááşáážáŻáá˝áą áážáááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤáááşá
|
This is the best news that I have for you today.
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ááŤá ááŽááąáˇ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş ááźáąáŹáááˇáş áĄáá˛áážáŹ áĄááąáŹááşá¸ááŻáśá¸ ááááşá¸ááŤáá˛á
|
From this point, it may only get worse.
|
ááŽáˇáááş áááŻáááŻá¸ááŹáááŻáˇáᲠáážáááŤáááşá
|
Not only will I tell you about the wonderfully good things that happen when you get sleep, but the alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't get enough, both for your brain and for your body.
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áááşááťáŹá¸áááŻáˇ áĄáááşááąá¸ááá˛áˇáĄá፠ááźá
áşáááşáá˛áˇ ááąáŹááşá¸áá˝ááşáá˛áˇ áĄááŹáá˝áąáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻáááş áááŻááşáá˛á áááşááťáŹá¸áááŻáˇ ááŻáśááąáŹááşá
á˝áŹ ááĄáááşáá˛áˇáĄá፠áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ ááášááŹáááŻááş áážá
áşááŻááŻáśá¸áĄáá˝ááş ááźá
áşáááşáá˛áˇ ááááşáááˇáşá
áᏠáááŻá¸ááťááŻá¸áá˝áą áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻá፠ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş ááźáąáŹááźááŤáááşá
|
Let me start with the brain and the functions of learning and memory, because what we've discovered over the past 10 or so years is that you need sleep after learning to essentially hit the save button on those new memories so that you don't forget.
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áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áááşáá°áážáŻá áážááşááŹááş ááŻááşááąáŹááşááťááşáá˝áąáá˛áˇ á
áááŻááşááźááĄáąáŹááşá ááŹáááŻáˇáá˛áááŻááąáŹáˇ áá˝ááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áá áážá
áşáááşá¸ááťááşááąáŹááşá ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇ áážáŹáá˝áąáá˝áąáˇáážááá˛áˇááŹá áááşáᏠáá
áşááŻááŻááᯠáááşáá°ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇááąáŹááş áĄá˛áᎠáážááşááŹááşáĄáá
áşáá˝áąááᯠááąáˇááá˝áŹá¸áĄáąáŹááş ááááşá¸áááşá¸áááŻáˇáĄáá˝ááş áĄáááşá
ááşáááŻáˇ áááŻáĄááşááŤáááşá
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But recently, we discovered that you also need sleep before learning to actually prepare your brain, almost like a dry sponge ready to initially soak up new information.
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ááŤááąáááˇáş áááźáŹááąá¸áááşááᲠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇ áážáŹáá˝áąáá˝áąáˇáážááá˛áˇááŹá áááşáᏠáá
áşááŻáᯠááááşáá°áááşáážáŹ áĄááťááşáĄáááşáĄáá
áşáá˝áąááᯠá
áŻááşáá°áááŻáˇ áĄáááˇáşáĄááąáĄááŹá¸ááźá
áşááąáá˛áˇ ááąááźážáŻááşááźáąáŹááşáá
áşááŻááᯠáŚá¸áážáąáŹááşááᯠááźááşáááşááŹá¸áááŻáˇáĄáá˝ááş áĄáááşá
ááşáááŻáˇ áááŻáĄááşááŤááąá¸áááşá
|
And without sleep, the memory circuits of the brain essentially become waterlogged, as it were, and you can't absorb new memories.
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áĄáááşááąá¸áááááş áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áážááşááŹááş ááŹá¸áá
áşáá˝áąá ááąáááąááááŻááťááŻá¸ ááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹááşáĄáá
áşáá˝áąááᯠá
áŻááşáá°áááŻááşá
á˝ááşá¸ ááážáááąáŹáˇááŤáá°á¸á
|
So let me show you the data.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááźááŤáá
áąá
|
Here in this study, we decided to test the hypothesis that pulling the all-nighter was a good idea.
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ááŽááąáˇááŹáážáŻáážáŹ áááŻáśá¸ááąáŤááş ááĄáááşáá˛ááąááŹá ááąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááźáśááŻááşáááŻááş áááŻáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻááᯠá
ááşá¸áááşáááŻáˇ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸ááźááşáá˛áˇááźáááşá
|
So we took a group of individuals and we assigned them to one of two experimental groups: a sleep group and a sleep deprivation group.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áá°áá
áşá
áŻááᯠááąáŤáşáá°ááźáŽá¸ á
ááşá¸áááşáážáŻ áĄáŻááşá
ᯠáážá
áşáᯠáá˝á˛áááŻááşááŤáááşá áĄáááşá
ááşáááˇáşáĄáŻááşá
áŻáá˛áˇ áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááśáááˇáş áĄáŻááşá
ᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ áá˝á˛áááŻááşááŹááŤá
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Now the sleep group, they're going to get a full eight hours of slumber, but the deprivation group, we're going to keep them awake in the laboratory, under full supervision.
