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6384e0f9-b85c-4549-9442-06cc3bd660db | Which of the following is true about the WHO analgesic ladder for chronic pain in adults? | Analgesics are given 'on demand' | Morphine used for severe pain | Adjuvants are indicated only for mild pain | Non opioid analgesic are given for moderate pain. | 1b
| multi | The 3 main principles: By the clock: Drugs should be given "around the clock" rather than "on demand". By the mouth: Oral route is preferred. By the ladder: Non-opioids - Mild opioids - Strong opioids. Non opioid analgesic are given for mild pain. Adjuvants can be used for mild, moderate and severe pain | Anaesthesia | Intravenous Anesthetic Agents | [
"morphine"
] | 157,647 |
629570ea-7e9e-4666-85c0-3eb762716960 | A woman with mitral stenosis but no pulmonary hypertension is in labor at 39 weeks of gestation. She has dyspnea on exertion. Her pulse rate is 80 bpm. There are no basal creps in lungs.The cervix is 4 cm dilated. She is having 1-2 uterine contractions in 10 minutes. Which of the following steps is best avoided in her? | Active management of third stage of labor | Augmentation of labor with oxytocin | Use of epidural analgesia for pain relief | Use of ergometrine in third stage of labor | 3d
| multi | Ans. is d, i.e. Use of ergometrine in third stage of laborUse of Ergometrine/methylergometrine is contraindicated in heart disease patients. Rest all options are correct. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Medical & Surgical Illness Complication Pregnancy | [
"oxytocin"
] | 157,649 |
e2ee58c9-38c7-4b5c-9a6c-ae9e510eeca3 | Drugs which potentiate effect of NMDA at NMDA receptors are all except ? | Ketamine | Aspaic acid | D alanine | Homocysteic acid | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ketamine Ketamine is NMDA receptor blocker so it does not potentiate the NMDA action. | Pharmacology | null | [
"ketamine"
] | 157,656 |
4828f36d-42e7-41f8-a8a2-90602804e383 | The neuromuscular blocker that does not need reversal of action by neostigmine at the end of the operation is | Pipecuronium | d-Tubocurarine | Mivacurium | Doxacurium | 2c
| single | Mivacurium:- It is the shoest acting competitive blocker; does not need reversal. Dose and speed of injection related transient cutaneous flushing can occur due to histamine release. Fall in BP is possible, but change in HR is minimal. It is metabolized rapidly by plasma cholinesterases. Prolonged paralysis can occur in pseudocholinesterase deficiency, but this can be reversed by neostigmine. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-354 | Pharmacology | Anesthesia | [
"mivacurium",
"neostigmine"
] | 157,671 |
ccdace0a-6521-4247-a947-82699fd2dce4 | NSAID proposed to be acting inhibition of COX-3 is: | Nimesulide | Paracetamol | Ketorolac | Rofecoxib | 1b
| single | - Paracetamol or acetaminophen has antipyretic and analgesic activities but it lacks anti-inflammatory action. - It is presumed to become inactive by peroxides generated at the site of inflammation therefore, lacks anti- inflammatory action. - Some theories suggest that PCM acts on COX-3 receptors in brain. - A metabolite of paracetamol is assumed to work through vanilloid receptor TRPV-1. | Pharmacology | NSAIDs, Gout and Rheumatoid Ahritis | [
"paracetamol",
"ketorolac"
] | 157,672 |
df0dbe70-7a75-4483-b87a-0ab14e1611fd | The following may be used in erectile dysfunction except - | Phenylephrine | Apomorphine | Alprostidil | All | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenylephrine Drugs used in erectile dysfunction Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (Siledenafil, Todafil, Vardenafil). Alprastadil (Prostaglandin El) Papaverine Androgens Apomorphine | Pharmacology | null | [
"phenylephrine"
] | 157,698 |
9db63938-1189-4a10-ae4c-dd174e7c4421 | Cornea veicillata is caused by | Erythromycin | Amiodarone | Timolol | Tetracycline | 1b
| single | Cornea veicillata: *This is a whorl-like opacity in the corneal epithelium seen in patients on long-term treatment with medication such as amiodarone, chloroquine, phenothiazines, and indomethacin. *It is also seen in patients with Fabry disease and its carrier state. *The condition is generally asymptomatic, harmless and reversible on stopping the drug. *The whorl-like pattern shows the direction of migration of corneal epithelial cells. *Occasionally the condition has been known to cause glare and surface discomfo which responds to topical lubricants. Cornea veicillata, also called voex keratopathy or whorl keratopathy, is a condition characterised by corneal deposits at the level of the basal epithelium forming a faint golden-brown whorl pattern. It is seen in Fabry disease or in case of prolonged amiodarone intake Ref- Parson's; 21st edition; Pg No. 214 | Ophthalmology | Cornea and sclera | [
"amiodarone",
"erythromycin",
"tetracycline",
"timolol"
] | 157,712 |
455107f5-d693-46dd-bf09-493338fe89a9 | ICT is raised due to: | Ketamine | Scoline | Halothane | Ether | 0a
| single | A i.e. Ketamine | Anaesthesia | null | [
"ketamine",
"halothane"
] | 157,717 |
bce76c72-b95f-4b28-9971-fed8e23e30e9 | Which of the following is not an indication for oxytocin: | Spontaneous premature labour | Post partum haemorrhage | Uterine inertia | Breast engorgement due to inefficient milk ejection reflex | 0a
