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8,966 |
Put another way: who would want to live in a society with this norm, if given the choice?;;
|
[
{
"id": 9292,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 91
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] |
[] |
[] |
8,667 |
Further simulation studies (Macy 1991b) then showed how social influence (such as pressures to imitate or reciprocate) might solve this timing problem.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8993,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 153
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,186 |
the need for a meaningful existence is essentially the need for a sense that ''i exist and i matter'', with ostracized individuals often reporting a feeling of invisibility (williams, 2007).;;
|
[
{
"id": 8768,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 108,
"end_offset": 118
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{
"id": 8769,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 149,
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"from_id": 8768,
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[] |
9,127 |
Larger sessions motivated people to cooperate in this game in Buenos Aires.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9453,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 77
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,604 |
It is not only the punishment opportunity (that is, the nonexecuted punishment threat) but also the actual punishment that raised cooperation levels.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9930,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 151
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,824 |
discussion the current research began with the observation that the presence of a companion animal can benefit people who feel socially disconnected, such as the elderly or those who are hospitalized.;;
|
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"id": 6087,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 68,
"end_offset": 98
},
{
"id": 6088,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 103,
"end_offset": 148
}
] |
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"id": 2767,
"from_id": 6087,
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"type": "Rel_CE"
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] |
[] |
6,207 |
income is self-reported, and therefore the lower average income in the sample is unsurprising.;;
|
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{
"id": 4433,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 23
},
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"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 93
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] |
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"id": 1982,
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] |
[] |
7,442 |
negative deviations from the others' contribution rate were associated with more punishment in the public condition, but not in the private condition.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7633,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 152
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,045 |
on the other hand, contributors in small groups may become more pivotal, leading to more contributions (cf.;;
|
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"start_offset": 19,
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{
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"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 64,
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{
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"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 89,
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{
"id": 1783,
"from_id": 3994,
"to_id": 3995,
"type": "Rel_CE"
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] |
[] |
8,648 |
Environmental uncertainty was manipulated as a PP varying with equal probability between either 800 and 1,000 (low environmental uncertainty) or 400 and 1,400 (high environmental uncertainty).;;
|
[
{
"id": 8974,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 194
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,737 |
Consequently, angry friends may be much more inclined to destroy.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9063,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 67
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,428 |
In sharp contrast, in the reward-punish condition, participants rated rewarders more favorably than they did nonrewarders (mean difference in rating between rewarders and nonrewarders: 0.55; S ϭ122, p ϭ .0095;;;
|
[
{
"id": 9754,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 211
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,821 |
as this would not be clear, perhaps it would be of use for authors to note that there were no challenges or unexpected opportunities arising during data collection if this was the case.;;
|
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{
"id": 8259,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 167,
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"id": 8260,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 91,
"end_offset": 163
}
] |
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"id": 3746,
"from_id": 8259,
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"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,780 |
Solidarity rates and choices of dominant strategy in the one-way identification DG (number of pairs);;
|
[
{
"id": 9106,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 102
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,346 |
results also show that the words oppressive and monuments associate with rulers' desires to commemorate themselves as immortals and imply to the public they are in charge.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4791,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 173
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,360 |
several participants identified similar tensions regarding victims survivors being able to give voice to their experiences and the desire to ensure confidentiality;;
|
[
{
"id": 7456,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 165
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,724 |
In contrast, in this new game the dominant strategy equilibrium is pareto optimal, as it would be for most 2 ϫ 2 games with such an equilibrium.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9050,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 146
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,323 |
neuroimaging studies using economic behavioural tasks have reported that positive social exchanges activate regions of the reward circuitry, much as nonsocial rewards do.;;
|
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{
"id": 4741,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 73,
"end_offset": 98
},
{
"id": 4742,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 99,
"end_offset": 139
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{
"id": 2123,
"from_id": 4741,
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[] |