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áĄáááşá
ááşáááˇáş áĄáŻááşá
áŻáááąáŹáˇ áážá
áşááŹáᎠáĄááźááˇáş áĄáááşá
ááşááážáŹááźá
áşááźáŽá¸ áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááśáááˇáş áĄáŻááşá
áŻáááŻááąáŹáˇ ááŹááşáá˝á˛áááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áĄááźááˇáşáĄá ááźáŽá¸ááźááşáážáŻáĄáąáŹááşáážáŹ ááĄáááşá
áąáᲠááŹá¸áážáŹááŤá
|
There's no naps or caffeine, by the way, so it's miserable for everyone involved.
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ááźáŹá¸áá˛áážáŹ áĄáááşááŹáááŻáˇ áááááşá¸ááąáŹááşááŹáááŻáˇ ááážáá
áąáááŤáá°á¸á ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş ááŤáááşáá°áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áĄáá˝ááşáááąáŹáˇ áĄááąáŹáşáááŻá¸ááŤáááşá
|
And then the next day, we're going to place those participants inside an MRI scanner and we're going to have them try and learn a whole list of new facts as we're taking snapshots of brain activity.
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ááąáŹááşáá
áşááąáˇáážáŹááąáŹáˇ áĄá˛áᎠááŤáááşáá°áá˝áąááᯠMRI á
áááşááŹáᲠáááˇáşááźáŽá¸ áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áážáŻááşáážáŹá¸áážáŻ ááŻáśááááşáá˝áąááᯠáááŻááşáá°ááąááťáááşáážáŹ áĄááťááşáĄáááş áĄáá
áş áá
áşááŻááŻáśá¸ááᯠáááşáá°áááŻááşá¸áážáŹ ááźá
áşááŤáááşá
|
And then we're going to test them to see how effective that learning has been.
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ááźáŽá¸áááşááąáŹáˇ áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áááşáá°áážáŻ áááşááąáŹááş ááááąáŹááşáážáŻ áážááá˛áááŻááŹááᯠá
ááşá¸áááşáážáŹááŤá
|
And that's what you're looking at here on the vertical axis.
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áĄá˛ááŤá áĄáᯠááąáŤááşáááŻááş áááşáááŻá¸áážáŹ áááş ááźááşááąááá˛áˇ áĄááŹááŤáá˛á
|
And when you put those two groups head to head, what you find is a quite significant, 40-percent deficit in the ability of the brain to make new memories without sleep.
|
áĄá˛áᎠáĄáŻááşá
áŻáážá
áşááŻááᯠáážááşááźááˇáşáááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄá፠áá˝áąáˇááážáŹá áĄáááşááąá¸áááá˛áˇáĄá፠áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áážááşááŹááşáĄáá
áşáá˝áą áááşááŽá¸áááŻááşá
á˝ááşá¸ ááááááŹáᏠáá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ ááťáąáŹáˇááťáá˝áŹá¸ááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇááážáŹááŤá
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I think this should be concerning, considering what we know is happening to sleep in our education populations right now.
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ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áááşáážá áááŹááąá¸á
áá
áşáážáŹ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻáá˛áˇ áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ ááŹáá˝áą ááźá
áşááťááşááąáááşáááŻááŹááᯠáááˇáşá
ááşá¸á
áŹá¸ááźááˇáşáááşáááŻáááş ááŤá á
ááŻá¸ááááşá
ááŹááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáˇ áááşááŤáááşá
|
In fact, to put that in context, it would be the difference in a child acing an exam versus failing it miserably -- 40 percent.
|
ááááşááąáŹáˇ áĄá˛ááŤááᯠáážááşá¸áĄáąáŹááş ááźáąáŹááááş ááťáąáŹááşá¸ááŹá¸áá
áşááąáŹááş á
áŹááąá¸áá˝á˛áážáŹ áĄáážááşááąáŹááşá¸ááąáŹááşá¸áááŹáá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸á ááťáážáŻáśá¸áᏠáá˝áŹááááŻááťááŻá¸ áá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ áá˝áŹááźáŹá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹááŤá
|
And we've gone on to discover what goes wrong within your brain to produce these types of learning disabilities.