| single | Ans. (a) Spontaneous premature labour(Ref: KDT 8/e p356)Note: Spotaneous premature labour is an indication for use of tocolytics and not oxytocin. | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | [
"oxytocin"
] | 157,742 |
eea68d36-ee95-4331-a348-4426cb45673f | MDR tuberculosis is defined by : | Resistance to all first and second line anti-tubercular agents | Resistance to any three first line anti-tubercular agents | Resistance to all first line and any three classes of second line anti-tubercular agents | Resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin | 3d
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"isoniazid"
] | 157,747 |
a6c70db6-0106-48ab-bc1b-f28de02ecd73 | Antipsychotic drug induced Parkinsonism is treated by – | Anticholinergics | Levodopa | Selegiline | Amantadine | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"selegiline",
"amantadine",
"levodopa"
] | 157,762 |
545d1ceb-5d14-4b1d-9a20-ccb355cb8f34 | Zero order kinetics occur in following drug with high doses : | Phenytoin and Propranolol | Digoxin and Propranolol | Amiloride and Probenecid | Lithium and Theophylline | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenytoin and Propranolol | Pharmacology | null | [
"propranolol",
"theophylline",
"probenecid",
"phenytoin",
"digoxin"
] | 157,766 |
9f9905fb-335e-454c-89fc-48f0de3ef59c | DOC for rapid cycling MDP | Li | Valproate | Calcium Channel Blocker | All | 1b
| multi | B i.e. Valproate | Psychiatry | null | [
"valproate"
] | 157,774 |
8b42306c-b9a7-4f3a-9bbf-7e2e11f0ec8d | Which of the following antidepressants causes sedation and pain relief? | Venalafaxine | Desipramine | Amitriptyline | Imipramine | 2c
| single | Ans. c (Amitriptyline) (Ref. Harrison 18th/ p 74. Table 11-1; Table 371-3)Painful conditions that respond to tricyclic antidepressants# Postherpetic neuralgia# Diabetic neuropathy# Pension headache# Migraine headache# Rheumatoid arthritis# Chronic low back pain# Central post-stroke pain# CancerAntidepressantsClass/AgentsMechanismSide effects and CommentsTricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)(amitriptyline, Imipramine, nortriptyine desipramine)Block reuptake of NE and 5HT# Anticholinergic# Alpha blockage# Sedation# Seizure threshold# Overdose: triad ("3 Cs"): coma, convulsions# Drug interactions: do not mix with SSRIs and MAOIs: potentially fatalHeterocylics(amoxopine, bupropion, maprotiline trazodone, mirtazapine, nefazodone venlafaxine)Mechanism varies# Trazodone causes priapism, sedation# Amoxapine causes EPS (also dopamine receptor blocker)# Maprotiline, amoxapine, seizures, cardiotoxicity# Nefazodone, venlafaxine: P450 inhibitors# Bupropion used in smoking cessationSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine)Block reuptake of 5HT# Anxiety, agitation, insomnia# Nausea# Sexual dysfunction# Serotonin syndrome (muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, myoclonus, ANS instability), seizures occurs with TCADs, MAOIs, meperidine, dextromethorphanMAO inhibitors (MAOIs)(phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid)Interferes with metabolism of NE and 5HT by blocking monoamine oxide (MAO) types A and B# Orthostatic hypotention, weight gain# Hypertensive crisis if patient consumes food with tyramine and other indirect-acting sympathomimetics# Serotonin syndrome when combined with SSRIs | Psychiatry | Pharmacotherapy In Psychiatry | [
"imipramine",
"amitriptyline",
"desipramine"
] | 157,783 |
6f8190ea-d729-4f6a-823d-50531bec16f9 | A 78-year-old woman is treated for depression with nortriptyline. Which of the following is the most common side effect of nortriptyline? | impaired cardiac contractility | heart block | weight loss | anticholinergic side effects | 3d
| single | Antihistamine side effects (sedation) and anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy, blurred vision) are the most common side effects. Orthostasis is probably the most common serious side effect and is difficult to manage. Severe cardiac toxicity is uncommon and diarrhea and weight loss are associated with SSRI antidepressants. | Medicine | Drugs | [
"nortriptyline"
] | 157,788 |
c258a0e1-016b-43f9-9678-0300a97192da | Drug not used in treatment of alcohol dependence: NIMHANS 08; PGI 09, 11; TN 08; AI 11; AIIMS 14 | Diazepam | Disulfiram | Acamprosate | Naltrexone | 0a
| single | Ans. Diazepam | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"disulfiram",
"naltrexone",
"diazepam"
] | 157,791 |
9791e4b2-302c-4587-b412-18e27442049f | Directly acting cholinergic drug is/are: | Pilocarpine. | Bethanechol. | Methacholine. | All of the above. | 3d
| multi | Directly acting
Ach
Pilocarpine
Bethanechol
Methacholine
Carbachol | Pharmacology | null | [
"pilocarpine",
"bethanechol"
] | 157,793 |
31a711ad-32be-4cb2-b54b-2d55108a84ae | Dineshbhali Shah suffering from AIDS is on Zidovudine, lamivudine and Indnavir therapy. He develops pulmonary tuberculosis for which treatment is to be staed. Which of the following should be avoided in him? | Rifampicin | INH | Ethambutol | Pyrazinamide | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rifampicin Rifampicin induces metabolism of ritonavir, indinavir and saquinavir, thus it should not be used with these drugs. Rifabutin can be used. | Pharmacology | null | [
"lamivudine",
"ethambutol",
"zidovudine"
] | 157,809 |
0439be4e-4bed-41b2-b4eb-35af1199f0bf | A 32 week pregnant female presented with labor pain. She was given tocolytics. Which of the following is a tocolytic agent? | Prazocin | Ritodrine | Yohimbine | Propranolol | 1b
