id
int64 5.65k
9.68k
| text
stringlengths 21
695
| entities
listlengths 1
8
| relations
listlengths 0
8
| Comments
listlengths 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
6,649 |
a significant characteristic of the linear payoff is that the benefit of the public good to the group exceeds the cost at all levels of provision.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5604,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 148
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,896 |
If, in daily life, whether people behave cooperatively is determined at random, there would be no connection.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9222,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 111
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,420 |
similar to previous research we recoded the items such that higher ratings indicated more need satisfaction and more positive mood, whereas lower ratings reflect more need threat and more negative mood.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7587,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 204
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,533 |
i noticed that by interview three i started to code less, and coding became more focused in relation to my research questions.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5263,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 128
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,472 |
in comparison to 8 pessimists, optimists tend to use coping strategies that are more adaptive (scheier et al., 1986).;;
|
[
{
"id": 7706,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 119
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,171 |
as a result, a researcher needs to understand how their perception and worldview (ontology) of how they believe the research should be conducted (epistemology) could influence their research and the interpretation thereof (vrasidas, 2012).;;
|
[
{
"id": 6985,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 166,
"end_offset": 221
},
{
"id": 6986,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 144
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3161,
"from_id": 6986,
"to_id": 6985,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,886 |
For this IS, the pictured wheel would be spun N -1 times to determine the "choices" of the others in the group, and then the selected person's choice would be added.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9212,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 167
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,219 |
also, it is important to note that it is inaccurate to assume that participants are by default opposed to the sharing of their data.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4463,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 134
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,628 |
this result suggests that individuals may be motivated not only by the distribution of payoffs but also the intentions of the proposer.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8062,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 71,
"end_offset": 94
},
{
"id": 8063,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 108,
"end_offset": 134
},
{
"id": 8064,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 26,
"end_offset": 54
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3621,
"from_id": 8062,
"to_id": 8064,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3622,
"from_id": 8063,
"to_id": 8064,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,854 |
Neither order nor participant sex had any effect on cooperation either as a main effect or in interaction with other variables.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9180,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 129
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,493 |
after all, the software does not understand what your data is about and does not know the research questions - it nonetheless remains the researcher's role to interpret and understand the data.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5158,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 195
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,773 |
the study in a gc will increase the probability that underpinning ntss will hold true, except where the data are used to contest a nts.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3283,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 18
},
{
"id": 3285,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 85
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1430,
"from_id": 3283,
"to_id": 3285,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,518 |
participating in the focus groups without explicit permission from their parole officers would be a violation of their parole.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5227,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 100,
"end_offset": 125
},
{
"id": 5228,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 88
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2351,
"from_id": 5228,
"to_id": 5227,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,529 |
ostracised individuals felt significantly more excluded and perceived themselves as having less control during cyberball (see table 1).;;
|
[
{
"id": 8932,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 10
},
{
"id": 8933,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 55
},
{
"id": 8934,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 91,
"end_offset": 120
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4118,
"from_id": 8932,
"to_id": 8933,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 4119,
"from_id": 8932,
"to_id": 8934,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,877 |
We refer to this treatment as PGG+PN. 15;;
|
[
{
"id": 9203,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 42
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,651 |
furthermore, with pairwise cooperation there is the possibility that the same partners would recognize each other and meet repeatedly after they have built up trust (may 1987).;;
|
[
{
"id": 8965,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 118,
"end_offset": 133
},
{
"id": 8966,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 150,
"end_offset": 164
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4138,
"from_id": 8966,
"to_id": 8965,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,092 |
this was intended to provide an opportunity for participants to deceive their partner about the reason for the outcome of the interview (i.e., to hide untrustworthy behavior by claiming the experimenter interview resulted in a correct guess).;;
|
[
{
"id": 6802,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 244
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,591 |
as with the ultimatum game, culture has been shown to have an effect on behavior in the linear public goods game.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7979,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 35
},
{