|
áĄá˛ááŽááᯠáááşáá°áážáŻ ááááşá
á˝ááşá¸áážáŻáá˝áą ááźá
áşááąáŤáşááŹáĄáąáŹááş áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáĄáá˝ááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ ááŹáá˝áą áážáŹá¸áá˝ááşá¸ááąáᲠáááŻááŹáááŻáááşá¸ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇ áážáŹáá˝áąáá˝áąáˇáážááá˛áˇááŤáááşá
|
And there's a structure that sits on the left and the right side of your brain, called the hippocampus.
|
áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ ááŹáááşááźááşá¸áážáŹ áááşáážáááąáá˛áˇ áá
áşáááŻáááşá¸áááşá
áş áááŻáˇááąáŤáşáá˛áˇ áĄá
áááşáĄáááŻááşá¸áá
áşáᯠáážáááŤáááşá
|
And you can think of the hippocampus almost like the informational inbox of your brain.
|
áĄá˛áᎠáá
áşáááŻáááşá¸áááşá
áşááᯠáŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ ááááşá¸áĄááťááşáĄáááş áááşá
áŹááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşááŤáááşá
|
It's very good at receiving new memory files and then holding on to them.
|
áá°á áážááşááŹááş áááŻááşáĄáá
áşáá˝áąááᯠáááşááśááŹáážáŹ áĄáááşá¸ááąáŹááşá¸ááźáŽá¸ áĄá˛áᎠáááŻááşáá˝áąááᯠááááşá¸ááááşá¸ááŹá¸ááŤáááşá
|
And when you look at this structure in those people who'd had a full night of sleep, we saw lots of healthy learning-related activity.
|
áá
áşááᏠáĄáááşááąá¸áá áĄáááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáá°áá˝áąáážáŹ áᎠáĄá
áááşáĄáááŻááşá¸ááᯠááźááˇáşáááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄá፠áááşáá°áážáŻáá˛áˇ áááşáááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááąáŹááşá¸áá˝ááşáá˛áˇ áážáŻááşáážáŹá¸áážáŻ ááťáŹá¸á
á˝áŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤáááşá
|
Yet in those people who were sleep-deprived, we actually couldn't find any significant signal whatsoever.
|
ááŤááąáááˇáş áĄáááşááąá¸áááá˛áˇáá°áá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ ááááŹáááşáážáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áážáŻááşáážáŹá¸áážáŻ ááŹáá
áşááŻááž áážáŹááá˝áąáˇááŤáá°á¸á
|
So it's almost as though sleep deprivation had shut down your memory inbox, and any new incoming files -- they were just being bounced.
|
ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áĄáááşááąá¸ááááŹá áážááşááŹááş áááşá
áŹááŻáśá¸ááᯠááááşááŹá¸áááᯠááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşááŹáá˛áˇ áááŻááşáĄáá
áşáážááşáááťážá ááźááşáááşáá˝ááşáá˝áŹá¸ááŹááŤá
|
You couldn't effectively commit new experiences to memory.
|
áĄáá˝áąáˇáĄááźáŻáś áĄáá
áşáá˝áąááᯠáážááşááŹááşáᲠááááááąáŹááşááąáŹááş áááˇáşáá˝ááşá¸áááŻáˇ ááááąáŹáˇááŤáá°á¸á
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So that's the bad that can happen if I were to take sleep away from you, but let me just come back to that control group for a second.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áĄá˛ááŤá áááˇáşááᯠáĄáááşááąá¸áááĄáąáŹááş ááŻááşáááŻááşáááş ááźá
áşááŹáááŻááşáá˛áˇ áááŻá¸ááťááŻá¸áá˝áąááŤá ááŤááąáááˇáş ááŻáá áĄáŻááşá
áŻááŽááᯠááááąáŹááş ááźááşáá˝áŹá¸ááźááˇáşááĄáąáŹááşá
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Do you remember those folks that got a full eight hours of sleep?
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áážá
áşááŹáᎠáĄááźááˇáş áĄáááşá
ááşáá˝ááˇáş ááá˛áˇáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áąááᯠáážááşááááźááąá¸ááŹá¸á
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Well, we can ask a very different question: What is it about the physiological quality of your sleep when you do get it that restores and enhances your memory and learning ability each and every day?
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ááąáŹááşá¸ááźáŽá ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇ ááąá¸áá˝ááşá¸áá
áşáᯠáááşááąá¸áááŻáˇ áááŤáááşá áĄá˛ááŤáááąáŹáˇ ááąáˇá
ááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáž áážááşááŹááşáá˛áˇ áááşáá°áááŻááşá
á˝ááşá¸ááᯠááźááşáááşááąáŹááşá¸áá˝ááşá
áąááźáŽá¸ ááźážááˇáşáááşááąá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻáá˛áˇ ááŽáááášá áĄáááşáĄáá˝áąá¸á ááŹáᲠáááŻááŹááŤáá˛á
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And by placing electrodes all over the head, what we've discovered is that there are big, powerful brainwaves that happen during the very deepest stages of sleep that have riding on top of them these spectacular bursts of electrical activity that we call sleep spindles.
