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---
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tags:
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- sentence-transformers
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- sentence-similarity
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- feature-extraction
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- generated_from_trainer
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- dataset_size:200000
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- loss:MSELoss
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base_model: nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2
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widget:
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- source_sentence: At an outdoor event in an Asian-themed area, a crowd congregates
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as one person in a yellow Chinese dragon costume confronts the camera.
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sentences:
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- Boy dressed in blue holds a toy.
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- the animal is running
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- Two young asian men are squatting.
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- source_sentence: A man with a shopping cart is studying the shelves in a supermarket
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aisle.
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sentences:
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- The children are watching TV at home.
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- Three young boys one is holding a camera and another is holding a green toy all
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are wearing t-shirt and smiling.
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- A large group of people are gathered outside of a brick building lit with spotlights.
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- source_sentence: The door is open.
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sentences:
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- There are three men in this picture, two are on motorbikes, one of the men has
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a large piece of furniture on the back of his bike, the other is about to be handed
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a piece of paper by a man in a white shirt.
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- People are playing music.
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- A girl is using an apple laptop with her headphones in her ears.
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- source_sentence: A small group of children are standing in a classroom and one of
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them has a foot in a trashcan, which also has a rope leading out of it.
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sentences:
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- Children are swimming at the beach.
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- Women are celebrating at a bar.
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- Some men with jerseys are in a bar, watching a soccer match.
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- source_sentence: A black dog is drinking next to a brown and white dog that is looking
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at an orange ball in the lake, whilst a horse and rider passes behind.
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sentences:
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- There are two people running around a track in lane three and the one wearing
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a blue shirt with a green thing over the eyes is just barely ahead of the guy
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wearing an orange shirt and sunglasses.
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- A girl is sitting
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- the guy is dead
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pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
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library_name: sentence-transformers
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metrics:
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- pearson_cosine
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- spearman_cosine
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- negative_mse
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co2_eq_emissions:
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emissions: 3.4513310599379015
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energy_consumed: 0.008879118347571923
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source: codecarbon
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training_type: fine-tuning
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on_cloud: false
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cpu_model: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
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ram_total_size: 31.777088165283203
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hours_used: 0.053
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hardware_used: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090
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model-index:
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- name: SentenceTransformer based on nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2
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results:
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- task:
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type: semantic-similarity
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name: Semantic Similarity
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dataset:
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name: sts dev
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type: sts-dev
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metrics:
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- type: pearson_cosine
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value: 0.8020427163636963
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name: Pearson Cosine
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- type: spearman_cosine
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value: 0.8162119531251948
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name: Spearman Cosine
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- task:
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type: knowledge-distillation
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name: Knowledge Distillation
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dataset:
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name: Unknown
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type: unknown
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metrics:
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- type: negative_mse
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value: -50.39951801300049
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name: Negative Mse
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- task:
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type: semantic-similarity
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name: Semantic Similarity
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dataset:
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name: sts test
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type: sts-test
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metrics:
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- type: pearson_cosine
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value: 0.7493791518293895
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name: Pearson Cosine
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- type: spearman_cosine
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value: 0.752488836028113
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name: Spearman Cosine
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---
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# SentenceTransformer based on nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2
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This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2](https://huggingface.co/nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 312-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
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## Model Details
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### Model Description
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- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
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- **Base model:** [nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2](https://huggingface.co/nreimers/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2) <!-- at revision d782507ee95c6565fe5924fcd6090999055e8db6 -->
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- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
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- **Output Dimensionality:** 312 dimensions
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- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
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<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
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<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
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<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
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### Model Sources
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- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
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- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
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- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
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### Full Model Architecture
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```
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SentenceTransformer(
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(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
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(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 312, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
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)
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```
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## Usage
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### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
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First install the Sentence Transformers library:
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```bash
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pip install -U sentence-transformers
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```
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Then you can load this model and run inference.