7,331 |
however, not all adolescents are influenced in similar ways by media, in particular by media portraying antisocial, risky, and immoral behaviors.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7393,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 147
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,807 |
after all 4 players have made their decision to contribute or not, and by how much, the resulting total of contributed credits is automatically multiplied.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8620,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 157
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,831 |
do they show more empathy and help others who have nothing to do with their experience, or do they grow indifferent to others' needs?;;
|
[
{
"id": 3442,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 133
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,815 |
Session-by-session results are presented for Birds 15, 16, and 17 in Figure 5. Plotted are the number of cooperations (choices of the red key) for each of the 15 days of the TFT and the TFT-dom conditions.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9141,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 207
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,474 |
a message arising from the review therefore is to avoid claims to a specific orientation unless it is articulated and visible within the reporting and when aligning to a particular approach, to make sure it is understood.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7711,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 223
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,447 |
it has been repeatedly argued that subtle acts of aggression should always be included in the definition of bullying in order to fully grasp this phenomenon because the act of bullying is aimed at humiliating the victim and always has a psychological component (alsaker, 2004).;;
|
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"id": 5036,
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"start_offset": 169,
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"label": "effect",
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{
"id": 8491,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 35,
"end_offset": 116
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"id": 8492,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 129,
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] |
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6,039 |
conversely, our observation also demonstrates that individuals with no or less severe depression tended to opt for the less risky option, thus defecting.;;
|
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{
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"label": "cause",
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] |
[] |
5,716 |
furthermore, inquiring about our participants' motivations to volunteer for our study suggests that researchers may gain further guidance in identifying appropriate recruitment strategies by considering a negrin et al.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3153,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 32,
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"label": "effect",
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] |
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9,238 |
Rapoport works out the expected values for contributing and not contributing.;;
|
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"id": 9564,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 79
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,469 |
It was outlined that in this previous setting, the potential partner had (independently) witnessed two other people dividing a sum of money (€10).;;
|
[
{
"id": 9795,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 148
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,677 |
similarly, hall (2004) reveals how in previous writing he has removed accounts of personal reflexivity, or relegated these accounts to forewords and afterwords rather than including them in the main body of the text, due to concerns about the ' appropriateness ' of such material in an academic publication.;;
|
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"label": "effect",
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"label": "cause",
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"id": 1329,
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] |
[] |
5,679 |
while some equilibria complete the project in the dynamic game with a completion benefit, there is a unique zero-provision equilibrium in the two static treatments as well as in the dynamic treatment without a completion benefit.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3066,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 229
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] |
[] |
[] |
7,021 |
the slightly higher number of siblings in the high-mafia neighborhood likely biases against our results.;;
|
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"label": "cause",
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"id": 2991,
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] |
[] |
7,595 |
how will information about collective inefficiency affect support for a sanctioning system when there is already a sanctioning system present?;;
|
[
{
"id": 7988,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 144
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,410 |
These rates are significantly better than that for a no-reward control.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9736,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 73
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,873 |
for example, due to institutional system restrictions at the time, in our project only one researcher could work on the file from a shared drive at once.;;
|
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{
"id": 6216,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 20,
"end_offset": 53
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{
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"label": "effect",
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"id": 2823,
"from_id": 6216,
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"type": "Rel_CE"
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] |
[] |
5,792 |
exclusion and intergroup hostility human beings are deeply motivated to form and maintain positive relationships with others and to avoid exclusion (baumeister & leary, 1995).;;
|
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{
"id": 3328,
"label": "effect",
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{
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] |
[] |
7,054 |
the results support the concept that the give-some situation is related to loss perception, whereas the take-some situation is independent of gain perception.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6703,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 160
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] |
[] |
[] |
6,581 |