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áŚá¸ááąáŤááşá¸áá
áşááŻááŻáśá¸áážáŹ áĄáŽáááşáááŻááşáá˝áą áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ á
ááşá¸áááşááźááˇáşáá˛áˇáĄá፠áá˝áąáˇáážááááŹá áĄáááşááťáąáŹáşáážáŻáá˛áˇ áĄáááşáážááŻááşá¸ááŻáśá¸ áĄáááˇáşáá˝áąáážáŹ ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ áĄáŹá¸ááąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇ áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˝áą ááźá
áşááąáŤáşááąááźáŽá¸ áĄá˛ááŽáĄááąáŤáşáážáŹ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ áááŻááşá¸ááááşááś áááŻáˇááąáŤáşáá˛áˇ ááááŹáááşáážáŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááťážááşá
á
áşáááŻááşáᏠáážáŻááşáážáŹá¸áážáŻáá˝áą ááźá
áşááąáŤáşááąááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤáááşá
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And it's the combined quality of these deep-sleep brainwaves that acts like a file-transfer mechanism at night, shifting memories from a short-term vulnerable reservoir to a more permanent long-term storage site within the brain, and therefore protecting them, making them safe.
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áĄá˛áᎠáááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŤááşá¸á
ááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşáĄáá˝áąá¸á ááááşáážáŹ áááŻááşáá˝áą áá˝ážá˛ááźáąáŹááşá¸ááąá¸áá˛áˇ á
áá
áşáá
áşááŻááᯠááŻááşááąáŹááşááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹááşáá˝áąááᯠáááááŻááşáá˝ááşáá˛áˇ ááąááᯠáááŻáážáąáŹááşááąááŹáááą áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáĄáá˝ááşá¸áá˛á áááŻááźáŽá¸ áááşááźá˛áá˛áˇ ááąáážááş áááŻáážáąáŹááşááąááŹáᎠáá˝ážáąáˇááźáąáŹááşá¸ááąá¸ááŤáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áááşá¸áááŻáˇááᯠááŹáá˝ááşááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśááźáŻáśáážáŻ áážáá
áąááŤáááşá
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And it is important that we understand what during sleep actually transacts these memory benefits, because there are real medical and societal implications.
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áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻáĄáá˝ááşá¸ áááşáĄááŹá áĄá˛áᎠáážááşááŹááş áĄááťááŻá¸ááťáąá¸áá°á¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáážááşááááş ááźá
áşááąáŤáşá
áąáááşáááŻáᏠááŹá¸áááşáááŻáˇá áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŤáááşá ááŹááźáąáŹááˇáşáá˛áááŻááąáŹáˇ ááááˇáş ááąá¸áááŹáááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áá°áážáŻááąá¸áááŻááşá¸áááŻááşáᏠáááşááąáŹááşáážáŻáá˝áą áážáááąáááŻáˇááŤá
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And let me just tell you about one area that we've moved this work out into, clinically, which is the context of aging and dementia.
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ááŽáĄááŻááşááᯠááąá¸áááŹáááŻááşá¸áááşáᎠáááşááᯠáá˝áąáˇááťáŹá¸á
áąáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáá
áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźááŤáá
áąá áĄá˛ááŤáááąáŹáˇ áĄááŻáááşá¸ááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ á
áááşŕŚŕ§ŕڰááˇáşááźááşá¸ áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áĄááŹááŤáá˛á
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Because it's of course no secret that, as we get older, our learning and memory abilities begin to fade and decline.
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áá°áá
áşááąáŹááş áĄáááşááźáŽá¸ááŹááŹáá˛áˇáĄááťáž áááşáá°áááŻááşá
á˝ááşá¸áá˛áˇ áážááşááŹááş á
á˝ááşá¸áááşáá˝áąá áááźááşá¸ááźááşá¸ ááťáąáŹáˇááťááŹáááşáááŻááŹá áá°áááŻááşá¸áááá˛áˇ ááá
ášá
áá
áşááŻááŤá
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But what we've also discovered is that a physiological signature of aging is that your sleep gets worse, especially that deep quality of sleep that I was just discussing.