"id": 7980,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 61,
"end_offset": 112
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3584,
"from_id": 7979,
"to_id": 7980,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,369 |
the overweighing of the largest outcome makes the gamble more attractive.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4847,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 39
},
{
"id": 4848,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 50,
"end_offset": 72
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2170,
"from_id": 4847,
"to_id": 4848,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,696 |
On average, the differential between in-group and out-group beliefs is equal to 0.941 for the former and to 0.175 for the latter.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9022,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 131
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,798 |
describing their positionality does not require that researchers hide their bias but serves as an opportunity to openly talk about it.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3348,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 30
},
{
"id": 8152,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 97,
"end_offset": 133
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3675,
"from_id": 3348,
"to_id": 8152,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,031 |
even if field notes were shared, using other researchers' field notes could lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of local phenomena.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3953,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 69
},
{
"id": 3954,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 84,
"end_offset": 140
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1759,
"from_id": 3953,
"to_id": 3954,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,684 |
results of attribution might have been moderated by targets' locus of control, and any non-significant effect may be due to this distinction.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3078,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 129,
"end_offset": 140
},
{
"id": 3079,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 87,
"end_offset": 109
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1338,
"from_id": 3078,
"to_id": 3079,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,675 |
First, corrupt leadership attenuates individual investment incentives.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9001,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 72
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,971 |
for example, easterners tend not to view cooperativeness and competitiveness as antitheses as much as westerners do (leung & au, 2010).;;
|
[
{
"id": 3799,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 137
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,370 |
the choice of participants therefore requires prior preparation and knowledge of their characteristics and their involvement with the research problem in order to intentionally define the research participants.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8873,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 163,
"end_offset": 209
},
{
"id": 8875,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 150
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4083,
"from_id": 8875,
"to_id": 8873,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,254 |
when targets were included in a majority of activities, they felt more threat to their needs when all group members were excluding them to some extent than when two group members fully excluded them.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7183,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 92
},
{
"id": 7184,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 102,
"end_offset": 135
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3250,
"from_id": 7184,
"to_id": 7183,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,794 |
forgas, varga, and laham (2005) found that people with negative affect were better able to pick out false misleading information and had more accurate eyewitness memory than those in positive moods.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8254,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 55,
"end_offset": 70
},
{
"id": 8255,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 83,
"end_offset": 128
},
{
"id": 8256,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 141,
"end_offset": 168
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3743,
"from_id": 8254,
"to_id": 8255,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3744,
"from_id": 8254,
"to_id": 8256,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,501 |
when i encountered these types of comments from the participants, i accepted them as windows into spaces where i either made too much or too little meaning from their interview responses.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5182,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 65
},
{
"id": 5185,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 66,
"end_offset": 104
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2331,
"from_id": 5182,
"to_id": 5185,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,981 |
this confound is not considered serious because of the relative difference in the size of the ranges of control (2 vs 12 points) and, more con sequentially because, as discussed in the introduction, subjects tend to focus an relative gain-whether or not they are surpassed by the other.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3827,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 39
},
{
"id": 3828,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 55,
"end_offset": 111
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1699,
"from_id": 3828,
"to_id": 3827,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,803 |
reflexivity and the field diary the use of a field diary is one strategy of managing emotional labour in field research.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8618,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 56
},
{
"id": 8619,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 76,
"end_offset": 119
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3957,
"from_id": 8618,
"to_id": 8619,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,843 |
since the 11-20 game has been designed to test the presence of k-level reasoning, this feature is crucial for the characterization of the 0-level of non-strategic choices.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6138,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 80
},
{
"id": 6139,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 82,
"end_offset": 170
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2787,
"from_id": 6138,
"to_id": 6139,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,412 |