it may also add transparency to the approach, by using several nvivo functions in innovative ways.;;
|
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{
"id": 5410,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 49,
"end_offset": 97
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"label": "effect",
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[] |
9,368 |
The model is specified as follows.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9694,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 36
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,892 |
even when ostracism benefits the individual financially, and inclusion is financially costly, ostracism is just as distressing (van beest & williams, 2006).;;
|
[
{
"id": 6261,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 158
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,155 |
This approach was taken since the questionnaire has never been used before and a specific rank ordering was not predicted.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9481,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 124
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,313 |
As in Experiment 1, many participants made choices to defect only when they were not charged the high cost for defection (see Table 2).;;
|
[
{
"id": 9639,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 137
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,476 |
if c2 = 1, an update of personal relationships will not end in a more profitable outcome.;;
|
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{
"id": 5118,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 3,
"end_offset": 9
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{
"id": 5119,
"label": "effect",
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{
"id": 2302,
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] |
[] |
5,919 |
a social dilemma is defined as a situation involving a particular type of incentive structure, such that 1) if all group members cooperate, all gain, whereas 2) for each individual it is more beneficial not to cooperate.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3648,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 220
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] |
[] |
[] |
7,347 |
"due to this attribution, the target does not know how to change the situation in her/his favour; hence, her/his self-esteem, belonging, meaningful existence and control are increasingly threatened.";;
|
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] |
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9,085 |
Participants were 46 undergraduate business students (22 women; 18 men, 6 did not report; mean age ¼ 22.67 years), enrolled in an introductory psychology course at an Israeli university.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9411,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 188
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] |
[] |
[] |
6,333 |
the emphasis on checking credibility ensures that interpretations are grounded within the data.;;
|
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"id": 4764,
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"end_offset": 36
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"id": 4765,
"label": "effect",
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{
"id": 2134,
"from_id": 4764,
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"type": "Rel_CE"
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] |
[] |
6,410 |
the signaling effect is likely to affect both participation and the average donation size positively (andreoni 2006; vesterlund 2003).;
|
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{
"id": 4953,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 20
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"id": 4954,
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"label": "effect",
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"id": 2217,
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] |
[] |
8,778 |
By contrast, although certain dynamic facial traits, such as the felt smile (characterized by orbicularis oculi muscle activity), are reliable, many dynamic traits can be falsified.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9104,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 183
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] |
[] |
[] |
6,634 |
on the other hand, conjecture 4b predicts that treatment will increase contributions to the treated game, but decrease contributions to the standard game in the following way.;;
|
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"id": 5547,
"label": "cause",
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] |
[] |
7,082 |
thus, higher levels of fairness and cooperation are achieved by a lowering of the morals.;;
|
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"id": 6780,
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"label": "effect",
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{
"id": 3078,
"from_id": 6780,
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[] |
7,051 |
participants were led to believe that because this study was being conducted simultaneously by multiple departments at the university, they would be playing with other university students located throughout the campus.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6697,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 50,
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[] |
6,535 |
clinical trials in the humanitarian setting given that clinical trials are considered imperative for investigating medical interventions, many researchers advocate for these types of studies in the humanitarian setting.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5267,
"label": "cause",
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[] |
9,611 |
Treatment T1 replicates the Milinski et al. (2008) experiment, with a certain threshold of X = $120 and a certain loss probability of p = 0.5 with which all group members lose their remaining funds if the group's contributions do not reach the threshold.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9937,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 256
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] |
[] |
[] |
9,389 |
Each trust condition was counterbalanced by sex (i.e., each trust condition contained eight male and eight female groups).;;
|
[
{
"id": 9715,
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"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 124
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] |
[] |
[] |
6,364 |
b (2003) 270, 2279-2283 2279 ó 2003 the royal society doi 10 1098 rs pb 2003 2491 cal and empirical work might be bridged is by making models more realistic, and one way to do this is to allow for varying investment in cooperation.;;
|
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"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 128,
"end_offset": 156
},
{
"id": 4838,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 187,
"end_offset": 230
},
{
"id": 4839,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 128,
"end_offset": 156
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2165,