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ááŤááąáááˇáş ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇ áááşáá˝áąáˇáážáááŹá¸ááŹá áĄááŻáááşá¸ááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ ááŽáááášá ááášáááŹáá
áşááŻá áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ áĄáááşáĄáá˝áąá¸ áááŻáááŻá¸ááŹááŹááŤáá˛á áĄáá°á¸áááźááˇáş áĄááŻáá ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ áĄáááşáĄáá˝áąá¸ áááŻáááŻá¸ááŹááŹááŤá
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And only last year, we finally published evidence that these two things, they're not simply co-occurring, they are significantly interrelated. And it suggests that the disruption of deep sleep is an underappreciated factor that is contributing to cognitive decline or memory decline in aging, and most recently we've discovered, in Alzheimer's disease as well.
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ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇáážá
áşáážáᲠááŽáĄááťááşáážá
áşááťááşá áááŻááşáááŻááşá
á˝áŹ ááźá
áşááąáŤáşááąáᏠáááŻááşáᲠáĄááźááşáĄáážááş áááşá
ááşáážáŻ áážáááąáááşáááŻáá˛áˇ áĄááąáŹááşáĄááŹá¸ááᯠááŻááşááźááşáááŻááşáá˛áˇááŤáááşá áĄá˛ááŤá áááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ ááťááşá
áŽá¸ááźááşá¸áᏠáĄáááşáĄáá˝ááşááźáŽá¸áááˇáşáážáŻáážáŹ áážááşááŹááş ááťááŻáˇáá˝ááşá¸áážáŻáá˛áˇ ááááźááşáážáŻáááŻááşáᏠáááŻáá˝ááşá¸áážáŻáá˝áąáážáŹ áĄááąáŹááşáĄáá° ááźá
áşá
áąáá˛áˇ ááťážáąáŹáˇáá˝ááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáá
áşáᯠááźá
áşáááşáááŻáˇ áá˝ážááşááźááąááŤáááşá áááźáŹááąá¸áááşááᲠáĄá˛ááŽáĄááťááşá áĄááşááşáááŻááşá¸ááŹá¸ ááąáŹááŤáážáŹáááşá¸ áááşáááŻááşááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáážááá˛áˇááŤáááşá
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Now, I know this is remarkably depressing news. It's in the mail. It's coming at you. But there's a potential silver lining here.
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áᲠááŤá ááąáŹáşááąáŹáş á
áááşááŹááşááťá
áᏠááááşá¸áááŻáᏠááááŤáááşá á
áŹáá˛áážáŹ ááŤááŹááŤááźáŽá áááşááťáŹá¸áᎠááąáŹááşááŹááŤááąáŹáˇáááşá ááŤááąáááˇáş ááťážáąáŹáşáááˇáşá
áᏠáĄááŹá¸áĄááŹááąá¸ááąáŹáˇ áážáááŤááąá¸áááşá
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Unlike many of the other factors that we know are associated with aging, for example changes in the physical structure of the brain, that's fiendishly difficult to treat.
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áĄáááşááźáŽá¸ááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áááşá
ááşááąáá˛áˇ áááźáŹá¸ áĄááťááşááťáŹá¸á
á˝áŹáá˛áˇ ááá°ááŹá áĽááᏠáŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛áˇ ááŻááşáááŻááşá¸áááŻááşáᏠáá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸ááŻáś ááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛ááźááşá¸ áᏠááŻááááŻáˇ áááşáá˛ááŤáááşá
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But that sleep is a missing piece in the explanatory puzzle of aging and Alzheimer's is exciting because we may be able to do something about it.
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ááŤááąáááˇáş áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻáᏠáĄáááşááźáŽá¸ááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááşááşáááŻááşá¸ááŹá¸ ááąáŹááŤááᯠáážááşá¸ááźáá˛áˇ áááąá ááážáŹ ááťáąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ááąáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻááşá¸áĄá
áá
áşáᯠááźá
áşááąááŹá á
áááşáážáŻááşáážáŹá¸á
ááŹááąáŹááşá¸ááŤáááşá ááŹááźáąáŹááˇáşáá˛áááŻááąáŹáˇ áĄá˛ááŤáá˛áˇ áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ áá
áşááŻáᯠááŻááşáááŻááşááźáą áážáááŹááźáąáŹááˇáşááŤá
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And one way that we are approaching this at my sleep center is not by using sleeping pills, by the way. Unfortunately, they are blunt instruments that do not produce naturalistic sleep.
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á
ááŹá¸áá
ááş ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ á
ááşááŹáážáŹ ááŽááá
ášá
ááᯠááťááşá¸áááşáá˛áˇ áááşá¸áááşá¸áá
áşááŻá áĄáááşááąá¸áá˝áą áĄááŻáśá¸ááźáŻáᏠáááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á ááśáááąáŹááşá¸á
á˝áŹáᲠáĄá˛ááŤáá˝áąá áááŹáááťáá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻááᯠáááźá
áşááąáŤáşá
áąáá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áĄáá˛áˇ ááááááŹáá˝áąááŤá
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Instead, we're actually developing a method based on this. It's called direct current brain stimulation.