| single | Betamimetics include ritodrine, terbutaline, albuterol, fenoterol, hexoprenaline, isoxsuprine, metaproterenol, nylidrin, orciprenaline, and salbutamol, they have been used extensively as tocolytic agents. Ritodrine, isoxsuprine and terbutaline are the beta-2 receptor agonists most commonly used. Also know: Other agents used as tocolytic agents are calcium channel blockers, prostaglandin synthase inhibitors, magnesium sulfate, nitric oxide donor and oxytocin receptor antagonists. Ref: Management of High-Risk Pregnancy: A Practical Approach By S. S. Trivedi, Manju Puri, M.D., 2011, Page 81, 82; Danfoh's Obstetrics and Gynecology 10th Edition, Page 175-178. | Pharmacology | null | [
"yohimbine",
"propranolol"
] | 157,828 |
02c99c11-6830-43f9-acd5-61c03bd39081 | The following statement is not true about the use of clonidine in treatment of hypeension | Reduction in Central sympathetic outflow | Increase in LDL cholesterol on prolonged use | Sedation and xerostomia are the common side effects | It can be combined with vasodilators | 1b
| multi | Clonidine is a selective alpha 2 agonist the acts by decreasing Central sympathetic outflow. Vasodilators can increase in reflex increase in renin release. This can be prevented by combining the vasodilators with clonidine or beta blockers. Sedation and dry mouth are the prominent adverse side effects of clonidine and Alpha methyldopa. These drugs LDL decrease and HDL increase cholesterol. Refer kDT 6/e p546 | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"clonidine"
] | 157,838 |
411bb9a5-b9cb-4ed9-956f-c658986d9cf7 | Over expression of InhA gene can lead to cross resistance of Isoniazid with: | Rifampicin | Ethambutol | Ethionamide | PAS | 2c
| single | InhA gene overexpression can lead to cross resistance of Isoniazid with Ethionamide.
KatA gene mutation : Severe form of Isoniazid resistance. | Pharmacology | null | [
"ethambutol",
"isoniazid",
"ethionamide"
] | 157,839 |
6eaf44cc-a8e0-45f8-becc-537a09afe783 | Aboion at 11 weeks of pregnancy can be done by: AP 10; Jharkhand 11; JIPMER 15; COMEDK 14 | Suction evacuation | Hypeonic saline | Ethacrydine lactate | Oxytocin | 0a
| single | Ans. Suction evacuation | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"oxytocin"
] | 157,854 |
f89d835b-c621-4541-9af5-b242bd0435dc | K+ secretion from the loop of Henle is decreased by | Furosemide | Thiazide | Spironolactone | Acetazolamide | 2c
| single | Potassium-sparing diuretics act in the collecting tubule to inhibit Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion. Spironolactone is a synthetic steroid that antagonizes aldosterone at intracellular cytoplasmic receptor sites. The spironolactone-receptor complex is inactive. That is, it prevents translocation of the receptor complex into the nucleus of the target cell and, therefore, it cannot bind to DNA. This results in a failure to produce proteins that are normally synthesized in response to aldosterone. These mediator proteins normally stimulate the Na+/K+-exchange sites of the collecting tubule. Thus, a lack of mediator proteins prevents Na+ reabsorption and, therefore, K+ and H+ secretion.Ref: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 5th edition, Page No: 286 | Physiology | Renal physiology | [
"spironolactone",
"furosemide",
"acetazolamide"
] | 157,867 |
2fb46650-2f28-4e51-a904-e0f4c2a9dc64 | Drug used to treat extrapyramidal syndrome due to phenothiazines: | Diphenhydramine | Benzhexol | Clonidine | Promethazine | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"diphenhydramine",
"promethazine",
"clonidine"
] | 157,874 |
2f25272e-fad2-4c27-88b0-ad4dc9280b90 | All of the following lower intracranial pressure except? | Mann itol | Furosemide | Coicosteroids | Hyperventilation | 1b
| multi | Ans is 'b' i.e. Furosemide | Surgery | null | [
"furosemide"
] | 157,876 |
54a8e50c-5b3f-4839-ba33-3cf36a9aed76 | A 22 year old female, Neeta presented to you with complaints of headache and vomiting since 2 months. She is having amenorrhea but urine pregnancy test is negative. She also complained of secretion of milk from the breasts. A provisional diagnosis of hyper prolactinemia was made and MRI was suggested. MRI confirmed the presence of a large pituitary adenoma. Neeta was advised surgery, however, she is not willing to undergo surgery. Which of the following medications is most likely to be prescribed? | Sumatriptan | Bromocriptine | Ergotamine | Allopurinol | 1b
| multi | Ans. (B) Bromocriptine(Ref: KK Sharma 2/e p550, KDT 8/e p24)Bromocriptine is a D2 agonist and is useful in hyperprolactinemia by its action to inhibit the release of prolactin. | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | [
"allopurinol",
"bromocriptine",
"sumatriptan"
] | 157,878 |
cc4e2e37-6c85-4e1c-a63f-56c38733af34 | Treatment of 42 year old obese man with blood glucose 450 mg, urine albumin 2+ Sugar 4+ Ketone 1+ is - | Insulin | Glibenclamide | Glipizide | Metformin | 0a
| single | Answer is option 1 - insulin. Presence of sugar & ketone bodies in urine and hyperglycemia suggests diabetic ketoacidosis. Treatment of choice for diabetic ketoacidosis is insulin Ref Harrison 17 /p2073 | Medicine | Endocrinology | [
"glipizide",
"metformin"
] | 157,897 |
c81581d9-1d49-4eef-94e7-5996bd88102d | ATT most commonly implicated in causing peripheral neuropathy is: | Rifampicin | Pyrazinamide | INH | Ethambutol | 2c