as such, the relatively public nature of blogging in comparison to more private forms of 4 international journal of qualitative methods communication such as e-mail and private social media pages might indicate that online authors wish for their communications to reach public audiences.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8892,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 136,
"end_offset": 195
},
{
"id": 8893,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 216,
"end_offset": 286
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4092,
"from_id": 8892,
"to_id": 8893,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,429 |
Fig. 1 shows the time path of average contributions in each class of treatments.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9755,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 82
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,279 |
given the detrimental consequences of ostracism, those who are vulnerable or particularly susceptible to ostracism (e.g., victims of bullying) need to be identified early in order 1) to stop the victim's suffering, and 2) to stop negative cycles of exclusion, interpretations and expectations.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4602,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 47
},
{
"id": 4603,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 21
},
{
"id": 8405,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 170
},
{
"id": 8406,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 186,
"end_offset": 213
},
{
"id": 8407,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 225,
"end_offset": 292
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2055,
"from_id": 4602,
"to_id": 4603,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3820,
"from_id": 8405,
"to_id": 8406,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3821,
"from_id": 8405,
"to_id": 8407,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,224 |
we hypothesized that exclusion by ethnic ingroup members would represent an acceptance threat and would result in responses that reduce uncertainty and increase one's chances of being accepted by others (e.g., a stronger endorsement of fundamentalist religious beliefs).;;
|
[
{
"id": 7109,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 56
},
{
"id": 7110,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 63,
"end_offset": 93
},
{
"id": 7111,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 129,
"end_offset": 147
},
{
"id": 7112,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 153,
"end_offset": 202
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3217,
"from_id": 7109,
"to_id": 7110,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3218,
"from_id": 7109,
"to_id": 7111,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3219,
"from_id": 7109,
"to_id": 7112,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,992 |
Once you have made an entry in each input box, please click "OK".;;
|
[
{
"id": 9318,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 67
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,668 |
"in light of this, emotions of guilt were engendered because i felt that i deceived: (a) the public by being perceived to be muslim; (b) the muslim community by pretending to be 'one of them'; and (c) my own religion, orthodox christianity, for 'hiding' my true religious identity.";;
|
[
{
"id": 8581,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 19,
"end_offset": 52
},
{
"id": 8582,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 280
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3932,
"from_id": 8582,
"to_id": 8581,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,314 |
After everyone had answered the two questions correctly on the new matrix, the Ss made their choice by pressing the button under the column of their choice.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9640,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 158
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,885 |
thus far, there is little evidence indicating that the immediate experience of distress associated with ostracism is moderated by individual differences, including gender, introversion extraversion collectivism individualism loneliness, need for belonging, and social anxiety (see williams, 2007, for a review).;;
|
[
{
"id": 3566,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 313
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,647 |
and that the reciprocity parameters would correspond to R + = R − = .26 in the control group.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8973,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 95
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,070 |
it is important that the self affirmation manipulation had the intended effect among unrealistic optimists given that we had individuals self-affirm by discussing their positive health attributes.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8721,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 198
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,780 |
if the subjects were actually trying to boost their selfesteem by looking good in the eyes of someone they regarded as outsider, our point that subjects were having the moral preferences is reinforced.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3304,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 66,
"end_offset": 127
},
{
"id": 3305,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 52,
"end_offset": 63
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1439,
"from_id": 3304,
"to_id": 3305,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,083 |
it also helped to rule out demand effects, because participants in this condition and the first condition were both exposed to cold temperatures before making their judgments.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4085,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 41
},
{
"id": 4087,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 116,
"end_offset": 174
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1823,
"from_id": 4087,
"to_id": 4085,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,768 |
in the context of social exclusion, if individuals feel guilty about being ostracized, it is possible that they will attempt to ingratiate themselves back into the good graces of the group by behaving prosocially.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5941,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 85
},
{
"id": 5942,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 107,
"end_offset": 188
},
{
"id": 5943,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 192,
"end_offset": 212
},
{
"id": 8604,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 192,
"end_offset": 212
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2692,
"from_id": 5943,
"to_id": 5942,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3947,
"from_id": 5941,
"to_id": 8604,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,616 |
t[91] = 3.82, p < .001);;
|
[
{
"id": 9942,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 25
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,656 |