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áĄá˛ááŽáĄá
áŹá¸ ááŽáĄááąáŤáşáážáŹ áĄááźáąááśááźáŽá¸ áááşá¸áááşá¸áá
áşááŻááᯠááŽáá˝ááşááąááŤáááşá áĄá˛ááŤááᯠáááŻááşáááŻááş ááťážááşá
áŽá¸ááźáąáŹááşá¸ áŚá¸áážáąáŹááş áážáŻáśáˇááąáŹáşáážáŻáááŻáˇ ááąáŤáşááŤáááşá
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You insert a small amount of voltage into the brain, so small you typically don't feel it, but it has a measurable impact.
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áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáá˛ááᯠáááŻáˇáĄáŹá¸ áááşá¸áááşá¸ áááˇáşáá˝ááşá¸ááąá¸ááŹááŤá áĄáááşá¸áááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş ááśá
áŹá¸áááąáˇ ááážáááąáááˇáş áááŻááşá¸ááŹáááŻáˇááá˛áˇ áááşááąáŹááşáážáŻ áážáááŤáááşá
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Now if you apply this stimulation during sleep in young, healthy adults, as if you're sort of singing in time with those deep-sleep brainwaves, not only can you amplify the size of those deep-sleep brainwaves, but in doing so, we can almost double the amount of memory benefit that you get from sleep.
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áᲠáĄáááşá áᎠáážáŻáśáˇááąáŹáşáážáŻááᯠáá°áááş ááťááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇ áĄáá˝ááşááąáŹááşááźáŽá¸áá°áá˝áą áĄáááşááťáąáŹáşááąááťáááşáážáŹ áĄááŻáśá¸ááťáááşáááŻáááş áááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áĄááťáááşáááŻááş ááŽááťááşá¸áááŻááááŻááťááŻá¸ááąáŤáˇá áĄá˛áᎠáááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻ áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áĄáá˝ááşáĄá
áŹá¸ááᯠááťá˛áˇáá˝ááşáááŻááşááŻáśááŹáá áĄá˛ááŽááᯠááŻááşááąáŹááşááźááşá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááˇáş áĄáááşá
ááşááźááşá¸áááą ááážááá˛áˇ áážááşááŹááş áĄááťááŻá¸ááťáąá¸áá°á¸ áááŹáááᯠáážá
áşáááŽá¸ááŤá¸ ááážááááŻááşááŤáááşá
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The question now is whether we can translate this same affordable, potentially portable piece of technology into older adults and those with dementia.
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áĄáᯠááąá¸áá˝ááşá¸á áᎠáááşáááŻááşááźáąáážáááźáŽá¸ áááşááąáŹááşááá˝ááşáá°áááŻááşáá˛áˇ áááşá¸áááŹááᯠáááşááźáŽá¸áá˝ááşáĄááŻáá˝áąáá˛áˇ á
áááşŕŚŕ§ŕڰááˇáşááźááşá¸ ááąáááŹáážááşáá˝áąáᎠáĄááŻáśá¸ááťáááŻááşáááŹá¸ áááŻááŹááŤáá˛á
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Can we restore back some healthy quality of deep sleep, and in doing so, can we salvage aspects of their learning and memory function?
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áááşáážááŻááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáááşá
ááşáážáŻáá˛áˇ ááťááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇ áĄáááşáĄáá˝áąá¸áááťááŻáˇááᯠááźááşáááşááážááĄáąáŹááş ááŻááşááąá¸áááŻááşáááŹá¸á áĄá˛ááŽááᯠááŻááşááąáŹááşááźááşá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááˇáş áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áááşáá°áážáŻáá˛áˇ áážááşááŹááş á
á˝ááşá¸ááąáŹááşáááş áážáŻááąáŹááˇáşáá˝áąááᯠáááşáááşáááŻááşáááŹá¸á
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That is my real hope now. That's one of our moon-shot goals, as it were.
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áĄá˛ááŤá áĄáᯠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáˇáşáá˛áˇ ááááˇáş ááťážáąáŹáşáááˇáşááťááşááŤá áĄá˛ááŤá ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇáá˛áˇ ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áááşá¸áááŻááşáá
áşááŻááŤáá˛á
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So that's an example of sleep for your brain, but sleep is just as essential for your body.
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ááŤá áŚá¸áážáąáŹááşáĄáá˝ááş áĄáááşá
ááşááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áĽáááŹáá
áşááŻááŤá ááŤááąáááˇáş áĄáááşá
ááşááźááşá¸á ááášááŹáááŻááşáĄáá˝ááşáááşá¸ áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŤáááşá
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We've already spoken about sleep loss and your reproductive system. Or I could tell you about sleep loss and your cardiovascular system, and that all it takes is one hour.