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```python
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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# Download from the 🤗 Hub
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model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/TinyBERT_L-4_H-312_v2-distilled-from-stsb-roberta-base-v2-new")
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# Run inference
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sentences = [
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'A black dog is drinking next to a brown and white dog that is looking at an orange ball in the lake, whilst a horse and rider passes behind.',
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'There are two people running around a track in lane three and the one wearing a blue shirt with a green thing over the eyes is just barely ahead of the guy wearing an orange shirt and sunglasses.',
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'the guy is dead',
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]
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embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
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print(embeddings.shape)
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# [3, 312]
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# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
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similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
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print(similarities.shape)
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# [3, 3]
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```
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<!--
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### Direct Usage (Transformers)
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<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
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</details>
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-->
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<!--
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### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
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You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
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</details>
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-->
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<!--
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
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-->
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## Evaluation
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### Metrics
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#### Semantic Similarity
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* Datasets: `sts-dev` and `sts-test`
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* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)
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| Metric | sts-dev | sts-test |
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|:--------------------|:-----------|:-----------|
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| pearson_cosine | 0.802 | 0.7494 |
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| **spearman_cosine** | **0.8162** | **0.7525** |
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#### Knowledge Distillation
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* Evaluated with [<code>MSEEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.MSEEvaluator)
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| Metric | Value |
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|:-----------------|:-------------|
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| **negative_mse** | **-50.3995** |
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<!--
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## Bias, Risks and Limitations
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*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
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-->
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<!--
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### Recommendations
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*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
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-->
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## Training Details
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### Training Dataset
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#### Unnamed Dataset
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* Size: 200,000 training samples
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* Columns: <code>sentence</code> and <code>label</code>
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* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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| | sentence | label |
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|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|
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| type | string | list |
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| details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 12.24 tokens</li><li>max: 52 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>size: 312 elements</li></ul> |
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* Samples:
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| sentence | label |
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|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code> | <code>[-0.05779948830604553, 0.7306336760520935, -2.7011518478393555, 1.7303822040557861, 1.379652500152588, ...]</code> |
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| <code>Children smiling and waving at camera</code> | <code>[-2.939552068710327, 2.887307643890381, 7.378897666931152, 5.352669715881348, -2.55843448638916, ...]</code> |
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| <code>A boy is jumping on skateboard in the middle of a red bridge.</code> | <code>[2.7139971256256104, 3.2107176780700684, 1.0811409950256348, 6.389298439025879, -0.5123305320739746, ...]</code> |
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* Loss: [<code>MSELoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#mseloss)
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### Evaluation Dataset
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#### Unnamed Dataset
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* Size: 10,000 evaluation samples
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* Columns: <code>sentence</code> and <code>label</code>
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* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
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| | sentence | label |
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|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------|
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| type | string | list |
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| details | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 13.23 tokens</li><li>max: 57 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>size: 312 elements</li></ul> |
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* Samples:
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| sentence | label |
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|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code> | <code>[-5.986438751220703, -2.4999303817749023, 2.2099857330322266, -2.048459529876709, 1.1695001125335693, ...]</code> |
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| <code>Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.</code> | <code>[-1.8326359987258911, 0.5514901876449585, 2.561642646789551, 3.8372995853424072, -3.0104174613952637, ...]</code> |
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| <code>A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles</code> | <code>[3.0850987434387207, 3.353701591491699, -0.2763029932975769, -2.3397164344787598, 3.109376907348633, ...]</code> |
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* Loss: [<code>MSELoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#mseloss)
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### Training Hyperparameters
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#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
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- `eval_strategy`: steps
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- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
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- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
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- `learning_rate`: 0.0001
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- `num_train_epochs`: 1
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- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
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- `fp16`: True
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- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
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#### All Hyperparameters
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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
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- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
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- `do_predict`: False
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- `eval_strategy`: steps
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- `prediction_loss_only`: True
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- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
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- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
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- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
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- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
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- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
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- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
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- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
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- `learning_rate`: 0.0001
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- `weight_decay`: 0.0
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- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
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- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
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- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
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- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
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- `num_train_epochs`: 1
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- `max_steps`: -1
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- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
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- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
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- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
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- `warmup_steps`: 0
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- `log_level`: passive
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- `log_level_replica`: warning
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- `log_on_each_node`: True
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- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
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- `save_safetensors`: True
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- `save_on_each_node`: False
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- `save_only_model`: False
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- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
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- `no_cuda`: False
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- `use_cpu`: False
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- `use_mps_device`: False
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- `seed`: 42
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- `data_seed`: None
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- `jit_mode_eval`: False
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- `use_ipex`: False
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- `bf16`: False
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- `fp16`: True
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- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
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- `half_precision_backend`: auto