| single | Isoniazid (lsonicotinic acid hydrazide, H) Isoniazid is the antitubercular drug parexcellence, and an essential component of all antitubercular regimens, unless the patient is not able to tolerate it or bacilli are resistant. lt is primarily tuberculocidal. Fast multiplying organisms are rapidly killed, but quiescent ones are only inhibited. It acts on extracellular as well as on intracellular TB (bacilli present within macrophages); is equally active in acidic and alkaline medium. It is one of the cheapest antitubercular drugs. However, most atypical mycobacteria are not inhibited by INH. The most plausible mechanism of action of INH is inhibition of synthesis of mycolic acids which are unique fatty acid component of mycobacterial cell wall. This may explain the high selectivity of INH for mycobacteria (it is not active against any other microorganism). The lipid content of mycobacteria exposed to INH is reduced. A gene labelled inh A which encodes for a fatty acid synthase enzyme is the target of INH action. Adverse effects INH is well tolerated by most patients. Peripheral neuritis and a variety of neurological manifestations (paresthesias, numbness, mental disturbances, rarely convulsions) are the most impoant dose-dependent toxic effects. These are due to interference with utilization of pyridoxine and its increased excretion in urine Pyridoxine given prophylactically (10 mg / day) prevents the neurotoxicity even with higher doses, but routine use is not mandatory. INH neurotoxicity is treated by pyridoxine lOO mg/day. Hepatitis, a major adverse effect of iNH, is rare in children, but more common in older people and in alcoholics. It is due to dose-related damage to liver cells and is reversible on stopping the drug. Other side effects are rashes, fever, acne and ahralgia. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:740,741 | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"ethambutol"
] | 157,899 |
181fceea-d83f-4b3f-89ec-161a709c4b2f | A patient of Chronic Renal Failure with GFR <40 ml/min/m2 is now suffering from Pulmonary TB. Which of the following drug does not require a dose reduction ? | Ethambutol | Isoniazid | Rifampicin | Streptomycin | 2c
| single | Mnemonic : BILE EXCRETED ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS: CEF - CEFoperazone, CEFtriaxone R - Rifampacin E- Erythromycin N - Nafacillin A - Ampicilllin L - Lincosamides (Clindamycin) DISEASE - Doxycycline Rifampicin: Its metabolised by liver and excreted the bile.Therefore its dose need not be reduced in a patient with Chronic Renal Failure. Ethambutol and Streptomycin are mainly excreted through the kidney,so they require a dosage modification in Renal Failure. | Pharmacology | Mycobacterial Diseases (TB, Leprosy and MAC) | [
"ethambutol",
"isoniazid"
] | 157,906 |
8ecc8475-a04a-49fe-8919-f6b964ee9a95 | T 1/2 of oxytocin is - | 1 - 2 minutes | 3 - 4 minutes | 15-20 minutes | 25 - 30 minutes | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., 3-4 minutes o Oxytocin has a half life of 3-4 minutes and duration of action of approximately 20 minutes.Oxytocino Oxytocin is a nonapeptide.o It is secreted by posterior pituitary along with vasopressin (ADH).o Both oxytocin and ADH are synthesized within the nerve cell bodies in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus; are transported down the axon and stored in the nerve endings within the neurohypophysiso They are stored in separate neurones as complexes with their specific binding proteins (Neurophysin). Its major actions are :1. Uterus# It increases the force and frequency of uterine contraction. Estrogens sensitize the uterus to oxytocin, while progestins decrease the sensitivity.# The increased contractility is restricted to the fundus and body, lower segment is not contracted, may even be relaxed at term.# Excessive uterine contraction prior to labor may cause fetal distress, placental abruption or uterine rupture.2. Breast# Oxytocin contracts myoepithelium of mammary alveoli and forces milk into bigger sinusuids - Milk ejection or milk letdown reflex.3. CVS# Higher doses cause vasodilation - Brief fall in BP., reflex tachycardia and flushing. The umblicle vessels are constricted oxytocin may help their clossure at birth.4. Kidney# Oxytocin in high doses exerts ADH like action - water retention can occur.o Oxytocin is used in -i) Induction of labourii) Uterine inertiaiii) Post-partum hemorrhageiv) Breast engorgementv) Oxytocin challenge test. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Induction of Labour | [
"oxytocin"
] | 157,953 |
3450b6c8-8bf0-4601-ad76-9533dbd1431e | The half-life of Digoxin is | 24hours | 40hours | 48hours | 60hours | 1b
| single | Digoxin is not extensively metabolized in humans; almost two-thirds is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Its renal clearance is propoional to creatinine clearance, and the half-life is 36-40 hours in patients with normal renal functionReference: Katzung Pharmacology; 13th edition; Chapter 13; Drugs Used in Hea Failure | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"digoxin"
] | 157,956 |
7835467c-e4c5-4c6d-88ee-4b438330d771 | A patient is suffering from atherosclerosis, which of the following drug is most effective for the prevention of stroke in this patient | Warfarin | Heparin | Aspirin | Digoxin | 2c
| single | Antiplatelet drugs are used for the prophylaxis of arterial thrombotic conditions like stroke and MI.
Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of thromboembolism and can result in stroke | Pharmacology | null | [
"digoxin",
"warfarin"
] | 157,969 |
a7872ab4-2470-47e1-a673-1c5f6510db4d | True statement regarding neuraxial opioids for labor and delivery is | Opioids should never be used as a sole agent | Most common side effect is fetal bradycardia | Intrathecal morphine is associated with quick peak in concentration and early onset maternal respiratory depression | Systemic absorption is similar to intramuscular | 3d
| multi | Most common side effect of opioids is pruritis. Since epidural space contains extensive vascular plexus systemic absorption is similar to intramuscular injection. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"morphine"
] | 157,976 |
a45c1748-853b-4d32-a788-c709526e08c7 | Mechanism of action of zileuton: | Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis | Inhibit COX | Inhibit LOX | Inhibit mast cells | 2c
| single | Ans. C. Inhibit LOXArachidonic acid is acted upon by two enzyme-COX and LOX. Lox converts it into leukotrienes and Cox into prostaglandin. Zileuton is the inhibitor of LOX enzyme and it is used in treatment of asthma. | Pharmacology | Prostaglandins | [
"zileuton"
] | 157,988 |
dcc8d435-9126-437c-ba9f-db3df94ff1c0 | Which antidiabetic drug is used both for type I & H DM - | Sulphonylureas | Metformin | Acarbose | Pramlinitide | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Pramlinitide | Pharmacology | null | [
"metformin",
"acarbose"
] | 158,001 |
c5abc644-bdb8-4638-8e1a-d2ae336b2f41 | Oral medication used in the treatment of scabies – | Albendazole | Metronidazole | Ketoconazole | Ivermectin | 3d
| single | Ivermectin is the only oral drug, available for scabies treatment. | Dental | null | [
"albendazole",
"metronidazole",
"ivermectin",
"ketoconazole"
] | 158,006 |
bb4d67e1-25a3-45ec-9f9b-5813dc028994 | Which of the following drugs can cause "Churg Strauss syndrome" | Omalizumab | Theophylline | Montelukast | Zileuton | 2c
| single | Montelukast and Zafirlukast are leukotriene receptor antagonists used in bronchial asthma, which can lead to “Churg strauss syndrome” characterized by vasculitis and eosinophilia. | Pharmacology | null | [
"zileuton",
"theophylline",
"omalizumab",
"montelukast"
] | 158,009 |
4de05eb4-1f6a-4b6b-9bd0-1ec07fb42fcf | Which of the following is a plasma expander similar to the albumin, has a molecular weight of 30,000 and causes less hypersensitivity reactions but should be used with caution? | Hydroxy ethyl starch (HES) | Dextran | Polygeline | Polypyrrolidone | 2c
| single | Ans. c. Polygeline Polygeline is a plasma expander similar to the albumin, has a molecular weight of 30,000 and causes less hypersensitivity reactions but should be used with caution. Polygeline Polypeptide with average MW 30,000Q Exes oncotic pressure similar to albuminQ Not antigenic, hypersensitivity reactions are rareQ but should be watched for. Does not interfere with grouping and cross matching of bloodQ Remains stable for three years. It is not metabolized in the body; excreted slowly by the kidney. Expansion of plasma volume lasts for 12 hours. It is more expensive than dextran It can also be used for priming of hea-lung and dialysis machines | Pharmacology | null | [
"dextran"
] | 158,011 |
dfc85fb4-c9f8-42ed-91e2-dda042ea8414 | β-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic properties a) Propranolol b) Oxprenolol c) Pindolol d) Esmolol e) Butoxamine | ab | ae | ad | bc | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"propranolol",
"esmolol",
"pindolol"
] | 158,014 |
7999d060-9068-4ebe-919b-e8d382ddb69a | Drugs used in GTCS is/are: a) Ethosuximide b) Sodium–valproate c) Lamotrigine d) Propofol | bc | ab | ad | cd | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"valproate",
"lamotrigine",
"propofol"
] | 158,019 |
e287f404-2aa4-4125-89e3-f9d200a3b8eb | Clomiphene citrate, apa from ovulation induction, can be tried for which of the following disorders? | Oligospermia | Erectile dysfunction | Asherman's syndrome | Carcinoma endometrium | 0a
| single | Clomiphene is thought to have effects on the hypothalamic axis which promotes gonadotropin release. Gonadotropin stimulates pituitary LH & FSH secretion which helps in testosterone production and hence in spermatogenesis. The drug is staed at a dose of 25mg daily dose to increase the FSH. Usually given for a period of 3 months, the spermatogenesis cycle length. This regime is an 'OFF-Label" use in practice since its not yet universally accepted. However, its a frequent therapy given prior to going in for more elaborate and expensive treatment by IVF. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Infeility (Eggs'plantation!) | [
"clomiphene"
] | 158,023 |
91924bd5-55f8-422a-a911-38cc955f8d70 | Biotin is a coenzyme for: | Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Pyruvate carboxylase | PEP carboxylase | Glutamate pyruvate transaminase | 1b
| single | Ans. B. Pyruvate carboxylaseBiotin is required as a co-enzyme of carboxylation reactions. Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate. | Biochemistry | Vitamins and Minerals | [
"biotin"
] | 158,031 |
eca1ffd6-046d-48e6-8cf2-72a3523729c7 | Which of the cephalosporin is used in pseudomonas aeruginosa:? | Cefadroxil | Cefuroxime | Ceftazidime | Cefotaxime | 2c
| single | Ans. C. Ceftazidime4 and 5 generations of cephalosporins can be given for pseudomonas infection. Only ceftazidime and cefoperazone are the third generation drugs given as antipseudomonal agents. | Pharmacology | Anti Microbial | [
"cefotaxime",
"ceftazidime"
] | 158,049 |