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áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ ááťááŻá¸áá˝áŹá¸áážáŻá
áá
áş áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ááŤááźáŽá ááŤáážáááŻááş áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áážááŻáśá¸áá˝áąá¸ááźáąáŹá
áá
áş áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáááŻáˇáááŤáááşá áĄá˛ááŤáá˝áą ááźá
áşáááŻáˇ áá
áşááŹááŽáᲠáááŻááŤáááşá
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Because there is a global experiment performed on 1.6 billion people across 70 countries twice a year, and it's called daylight saving time.
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ááŹááźáąáŹááˇáşáá˛áááŻááąáŹáˇ áážá
áşááźáááş áážá
áşáááŻááşá¸ áááŻááşááśááąáŤááşá¸ áá áážáŹáážááá˛áˇ áá°ááąáŤááşá¸ á.á ááŽááŽááś áĄááąáŤáş ááźáŻááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááášááŹááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáᏠá
ááşá¸áááşáážáŻáá
áşáᯠáážááááŻáˇááŤá áĄá˛ááŤááᯠááąáˇáĄáááşá¸ááąáŹááş ááááşá¸ááááşá¸ááťáááş áááŻáˇ ááąáŤáşááŤáááşá
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Now, in the spring, when we lose one hour of sleep, we see a subsequent 24-percent increase in heart attacks that following day.
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áᲠáá˝áąáŚá¸ááŹááŽáážáŹ áĄáááşááťáááş áá
áşááŹáᎠááŻáśá¸áážáŻáśá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠ááąáŹááşáá
áşááąáˇáážáŹ áážááŻáśá¸ááąáŹá፠ááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸áážáŻ áá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ áááŻá¸ááŹááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤáááşá
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In the autumn, when we gain an hour of sleep, we see a 21-percent reduction in heart attacks. Isn't that incredible?
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ááąáŹááşá¸áŚá¸ááŹááŽáážáŹ áĄáááşááťáááş áá
áşááŹáᎠáááŻááá˛áˇáĄá፠áážááŻáśá¸ááąáŹá፠ááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸áážáŻ áá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ ááťáąáŹáˇááťáá˝áŹá¸ááŹááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤáááşá áááŻáśáááŻááşá
ááŹáᲠáááŻááşááŹá¸á
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And you see exactly the same profile for car crashes, road traffic accidents, even suicide rates.
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ááŹááşáááŻááşáážáŻáá˝áąá ááŹááşááźáąáŹ áááąáŹáşáááážáŻáá˝áąá áááşááąáážáŻáážáŻááşá¸áá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹááş áĄááŹá¸áá° ááŻáśá
áśááᯠáá˝áąáˇáááŤáááşá
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But as a deeper dive, I want to focus on this: sleep loss and your immune system.
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ááŤááąáááˇáş áááŻááźáŽá¸ áááşáááşáážááŻááşá¸áážááŻááşá¸ ááąáˇááŹááźááˇáşáááş ááŤááᯠáĄáŹááŻáśá
ááŻááşááťááşááŤáááşá áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áááŻááşááśáĄáŹá¸á
áá
áşááŤá
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And here, I'll introduce these delightful blue elements in the image. They are called natural killer cells, and you can think of natural killer cells almost like the secret service agents of your immune system.
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ááŽááąááŹáážáŹ ááŻáśáá˛á áĄááźáŹááąáŹááş áĄá
áááşáĄáááŻááşá¸ááąá¸áá˝áąááᯠááááşáááşááąá¸ááťááşááŤáááşá áĄá˛ááŤáá˝áąááᯠáááŹá áááşááźááşáá˛ááşáá˝áąáááŻáˇ ááąáŤáşááŤáááşá áááŹá áááşááźááşáá˛ááşáá˝áąááᯠáááŻááşááśáĄáŹá¸á
áá
áşáá˛áˇ ááťážááŻáˇáážááş áĄáąá¸ááťááˇáşáá˝áąáááŻáˇ áá˝áąá¸ááźááˇáşáááŻááşááŤáááşá
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They are very good at identifying dangerous, unwanted elements and eliminating them.
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áááşá¸áááŻáˇáᏠáĄáášáááŹááşáážáááźáŽá¸ ááááŻááŹá¸áĄááşáá˛áˇ áĄááŹáá˝áąááᯠááąáŹáşááŻááşááŹáážáŹ áĄáááşá¸ááąáŹáşááźáŽá¸ áááşá¸áááŻáˇááᯠáááşáážáŹá¸áá
áşááŤáááşá
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In fact, what they're doing here is destroying a cancerous tumor mass.