"relationships don't last, and when you're past the age where people are constantly forming new relationships, the odds are you'll end up being alone more and more.""";;
|
[
{
"id": 8575,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 124,
"end_offset": 163
},
{
"id": 8576,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 1,
"end_offset": 25
},
{
"id": 8577,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 109
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3927,
"from_id": 8576,
"to_id": 8575,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3928,
"from_id": 8577,
"to_id": 8575,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,287 |
finally, a low-cost agent in the center of a star with five periphery players decreases her earnings as well as both her envy and guilt when she removes one or more of her links.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4617,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 77
},
{
"id": 4618,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 92,
"end_offset": 100
},
{
"id": 4619,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 121,
"end_offset": 135
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2060,
"from_id": 4617,
"to_id": 4618,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2061,
"from_id": 4617,
"to_id": 4619,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,331 |
Implications of these findings as well as limitations and future directions of study are also explored.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9657,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 105
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,022 |
there is a bit of irony here: a method designed to minimize bias could conceivably introduce bias into a study.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6617,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 64
},
{
"id": 6618,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 83,
"end_offset": 110
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2992,
"from_id": 6617,
"to_id": 6618,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,350 |
it is readily apparent from figure 1 that the strength of reciprocity, as reflected in the slope of work expenditures with respect to wages between $0 and $3.50, increases greatly among primed jews relative to unprimed jews.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4803,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 226
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,918 |
OLS and Tobit regressions of MPCR dummy variables on the percentage of tokens allocated to the group account support this observation.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9244,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 136
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,377 |
if a deviation to d after h∗ r0 does not pay for type si and the prior psi is sufficiently close to 0.5, our calculations above imply thatsi + 1 must react to this by playing c in at least two of the following rounds.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4870,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 103
},
{
"id": 4871,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 138,
"end_offset": 216
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2181,
"from_id": 4870,
"to_id": 4871,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,666 |
When not contributing was labelled as free-riding, announcing ex-post discussion had the opposite impact on cooperation.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8992,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 122
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,933 |
punishing free-riders: how group size affects mutual monitoring and the provision of public goods.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3689,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 37
},
{
"id": 3691,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 72,
"end_offset": 97
},
{
"id": 8187,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 38,
"end_offset": 64
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1628,
"from_id": 3689,
"to_id": 3691,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3702,
"from_id": 3689,
"to_id": 8187,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,522 |
They were to make one single decision per game: to invest or not.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9848,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 67
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,454 |
sufficiently strong non-monotonic behavior would directly suggest that errors are an important component of behavior.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7659,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 119
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,985 |
with the low leverage 'l' = 1, th contributions are only slightly higher with punishment (8.79) or with reward (6.62 standard vcm.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3841,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 29
},
{
"id": 3842,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 33,
"end_offset": 129
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1705,
"from_id": 3841,
"to_id": 3842,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,858 |
the second stated that low or threatened belonging would enhance intergroup discrimination.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3500,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 50
},
{
"id": 3501,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 65,
"end_offset": 90
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1532,
"from_id": 3500,
"to_id": 3501,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,674 |
in any case, any such effect of the endowment income would operate only on the level of contributions, and not the interactions of the actors' contributions.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5673,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 52
},
{
"id": 5674,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 79,
"end_offset": 101
},
{
"id": 5675,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 115,
"end_offset": 156
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2563,
"from_id": 5673,
"to_id": 5674,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2564,
"from_id": 5673,
"to_id": 5675,
"type": "Rel_Zero"
}
] |
[] |
6,461 |
my supervisor's guidance and expertise enabled me to see that i needed to gain a better balance between the informal and professional relationship and take more control over the recruitment to support the women and myself.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5079,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 38
},
{
"id": 5080,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 146
},
{
"id": 5081,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 151,
"end_offset": 221
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2280,
"from_id": 5079,
"to_id": 5080,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2281,
"from_id": 5079,
"to_id": 5081,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,302 |