f3d4aa07-91fd-43eb-a8c0-cac1b37543e1 | Which of the following is a pro kinetic drug- | Domperidone | Cimetidine | Ondansetron | Hyoscine | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Domperidone Gastrokinetk (prokinetic drugs)o These are the drugs which promote gastrointestinal transit and speed gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.o Prokinetic drugs are - Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Cisapride, Mosapride, Tegaserod, renzapride, prucatopride.Pathophysiology of gastrokinetic drugs:o Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter in the GIT which is responsible for the peristaltic movement,o Its secretion is affected by other neurotransmitter also -1. Activation of prejunctional excitatory 5-HT, receptors increases the release of Ach.2. Activation of prejunctional inhibitory D2 and 5-HT. receptors inhibits the release of Ach.o So, prokinetic drugs can act by -1. 5HT4 agonistic activity2. D2 and 5-HT3 antagonistic activityo Both these action will increase the release of Ach and there by motility of GIT. | Pharmacology | Anti-Emetic | [
"cimetidine"
] | 158,057 |
2e7ea542-7266-4e5d-a747-9b60b7385357 | Which of the following drugs have no role in opioid detoxification? | Naloxone | Methadone | Buprenorphine | Clonidine | 0a
| single | Naloxone is an opioid antagonist which is used in opiod toxicity. It has no role is opioid detoxification. Opioid detoxification DOC -methadone, buprenorphine, dextropropoxyphene (long acting opioids) - Clonidine / lofexidine can also be used NALOXONE is an opioid receptor antagonist and used in case of opioid overdose; NOT in OPOID DETOXIFICATION | Psychiatry | Substance Related and Addictive Disorders | [
"naloxone",
"methadone",
"clonidine"
] | 158,068 |
e719e1b7-70b0-4a29-9749-4de9c6aff3b2 | Which of the following acts as cofactor after it&;s modification? | Vit-C | Pantothenic acid | Biotin | Zinc | 1b
| single | The functions of pantothenic acid are exeed through coenzyme A or CoA (A for acetylation). Coenzyme A is a central molecule involved in all the metabolisms (carbohydrate, lipid and protein). Coenzyme A may be regarded as a coenzyme of metabolic integration since acetyl CoA is a central molecule for a wide variety of biochemical reactions ref Satyanarayana 4th ed page 149 | Biochemistry | vitamins | [
"biotin"
] | 158,077 |
294dd972-2170-43e9-84bf-7a5c153634a8 | Which of the following is false about Hemolytic Anemias | Jaundice is the main clinical sign | Shortend red cell life span | Increased Recticulocyte count | Decreased erythropoietin levels | 3d
| multi | Elevated erythropoietin leves are seen in Hemolytic anemias. | Medicine | null | [
"erythropoietin"
] | 158,094 |
413c94d0-e4ad-46d9-a406-18ade6c244d1 | All of the following are indications of Intravenous Iron Administration, except- | Intermittent Gastrointestinal blood loss | Iron malabsorption | Inability to Tolerate oral Iron | Patients on Erythropoietin Therapy | 3d
| multi | Ans. is D Patients on Erythropoietin Therapy o Intravenous iron therapy is indicated in excessive continuing blood loss whose level of continued bleeding usually gastrointestinal or menstrual exceeds the ability of the gastrointestinal tract to absorb iron. Indications for parenteral iron supplementation o Inability to tolerate oral iron o Excessive continuing blood loss o Inflammatory bowel disease o Chronic kidney disease o Cancer patients o Heart failure | Unknown | null | [
"erythropoietin"
] | 158,095 |
a9a04416-32c3-4966-8ef0-2ca5f7818126 | Drug of choice for Absence attacks is | Phenytoin | Primidone | Ethosuximide | Phenobarbitone | 2c
| single | - DOC for Absent seizures: Typical - Ethosuximide Atypical & in India - Sodium valproate If nothing is mentioned in question then DOC is Ethosuximide Drug of choice for: Focal seizures : oxcarbamazepine and carbamazepine; Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: valproate and lamotrigine; Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: clobazam, valproate, topiramate, lamotrigine, and, most recently, as add on, rufinamide Infantile spasms: adrenocoicotropic hormone (ACTH). | Pediatrics | Epilepsy | [
"primidone",
"phenytoin"
] | 158,098 |
d1f36008-8a32-4d9f-abd4-cf3e937c0463 | All of the following agents are used for prophylaxis of migraine, Except: | Propanalol | Valproate | Topiramate | Ethosuxamide | 3d
| multi | Ethosuximide is not used in the prophylaxis of migraine. It is used only in the treatment of absence seizures. Betablockers, calcium channel blockers, TCA, valproate and topiramate are used in migraine prophylaxis. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology By KD Tripathi, 5th Edition, Page 15; Current Management in Child Neurology By Bernard L Maria, Page 70, 71. | Pharmacology | null | [
"valproate",
"topiramate"
] | 158,102 |
118c2e6c-fec6-4b89-8c8d-e22b11fe4a01 | A pregnant woman with the recent onset of urinary frequency, urgency and dysuria, and evidence of bacteriuria should be treated with | Ciprofloxacin | Norfloxacin | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Cephalexin | 3d
| single | Tetracyclines may cause staining of fetal teeth when given during pregnancy. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may cause neonatal jaundice when administered late in pregnancy because sulfonamides may displace bilirubin from plasma proteins. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, are best avoided in pregnancy because of their potential to cause ahropathy in the fetus caused by damage to cailage. The 13-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin's such as ampicillin and various oral cephalosporin's, may be safely administered to pregnant women. First- or second-generation cephalosporins are usually preferred because of their antimicrobial spectrum.. | Pharmacology | All India exam | [
"cephalexin",
"ciprofloxacin",
"trimethoprim"
] | 158,103 |
fcf694a3-36ab-43f7-8df5-89336fbed47d | Gynecomastia is an adverse effect of all of the following drugs except: | Spironolactone | Finasteride | Coisol | Cimetidine | 2c