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ááááşááąáŹáˇ áá°áááŻáˇá ááŽáážáŹ áááşáᏠáĄááťáááş áĄá
áŻáĄááąá¸ááᯠááťááşááŽá¸ááąááŹááŤá
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So what you wish for is a virile set of these immune assassins at all times, and tragically, that's what you don't have if you're not sleeping enough.
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ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş áĄááťáááşáááŻááşá¸ áᎠáááŻááşááśáĄáŹá¸ ááŻááşááźáśááąá¸áááŹá¸ áĄá
áŻáĄááąá¸ááᯠáĄáŹá¸ááąáŹááşá¸ááąá
áąááťááşáážáŹááŤá áááşá¸áááşá¸á
ááŹáááąáŹáˇ áĄáááşááąá¸ áááááş áĄá˛ááŤááᯠáááááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á
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So here in this experiment, you're not going to have your sleep deprived for an entire night, you're simply going to have your sleep restricted to four hours for one single night, and then we're going to look to see what's the percent reduction in immune cell activity that you suffer.
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ááŽááąáŹáˇ ááŽá
ááşá¸áááşáážáŻáážáŹ áá
áşáááŻáśá¸ áĄáááşááąá¸ááťááşááśáááŻááşá¸áážáŹ áááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á áá
áşááááşá¸áááŻáᲠáĄáááşááťáááş ááąá¸ááŹááŽáĄáá áááˇáşáááşááŹá¸áážáŹááŤá ááźáŽá¸áááşááąáŹáˇ áááŻááşááśáĄáŹá¸áá˛ááşáá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááŻááşááąáŹááşáážáŻ ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ áááşááąáŹááş ááťáąáŹáˇááťáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áááŻááŹááᯠááźááˇáşáážáŹááŤá
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And it's not small -- it's not 10 percent, it's not 20 percent. There was a 70-percent drop in natural killer cell activity.
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áĄá˛ááŤá áááşá¸áᏠáááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á áá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ áááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á áá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸ áááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á áááŹá áááşááźááşáá˛ááşáá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááŻááşááąáŹááşáážáŻ áá ááŹáááŻááşáážáŻááşá¸áĄáá ááťáááşá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹááŤá
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That's a concerning state of immune deficiency, and you can perhaps understand why we're now finding significant links between short sleep duration and your risk for the development of numerous forms of cancer.
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áĄá˛ááŤá á
ááŻá¸ááááşá
ááŹááąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇ áááŻááşááśáĄáŹá¸ ááťááŻáˇáá˛áˇáážáŻ áĄááźáąáĄááąáá
áşááŻááŤá áĄáááşááťáááş áááşá¸ááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áááşáᏠáĄááťááŻá¸áĄá
áŹá¸ áĄááťáŹá¸áĄááźáŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááŻááşááźáą ááťáŹá¸ááźááşá¸áááŻáˇáĄááźáŹá¸ ááááŹáááşáážáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áááşá
ááşáážáŻáá˝áąááᯠáĄáᯠáá˝áąáˇáážáááąáááŹááᯠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşáážáŹááŤá
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Currently, that list includes cancer of the bowel, cancer of the prostate and cancer of the breast.
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ááąáŹááąáŹáááş áĄá˛ááŽá
áŹáááşá¸áážáŹ áĄá°áááźáŽá¸áááşááŹá ááŽá¸ááťáááşáááşááŹáá˛áˇ áááşááŹá¸áááşááŹáááŻáˇ ááŤáááşááŤáááşá
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In fact, the link between a lack of sleep and cancer is now so strong that the World Health Organization has classified any form of nighttime shift work as a probable carcinogen, because of a disruption of your sleep-wake rhythms.
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ááááşááąáŹáˇ áĄáááşááąá¸ááááźááşá¸áá˛áˇ áááşááŹáááŻáˇáĄááźáŹá¸ áááşá
ááşáážáŻá áĄááŻáááŻáááş áĄáááşá¸ áĄáŹá¸ááąáŹááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş ááášááŹáˇááťááşá¸ááŹááąá¸áĄáá˝á˛áˇá ááááş áááŻááşá¸áĄááŻááş áážááşáááťážááᯠáĄáááşá
ááş-áááŻá¸ááážáŻ á
ááşá¸ááťááşáá˝áą ááťááşá
áŽá¸ááźááşá¸ááźáąáŹááˇáş ááźá
áşáááŻááşááźáąáážááá˛áˇ áááşááŹááźá
áşá
áąáááŻááşáá˛áˇ áĄááŹáĄááźá
áş áááşáážááşááŹá¸ááŤáááşá
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