"from_id": 4838,
"to_id": 4839,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2166,
"from_id": 4837,
"to_id": 4836,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,881 |
the firm enhances competitiveness by collecting public goods and the more public goods, the higher the degree of competitiveness and the larger the profits of the firm in the market.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3553,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 37,
"end_offset": 60
},
{
"id": 3554,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 33
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1560,
"from_id": 3553,
"to_id": 3554,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,555 |
we also predicted that in a collectivistic society (vietnam), those high on collectivism would ''ignore'' the organizational cues and steadfastly adhere to the societal norms.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5313,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 68,
"end_offset": 88
},
{
"id": 5314,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 95,
"end_offset": 129
},
{
"id": 5315,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 134,
"end_offset": 174
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2387,
"from_id": 5313,
"to_id": 5314,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2388,
"from_id": 5313,
"to_id": 5315,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,470 |
Communication was the most effective treatment, but the level of effectiveness depended on the watershed, just as in the VCM game.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9796,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 132
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,353 |
participants are quite likely not to change how much they contribute at all, and if they make a change, the new amount is close to the previous amount.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4807,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 102
},
{
"id": 4808,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 108,
"end_offset": 150
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2152,
"from_id": 4807,
"to_id": 4808,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,208 |
The interviewer emphasized that the child did not have to give away any stickers and could keep all of them.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9534,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 110
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,431 |
this result points to the strength and potency of ostracism; it can be felt even in the artificial and minimal social environment that we created over the internet.;
|
[
{
"id": 7610,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 165
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,767 |
qualitative research in sport, exercise and health 9 as sparkes and smith (2014) observe, rec's may also lack an understanding of ethics as an emergent process.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5940,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 162
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,028 |
best practices planning upfront for archiving and future uses of data can save investigators significant trouble and time (corti et al., 2014).;;
|
[
{
"id": 3948,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 69
},
{
"id": 3950,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 74,
"end_offset": 121
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1758,
"from_id": 3948,
"to_id": 3950,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,162 |
in sum, reminding single people that it was valentine's day put them in worse moods, leading to more negative evaluations of past domains that were unrelated to the holiday.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4308,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 18,
"end_offset": 83
},
{
"id": 4309,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 101,
"end_offset": 137
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1921,
"from_id": 4308,
"to_id": 4309,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,902 |
however, it can be hoped that taking the best out of existing accountability methodologies from medicine and computer science may contribute to building a framework for greater accountability within technology research.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6286,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 30,
"end_offset": 126
},
{
"id": 6287,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 144,
"end_offset": 218
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2852,
"from_id": 6286,
"to_id": 6287,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,908 |
as expected, this led to a significant blush response in the defecting participant.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3624,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 13,
"end_offset": 17
},
{
"id": 8178,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 82
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3692,
"from_id": 3624,
"to_id": 8178,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,946 |
the iterative and repetitive notion of gt elements in generating themes and categories which could converge or diverge with previous findings trigger the idea of linking gt with construct validity to give more strength to the findings.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6402,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 50
},
{
"id": 6403,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 142,
"end_offset": 196
},
{
"id": 6404,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 142,
"end_offset": 196
},
{
"id": 6405,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 210,
"end_offset": 234
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2906,
"from_id": 6402,
"to_id": 6403,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2907,
"from_id": 6404,
"to_id": 6405,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,506 |
games that have a higher cooperativeness index are necessarily more risky.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7787,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 63,
"end_offset": 73
},
{
"id": 8918,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 46
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4110,
"from_id": 8918,
"to_id": 7787,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,505 |
traditional conceptions of empathy suggest more conscious processes; we argue the ostracism detection system provides a crude automatic empathic response (cf.;
|
[
{
"id": 5194,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 82,
"end_offset": 108
},
{
"id": 5195,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 120,
"end_offset": 153
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2335,
"from_id": 5194,
"to_id": 5195,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,584 |
one could argue that ai is action research that promotes a positive way to find solutions to problems, which is the same thing as dreaming and designing for destiny.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8952,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 23