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- `bf16_full_eval`: False
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- `fp16_full_eval`: False
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- `tf32`: None
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- `local_rank`: 0
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- `ddp_backend`: None
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- `tpu_num_cores`: None
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- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
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- `debug`: []
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- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
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- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
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- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
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- `past_index`: -1
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- `disable_tqdm`: False
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- `remove_unused_columns`: True
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- `label_names`: None
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- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
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- `ignore_data_skip`: False
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- `fsdp`: []
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- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
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- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
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- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
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- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
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- `deepspeed`: None
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- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
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- `optim`: adamw_torch
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- `optim_args`: None
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- `adafactor`: False
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- `group_by_length`: False
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- `length_column_name`: length
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- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
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- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
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- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
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- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
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- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
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- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
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- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
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- `push_to_hub`: False
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- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
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- `hub_model_id`: None
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- `hub_strategy`: every_save
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- `hub_private_repo`: None
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- `hub_always_push`: False
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- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
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- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
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- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
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- `include_for_metrics`: []
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- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
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- `fp16_backend`: auto
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- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
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- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
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- `mp_parameters`:
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- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
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- `full_determinism`: False
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- `torchdynamo`: None
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- `ray_scope`: last
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- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
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- `torch_compile`: False
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- `torch_compile_backend`: None
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- `torch_compile_mode`: None
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- `dispatch_batches`: None
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- `split_batches`: None
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- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
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- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
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- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
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- `optim_target_modules`: None
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- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
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- `eval_on_start`: False
|
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- `use_liger_kernel`: False
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- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
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- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
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- `prompts`: None
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- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
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- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
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|
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</details>
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### Training Logs
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| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss | sts-dev_spearman_cosine | negative_mse | sts-test_spearman_cosine |
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|:--------:|:--------:|:-------------:|:---------------:|:-----------------------:|:------------:|:------------------------:|
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| 0.032 | 100 | 0.885 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.064 | 200 | 0.7985 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.096 | 300 | 0.6881 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.128 | 400 | 0.6088 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.16 | 500 | 0.5608 | 0.6318 | 0.7526 | -63.1827 | - |
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| 0.192 | 600 | 0.5278 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.224 | 700 | 0.5031 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.256 | 800 | 0.4854 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.288 | 900 | 0.4659 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.32 | 1000 | 0.4514 | 0.5661 | 0.7928 | -56.6129 | - |
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| 0.352 | 1100 | 0.4373 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.384 | 1200 | 0.427 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.416 | 1300 | 0.4181 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.448 | 1400 | 0.41 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.48 | 1500 | 0.4053 | 0.5370 | 0.8043 | -53.6980 | - |
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| 0.512 | 1600 | 0.3934 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.544 | 1700 | 0.3905 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.576 | 1800 | 0.3848 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.608 | 1900 | 0.3787 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.64 | 2000 | 0.3734 | 0.5192 | 0.8099 | -51.9208 | - |
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| 0.672 | 2100 | 0.3715 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.704 | 2200 | 0.3694 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.736 | 2300 | 0.3665 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.768 | 2400 | 0.3615 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.8 | 2500 | 0.3576 | 0.5101 | 0.8147 | -51.0102 | - |
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| 0.832 | 2600 | 0.3547 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.864 | 2700 | 0.3542 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.896 | 2800 | 0.3521 | - | - | - | - |
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| 0.928 | 2900 | 0.352 | - | - | - | - |
|
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| **0.96** | **3000** | **0.3525** | **0.504** | **0.8162** | **-50.3995** | **-** |
|
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| 0.992 | 3100 | 0.3491 | - | - | - | - |
|
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| -1 | -1 | - | - | - | - | 0.7525 |
|
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* The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.
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### Environmental Impact
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Carbon emissions were measured using [CodeCarbon](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon).
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- **Energy Consumed**: 0.009 kWh
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- **Carbon Emitted**: 0.003 kg of CO2
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- **Hours Used**: 0.053 hours
|
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|
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### Training Hardware
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- **On Cloud**: No
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- **GPU Model**: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090
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- **CPU Model**: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
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- **RAM Size**: 31.78 GB
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|
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### Framework Versions
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- Python: 3.11.6
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- Sentence Transformers: 3.5.0.dev0
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- Transformers: 4.49.0
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- PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
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- Accelerate: 1.5.1
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- Datasets: 3.3.2
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- Tokenizers: 0.21.0
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## Citation
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### BibTeX
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#### Sentence Transformers
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
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title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
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author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
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month = "11",
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|
year = "2019",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
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}
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```
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#### MSELoss
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{reimers-2020-multilingual-sentence-bert,
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title = "Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillation",
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author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
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|
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
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month = "11",
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year = "2020",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09813",
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}
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```
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