It is commonly assumed that network users non-cooperatively interact with one another in the traffic network in order to minimise their travel costs.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9628,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 151
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,759 |
thus, the amount to be gained through a cooperative invest choice was not much larger than one's initial endowment, and one would be tempted simply to keep one's endowment (i.e., defect) rather than risk losing it in the hope of obtaining a relatively small gain.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8242,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 114
},
{
"id": 8243,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 120,
"end_offset": 171
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3736,
"from_id": 8242,
"to_id": 8243,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,391 |
Of course this does not imply that similar findings will occur when incentives are extremely large.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9717,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 101
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,099 |
people resist paying welfare to individuals who could support themselves but who instead cheat or free ride.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6812,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 110
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,567 |
To induce shame, we conducted another treatment that was the same except the information about an audited individual's contribution decision was publicly revealed to the entire group. 5;;
|
[
{
"id": 9893,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 187
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,143 |
The aggregate product is a combination of behavior from multiple individuals in the social episode that operates on the environment in much the same way as does operant behavior.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9469,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 180
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,795 |
many coders who join a team have busy lives and other interests, and they wish to be involved in the project only to this baseline extent.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3338,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 138
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,185 |
when the kandori labeling mechanism is not transparently about reputations and the participants have insufficient cues to seeing it as a reputation mechanism, it may fail to induce cooperation.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7021,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 9,
"end_offset": 74
},
{
"id": 7022,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 83,
"end_offset": 157
},
{
"id": 7023,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 166,
"end_offset": 192
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3177,
"from_id": 7021,
"to_id": 7023,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3178,
"from_id": 7022,
"to_id": 7023,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,506 |
However, this tendency fails statistical significance (sign test, 10% significance).;;
|
[
{
"id": 9832,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 86
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,454 |
since the differences between the bargaining powers of two players increase from the simultaneous to the sequential to the dictator game, comparisons among games allow us to trace whether the contribution behavior is motivated by fairness or is simply due to the strategic concern.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5062,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 136
},
{
"id": 5063,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 138,
"end_offset": 280
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2271,
"from_id": 5062,
"to_id": 5063,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,276 |
across five studies, we tested the idea that the law shapes social reality by fostering the assumptions that people are self interested untrustworthy, and competitive.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7233,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 78,
"end_offset": 166
},
{
"id": 7234,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 49,
"end_offset": 74
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3274,
"from_id": 7233,
"to_id": 7234,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,704 |
if the relationship is direct then coordination would not need to impact an intervening variable or coincide with another causally relevant variable to influence cooperation.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5754,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 29
},
{
"id": 5755,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 173
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2604,
"from_id": 5754,
"to_id": 5755,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,948 |
given the concern that checklists themselves are inadequate, we argue that using such a principle requires an orientation to better practise with these ethical concerns at their source.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6412,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 23,
"end_offset": 59
},
{
"id": 6413,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 168
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2912,
"from_id": 6412,
"to_id": 6413,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,786 |
Moreover, because interpersonal helping, and OCB in general, may benefit the collective without necessarily benefiting the self, and one may benefit from others' OCB without engaging in OCB oneself, engagement in OCB like interpersonal helping arguably reflects the trade-off between personal and collective interest typical for public good dilemmas (De Cremer and van Knippenberg, 2002) -an element that makes it easier to compare the findings of Study 1 to those of Study 2. As a case in point, previous research has shown that leader self-sacrifice is related to both OCB and contributions in a public good dilemma (De Cremer and van Knippenberg, 2002).;;
|
[
{
"id": 9112,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 658
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,076 |
participants, however, due to their individual investments into the private account, could increase the probability of return from the private account.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4067,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 84
},
{
"id": 4068,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 104,
"end_offset": 150
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1812,
"from_id": 4067,
"to_id": 4068,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,919 |
within the context of the chowks, where poverty is widespread and uniform, asking for money from another laborer is often stigmatized and associated with migrants suffering from alcohol or drug addiction-a presence at every chowk.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6324,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 40,