},
{
"id": 8953,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 59,
"end_offset": 101
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4129,
"from_id": 8952,
"to_id": 8953,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,082 |
These evaluations will help determine how the bonus money, an amount of $15, will be divided between the builder and the manager.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9408,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 131
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,303 |
the differences in behaviour and outcomes between students and villagers can also open new methodological implications for experimental research.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8420,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 4,
"end_offset": 72
},
{
"id": 8421,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 82,
"end_offset": 144
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3831,
"from_id": 8420,
"to_id": 8421,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,671 |
williams (2001) found that ostracism causes a rapid decrease in the satisfaction of belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3040,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 27,
"end_offset": 36
},
{
"id": 3041,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 68,
"end_offset": 93
},
{
"id": 3042,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 95,
"end_offset": 106
},
{
"id": 3043,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 108,
"end_offset": 115
},
{
"id": 3044,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 121,
"end_offset": 141
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1318,
"from_id": 3040,
"to_id": 3041,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 1319,
"from_id": 3040,
"to_id": 3042,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 1320,
"from_id": 3040,
"to_id": 3043,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 1321,
"from_id": 3040,
"to_id": 3044,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,575 |
dewall and baumeister (39) showed that individuals randomly assigned to receive feedback suggesting that their lives would be plagued by loneliness demonstrated higher pain thresholds and tolerance relative to those in control conditions.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5361,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 39,
"end_offset": 88
},
{
"id": 5585,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 105,
"end_offset": 197
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2521,
"from_id": 5361,
"to_id": 5585,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,797 |
for example, model 1 shows that the likelihood of cooperation increases over the course of the game: the coefficient for trail is positive and significant.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3343,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 36,
"end_offset": 61
},
{
"id": 3344,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 81,
"end_offset": 99
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1455,
"from_id": 3344,
"to_id": 3343,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,348 |
Therefore they would attempt to preserve the commons.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9674,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 55
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,952 |
responses that indicated internal orientation were coded as +1 and those indicating external orientation were coded as -1. as one can see the poolers and to a lesser degree, staff members tended to be more internally oriented while the non-poolers and traders tended to be externally oriented.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6424,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 295
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,661 |
they exercise influence indirectly, through city council members whom they repay with opportunities to win voters' favor.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5377,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 34
},
{
"id": 5381,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 75,
"end_offset": 120
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2420,
"from_id": 5377,
"to_id": 5381,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,710 |
It may be the case, therefore, that a cohort of thinking females behaves no differently than a cohort of thinking males, or that a cohort of feeling females behaves no differently than a cohort of feeling males, and that gender alone is relatively unimportant.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9036,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 262
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,184 |
when λ > 1 the inequality reverses direction players with low (high) endowments obtain payments higher (lower) than me.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7018,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 5,
"end_offset": 44
},
{
"id": 7020,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 45,
"end_offset": 110
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3176,
"from_id": 7018,
"to_id": 7020,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,510 |
thus, while higher social returns of interaction indeed attract contributions initially, cooperation cannot be sustained by the prospect of higher social returns alone.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5206,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 56,
"end_offset": 87
},
{
"id": 5207,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 12,
"end_offset": 48
},
{
"id": 5208,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 140,
"end_offset": 167
},
{
"id": 5209,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 89,
"end_offset": 120
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2340,
"from_id": 5207,
"to_id": 5206,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2341,
"from_id": 5208,
"to_id": 5209,
"type": "Rel_Zero"
}
] |
[] |
5,956 |
either case might lead someone to choose the higher payoff for non volunteering on the one hand with defiance, on the other with resignation (that it doesn't matter anyway).;;
|
[
{
"id": 8276,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 11
},
{
"id": 8278,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 34,
"end_offset": 79
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3754,
"from_id": 8276,
"to_id": 8278,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,890 |
The function u (π i ) denotes the utility from monetary payoffs and has the usual properties u (•) > 0 and u (•) < 0, i.e., the function is concave in payoff from the public good.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9216,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 181
}
] |
[] |
[] |
8,864 |
The experiment took about 15 minutes.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9190,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 39
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,211 |
since dictator dilemma games do not create incentives for strategically motivated other-regarding behavior, they are an appropriate tool of measuring the relative impact of fairness and efficiency considerations.;;