| multi | ESSENTIAL of MEDICAL PHARMOCOLOGY SIXTH EDITION -KD TRIPATHI Page:298 Adverse effect of coisol: 1.Cushing habitus 2.Fragile skin, purple striae-typically on thighs and lower abdomen, easv bruising, telangiectasis, hirsutism. Cutaneous atro- phy occurs with topical use also. 3. Hyperglycaemia, may be glycosuria, preci- pitation of diabetes. -!. Muscular weakness: proximal (shoulder, arm, pelvis, thigh) myopathy occurs occa- sionally-withdraw coicoids. 5. Susceptibility to infection: this is nonspeci- fic; latent tuberculosis may flare; oppou- nistic infections with low grade pathogens (Candida, etc.). 6. Delayed healing: of wounds and surgical incisions. 7. Peptic ulceration: risk is doubled; bleeding and silent perforation of ulcers may occur. Dyspeptic symptoms are frequent with high dose therapy. 8. Osteoporosis: Specially involving veebrae and other flat spongy bones. Compression fractures of veebrae and spontaneous frac- ture of long bones can occur, especially in the elderly. Radiological evidence of osteo- porosis is an indication for withdrawal of coicoid therapy. Coicosteroid induced osteoporosis can be prevented/ arrested by calcium supplements + vit D, bisphospho- nates and by estrogen/ androgen replace- ment therapy in females I males respectively. Avascular necrosis of head of femur, humerous, or knee joint is an occasional abrupt onset complication of high dose coicosteroid therapy. 9. Posterior subcapsular cataract may deve- lop after several years of use, especially in children. 10. Glaucoma: may develop in susceptible individuals after prolonged topical therapy. 11. Growth retardation: in children occurs even with small doses if given for long periods. Large doses do inhibit GH secretion, but this may in addition be a direct cellular effect of coicoids. Sectic- 12. Foetal abnormalities: . Fragile skin, purple striae-typically on thighs and lower abdomen, easv bruising, telangiectasis, hirsutism. Cutaneous atro- phy occurs with topical use also. 3. Hyperglycaemia, may be glycosuria, preci- pitation of diabetes. -!. Muscular weakness: proximal (shoulder, arm, pelvis, thigh) myopathy occurs occa- sionally-withdraw coicoids. 5. Susceptibility to infection: this is nonspeci- fic; latent tuberculosis may flare; oppou- nistic infections with low grade pathogens (Candida, etc.). 6. Delayed healing: of wounds and surgical incisions. 7. Peptic ulceration: risk is doubled; bleeding and silent perforation of ulcers may occur. Dyspeptic symptoms are frequent with high dose therapy. 8. Osteoporosis: Specially involving veebrae and other flat spongy bones. Compression fractures of veebrae and spontaneous frac- ture of long bones can occur, especially in the elderly. Radiological evidence of osteo- porosis is an indication for withdrawal of coicoid therapy. Coicosteroid induced osteoporosis can be prevented/ arrested by calcium supplements + vit D, bisphospho- nates and by estrogen/ androgen replace- ment therapy in females I males respectively. Avascular necrosis of head of femur, humerous, or knee joint is an occasional abrupt onset complication of high dose coicosteroid therapy. 9. Posterior subcapsular cataract may deve- lop after several years of use, especially in children. 10. Glaucoma: may develop in susceptible individuals after prolonged topical therapy. 11. Growth retardation: in children occurs even with small doses if given for long periods. Large doses do inhibit GH secretion, but this may in addition be a direct cellular effect of coicoids. Sectic- 12. Foetal abnormalities 13.psychiastric disturbance etc | Pharmacology | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"cimetidine",
"spironolactone"
] | 158,109 |
e9c54552-2cf1-4e1f-ae27-c3c54961c01c | Maximum histamine is released by | d Tubocurarine | Succinycholine | Pancronium | Gallamine | 0a
| multi | Tubocurarine is a toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison.
In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"gallamine"
] | 158,113 |
c9a00c98-4133-427b-9ec6-631fe53fffc3 | A case of 35 week pregnancy with Hydramnios and marked respiratory distress is best treated by: | Intravenous furosemide | Saline infusion | Amniocentesis | Aificial rupture of membranes | 3d
| single | For rapidly increasing hydramnios where the patient has acute respiratory distress and overall discomfo, management is done by decompressing the amniotic sac by amniocentesis, but this conservation is best done till 34 weeks. Beyond 34 weeks, when pulmonary maturity is achieved, then an induction of labour with a 'controlled' ARM would be a prudent step. it is done under controlled conditions as sudden decompression of the fetus leading to placental abruption. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Amniotic Fluid Dynamics | [
"furosemide"
] | 158,115 |
24acdf21-ff3d-4f67-be52-2f2050a09caa | Naltrexone is used in opioid dependence to: | Prevent respiratory depression | Treat withdrawal symptoms | Prevent relapse | Treatment of opioid overdose | 2c
| single | Naltrexone a long acting opioid antagonist competitively block the opioid receptor and blocks the effects of opioids. Regular dosing of naltrexone prevents patients from experiencing the effect of opioids thereby preventing relapse. Opioid antagonists are used in the treatment of opioid dependence in 3 ways: To reverse an opioid overdose To prevent relapse by blocking opioids from producing their effect at opioid receptors To identify those with opioid dependence by inducing withdrawal symptoms to provide evidence of opioid dependence. Ref: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry by Peter Tyrer, Page 386 | Psychiatry | null | [
"naltrexone"
] | 158,125 |
942f038a-9851-40d2-b67a-a143237254a0 | Among the following 5HT3 antagonist is ? | Cisapride | Ondansetron | Clozapine | Buspirone | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ondansetron o Stimulation of 5-HT3 receptor is responsible for vomiting induced by anticancer drugs. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron, granisetron and tropisetron) are DOCs for chemotherapy induced vomiting. | Pharmacology | null | [