"end_offset": 73
},
{
"id": 6325,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 133
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2870,
"from_id": 6324,
"to_id": 6325,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,961 |
follow-up contrasts indicated that ostracized adolescents who wrote about friends worked more for food points and consumed more food than other adolescents.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6457,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 81
},
{
"id": 6458,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 82,
"end_offset": 109
},
{
"id": 6459,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 114,
"end_offset": 132
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2929,
"from_id": 6457,
"to_id": 6458,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2930,
"from_id": 6457,
"to_id": 6459,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,537 |
qualitative secondary analysis allows the researcher to overcome these types of data collection problems, thus, creating an equal opportunity for novice and other researchers to obtain and develop research independence, knowledge, and skills (smith, 2008).;;
|
[
{
"id": 5273,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 112,
"end_offset": 241
},
{
"id": 8522,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 30
},
{
"id": 8523,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 104
},
{
"id": 8524,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 104
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3888,
"from_id": 8522,
"to_id": 8523,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3889,
"from_id": 8524,
"to_id": 5273,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,417 |
another less extreme example of ostracism is that only some of your group members may avoid you and not interact with you while others act normally toward you.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8478,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 32,
"end_offset": 41
},
{
"id": 8479,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 55,
"end_offset": 158
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3857,
"from_id": 8478,
"to_id": 8479,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,649 |
The evaluation forms consisted of ratings of the essays on six 9-point bipolar scales (unintelligent-intelligent; thought provoking-boring; friendly-unfriendly; illogical-logical; respectable-unrespectable; irrational-rational), along with a space for free comments.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8975,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 268
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,922 |
briefly summarized, the prisoner's dilemma procedure involves two subjects engaged in a laboratory game with each other, in which, depending on each person's choice of responses, points, money, or other tangibles can be gained or lost.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6331,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 149,
"end_offset": 177
},
{
"id": 6332,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 179,
"end_offset": 234
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2873,
"from_id": 6331,
"to_id": 6332,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,202 |
this stage helps to minimize unnecessary costs that may impede high profitability in the commercialization stage.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7063,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 10
},
{
"id": 7064,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 46
},
{
"id": 7065,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 46
},
{
"id": 7066,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 112
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3195,
"from_id": 7063,
"to_id": 7064,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3196,
"from_id": 7065,
"to_id": 7066,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,884 |
linehan explains that individuals 'need to learn how to focus their attention on one task or activity at a time, engaging in it with alertness, awareness and wakefulness' (p. 155).;;
|
[
{
"id": 6240,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 182
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,686 |
a study by isen and reeve (2005) found that people in a positive mood found enjoyable tasks to be more intrinsically motivating than participants in a neutral mood.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3082,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 55,
"end_offset": 91
},
{
"id": 8132,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 103,
"end_offset": 127
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3661,
"from_id": 3082,
"to_id": 8132,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,946 |
The experiment was conducted at the University of Granada.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9272,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 60
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,156 |
But when comparing punishment rules, it is not enough to consider contribution behavior only.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9482,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 95
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,106 |
the heightened intensity of the context of an ice means that researchers have to be aware of the passive accumulation of contextual information so they can assess changing circumstances and manage the risks of their research location.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6830,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 81,
"end_offset": 143
},
{
"id": 6831,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 156,
"end_offset": 185
},
{
"id": 6832,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 190,
"end_offset": 233
},
{
"id": 6833,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 49
},
{
"id": 6834,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 81,
"end_offset": 143
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3095,
"from_id": 6830,
"to_id": 6831,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3096,
"from_id": 6830,
"to_id": 6832,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3097,
"from_id": 6833,
"to_id": 6834,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,620 |
these findings suggest that instructors need to continue their approach to educating students on how to select the most suitable research design for their research question.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8046,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 175
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,758 |
sandelowski 1993; lincoln and guba 1985); and finally the non foundation a lists who argue that it is understanding rather than prediction that is necessary and that inquiry and its evidence is always political and moral (denzin 2011) and therefore that criteria are not appropriate.