|
[
{
"id": 8381,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 6,
"end_offset": 28
},
{
"id": 8382,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 106
},
{
"id": 8383,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 140,
"end_offset": 211
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3810,
"from_id": 8381,
"to_id": 8382,
"type": "Rel_Zero"
},
{
"id": 3811,
"from_id": 8381,
"to_id": 8383,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
7,283 |
they argued that the assur ance of an afterlife should lessen the cognitive appraisal of death's negative consequences whereas the denial of an afterlife should increase the cogni tive appraisal of death's negative consequences.;;
|
[
{
"id": 7251,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 21,
"end_offset": 48
},
{
"id": 7255,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 132,
"end_offset": 154
},
{
"id": 8821,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 175,
"end_offset": 229
},
{
"id": 8822,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 67,
"end_offset": 119
}
] |
[
{
"id": 4058,
"from_id": 7255,
"to_id": 8821,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 4059,
"from_id": 7251,
"to_id": 8822,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,374 |
not only could this increase overall cooperation, but it could in particular facilitate cooperation in the contexts that rely on rational, deliberative decision making;;
|
[
{
"id": 4860,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 15,
"end_offset": 19
},
{
"id": 4861,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 29,
"end_offset": 48
},
{
"id": 4863,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 88,
"end_offset": 167
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2176,
"from_id": 4860,
"to_id": 4861,
"type": "Rel_CE"
},
{
"id": 2177,
"from_id": 4860,
"to_id": 4863,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,050 |
Following Shinada and Yamagishi (2007), expectations of cooperation were measured with one item: "How many points do you think the other players in your group contributed, on average, to the group account during Round 2?" Lastly, decision frame was measured with a forced-choice item from Tenbrunsel and Messick (1999) that asked participants to choose whether their "decision about how much to contribute to the group account during Round 2" was best described as an "economic" or an "ethical" decision.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9376,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 506
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,427 |
others will argue that covert observation and data collection is unethical in almost any social media context.;;
|
[
{
"id": 4991,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 112
}
] |
[] |
[] |
7,114 |
however, if the group fund fails to reach 2,000 (20,000) pennies, then all group members will fail to receive the bonus five dollars.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6848,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 16,
"end_offset": 64
},
{
"id": 6849,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 71,
"end_offset": 132
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3103,
"from_id": 6848,
"to_id": 6849,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
5,906 |
this was done because research has shown that this type of inclusion does not affect mood and thus is an appropriate control condition (gerber and wheeler, 2009).;;
|
[
{
"id": 3616,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 46,
"end_offset": 68
},
{
"id": 3617,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 85,
"end_offset": 89
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1592,
"from_id": 3616,
"to_id": 3617,
"type": "Rel_Zero"
}
] |
[] |
7,588 |
"the results support our conclusion that costly aggressive behaviour has intrinsic reward value under conditions in which it is retaliatory, possibly as an attempt to regulate another's ""unfair"" behaviour (cyberball exclusion or psap provocation).";;
|
[
{
"id": 7969,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 41,
"end_offset": 95
},
{
"id": 7971,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 128,
"end_offset": 206
}
] |
[
{
"id": 3580,
"from_id": 7971,
"to_id": 7969,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
9,642 |
The findings provided evidence for this assumption.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9968,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 53
}
] |
[] |
[] |
5,775 |
this presents an increasing challenge when working at scale, since there will be multiple valid perspectives at different levels on what such knowledge could be, while the research also requires coherence overall.;;
|
[
{
"id": 3293,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 43,
"end_offset": 59
},
{
"id": 3294,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 28,
"end_offset": 37
}
] |
[
{
"id": 1434,
"from_id": 3293,
"to_id": 3294,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
8,930 |
A plausible reason for this result is that here incentives are exogenously fixed by a third party with respect to others' behaviour, and hence they do not provide any information about others' motivations.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9256,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 207
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,475 |
Each branch has an list of employees.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9801,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 39
}
] |
[] |
[] |
6,532 |
despite the less extreme exclusion procedure applied in our study, we still found markedly significantly negative effects of ostracism after playing cyberball.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5261,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 141,
"end_offset": 159
},
{
"id": 5262,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 105,
"end_offset": 134
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2365,
"from_id": 5261,
"to_id": 5262,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,543 |
while standard economic theory would preclude opting-out, it is possible that some individuals dislike the good or charity used in the experiment, such that the restricted choice set makes them opt out.;;
|
[
{
"id": 5289,
"label": "effect",
"start_offset": 161,
"end_offset": 201
},
{
"id": 5290,
"label": "cause",
"start_offset": 83,
"end_offset": 145
}
] |
[
{
"id": 2378,
"from_id": 5290,
"to_id": 5289,
"type": "Rel_CE"
}
] |
[] |
6,992 |
these findings show that video methods in data collection are uniquely suited to the social work discipline's focus on human behavior in the social environment, the nature of human relationships, and the impact of societal-level structures on individual lives.;;
|
[
{
"id": 6543,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 262
}
] |
[] |
[] |
9,180 |
In the last five rounds 99 percent of the plays are end-effect plays and 96 percent are cooperative plays.;;
|
[
{
"id": 9506,
"label": "non-causal",
"start_offset": 0,
"end_offset": 108
}
] |
[] |
[] |
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