|
[
{
"id": 5916,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 254,
"end_offset": 282
},
{
"id": 5917,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 91,
"end_offset": 221
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2682,
"from_id": 5917,
"to_id": 5916,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,945 |
presumably this is because, for individuals whom faith is important, exclusion by god is a particularly painful and distressing experience.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3728,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 69,
"end_offset": 85
},
{
"id": 3729,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 104,
"end_offset": 111
},
{
"id": 3730,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 116,
"end_offset": 138
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1650,
"from_id": 3728,
"to_id": 3729,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 1651,
"from_id": 3728,
"to_id": 3730,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,939 |
manipulation checks analyses of the mood and basic needs data for participants in these 'non-social' conditions showed that ostracized participants experienced reduced basic needs satisfaction and positive mood, and enhanced negative mood, relative to included participants, all psb0.05.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3706,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 124,
"end_offset": 147
},
{
"id": 3707,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 168,
"end_offset": 192
},
{
"id": 3708,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 197,
"end_offset": 210
},
{
"id": 3709,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 225,
"end_offset": 238
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1636,
"from_id": 3706,
"to_id": 3707,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 1637,
"from_id": 3706,
"to_id": 3708,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 1638,
"from_id": 3706,
"to_id": 3709,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,466 |
First, the studies which failed to establish a relationship between probability and compliance varied the probabilities between 10% and 90%, while the study which found the direct relationship used prob ability levels of 0% and 100%.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9792,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 235
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,618 |
first, the coding and post-coding guidelines proved robust in disentangling a dataset that was highly multidimensional due to the scope of the research.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5501,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 102,
"end_offset": 118
},
{
"id": 5502,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 130,
"end_offset": 151
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2480,
"from_id": 5502,
"to_id": 5501,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,930 |
the findings from study 3 replicate and extend the findings from studies 1 and 2. new zealanders who allocated more white noise to members of the outgroup (i.e., americans) than to members of the ingroup, experienced elevated levels of belonging.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8270,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 100,
"end_offset": 203
},
{
"id": 8271,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 217,
"end_offset": 245
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3751,
"from_id": 8270,
"to_id": 8271,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,973 |
he showed that close comfort is necessary for healthy psychological functioning, as young rhesus monkeys displayed a greater preference for terry-clothed surrogate mothers as compared to a wire mother, while those raised with a wire mother had greater physiological and psychological problems.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6491,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 28
},
{
"id": 6492,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 79
},
{
"id": 6493,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 208,
"end_offset": 239
},
{
"id": 6494,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 252,
"end_offset": 292
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2945,
"from_id": 6491,
"to_id": 6492,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2946,
"from_id": 6493,
"to_id": 6494,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,063 |
given the well-documented detrimental consequences of collective failure and the fact that it occurs regularly in everyday life, it is surprising that few studies have examined how such consequences may be moderated in small groups (for an exception, see price & garland, 1978).;;
|
[
{
"id": 8300,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 10,
"end_offset": 72
},
{
"id": 8301,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 91,
"end_offset": 127
},
{
"id": 8302,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 135,
"end_offset": 231
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3765,
"from_id": 8300,
"to_id": 8302,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 3766,
"from_id": 8301,
"to_id": 8302,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,092 |
In-phase movements are more stable than anti-phase movements and, if the frequency of anti-phase movements is increased to around 3-4 Hz they transition to in-phase.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9418,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 167
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,171 |
Reciprocity scores for those who moved in-, anti-phase and those who did not coordinate all deviated significantly from normality (p's < 0.05).;;
|
[
{
"id": 9497,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 145
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,761 |
However, if no incentives are given, then there should be an explicit or implicit objective function as a motivation for participants.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9087,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 136
}
] |
[] |
[] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.