"clozapine"
] | 158,132 |
320cc26c-1ec1-4cd6-a058-eeb2381acc25 | True regarding acetazolamide is | Irreversible inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase | Structural resemblance to sulfonamides | It decrease so potassium excretion | It cause metabolic alkalosis | 1b
| multi | Acetazolamide is non-competitive but reversible inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase It is a sulfonamide derivative It causes hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | [
"acetazolamide"
] | 158,135 |
cbf87ced-f75b-4fa4-96b9-cd45af54cd36 | All of the following are true about Clostridium perfringens, EXCEPT: | It is the commonest cause of gas gangrene | Serologic tests are not useful | The food poisoning spores of Clostridium perfringens are heat resistant | The major enzyme secreted is hyaluronidase | 3d
| multi | Clostridium perfringens causes approximately 80% of cases of gas gangrene. All types of C perfringens produce the alpha toxin, a necrotizing, hemolytic exotoxin that is a lecithinase. The spores of some C perfringens strains are often paicularly heat-resistant and can withstand temperatures of 100degC for an hour or more. Smears of tissue and exudate samples show large gram-positive rods. C. perfringens colonies exhibit a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar. Egg yolk agar is used to demonstrate the presence of the lecithinase. Serologic tests are not useful. Ref: Brooks G.F. (2013). Chapter 21. Infections Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria. In G.F. Brooks (Ed), Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 26e. | Microbiology | null | [
"hyaluronidase"
] | 158,172 |
865287aa-231a-409c-98fa-0bf4e8fd200e | Amino acid required for formation of thyroxine? | Tryptophan | Tyrosine | Glutamine | Cysteine | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b i.e., Tyrosine The term thyroid hormone denotes both thyroxine (7'4) and triodothyronine (T3). Both T4 and T3 are iodine derivatives of thyronine. Thyronine is a condensation product of two molecules of amino acid tyrosine. Thyroxine is 3, 5, 3', 5' - tetraiodothyronine and T3 is 3, 5, 3 '-triiodothyronine. Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in the thyroid follicles as apa of thyroglobulin molecule. | Biochemistry | null | [
"thyroxine"
] | 158,173 |
2c518c8d-b58b-4384-b42e-a3a5244a0add | Which of the following drugs is hydrolyzed by a plasma esterase that is abnormally low in activity in about 1 in every 2500 humans? | Ethanol | Rifampicin | Cimetidine | Succinylcholine | 3d
| multi | * SCh is the shoest acting muscle relaxant due to its metabolism by pseudocholinesterase. * Some patients contain an atypical pseudocholinesterase (which has abnormally low activity) and are susceptible to develop apnea with the use of this drug. | Pharmacology | Anaesthesia | [
"cimetidine"
] | 158,193 |
7f0ad5c5-4546-4535-a6da-91cc111b64a5 | Which beta blocker has anti oxidant property? | Celiprolol | Carvedilol | Betaxolol | Propanolol | 1b
| single | Ref: Goodman and Gillman, Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th editionExplanation:"In addition to the classical non-subtype selective and hi-selective adrenergic receptor antagonists, there also are a series of drugs that possess vasodilators actions. These effects are produced through a variety of mechanisms including a l adrenergic receptor blockade flabetalol, carvedilol, bucindolol, bevantolol, nipradilol), increased production of NO (celiprolol, nebivolol, carteolol, bopindolol and nipradolol), b2-agonist properties (celiprolol, carteolol and bopindolol), Ca2+ entry blockade icarvedilol, betaxolol and bevantolol), opening of K+ channels (tilisolol), or antioxidant action (carvedilol). " Ref: Goodman and GillmanThird-Generation b Receptor Antagonists with Additional Cardiovascular ActionsNitric oxide productionb2 receptor agonisma1 receptor antagonismCa2+ entry blockadeK+ channel openingAntioxidantactivity* Celiprolol* Nebivolol* Carteolol* Bopindolol* Nipradilol* Celiprolol* Carteolol* Bopindolol* Carvedilol* Bucindotol* Bevantolol* Nipradilol* Labetalol* Carvedilol* Betaxolol* Bevantolol* Tilisolol* Carvedilol | Pharmacology | Anti-Hypertensive | [
"celiprolol",
"carvedilol"
] | 158,214 |
8d289468-6f8f-4a61-9600-45a4f685d2e5 | Monday disease is seen with exposure to? | Verapamil | Nitroglycerine | Benzodiazepines | Propranolol | 1b
| single | MONDAY DISEASE: Workers in nitroglycerin (NTG) manufacturing facilities, can develop headaches and postural weakness initially. After constant exposure through the week they develop tolerance to the effects of NTG. Over the weekend, the workers lose the tolerance (Nitrate free interval), and when they are re-exposed on Monday, there is exaggerated vasodilation, which produces a tachycardia, dizziness, and a headache, | Pharmacology | Hypeension, Arrhythmias, Dyslipidemia | [
"propranolol",
"verapamil"
] | 158,244 |
c2daee74-e902-416f-aa6d-ed2074bc936e | Methotrexate resistance is due to: | Depletion of folate | Overproduction of DHFRase | Overproduction of thymidylate kinase | Decreased DHFRase | 1b
| single | Ans. (B) Overproduction of DHFRase(Ref: Goodman and Gilman, 11th/e p1336)Mechanisms of methotrexate resistanceImpaired transport of methotrexate into cellsProduction of altered forms of DHFR that have decreased affinity for the inhibitorIncreased concentrations of intracellular DHFR through gene amplification or altered gene regulationDecreased ability to synthesize methotrexate polyglutamatesIncreased expression of a drug efflux transporter, of the MRP (multidrug resistance protein) class. | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy: General Principles | [
"methotrexate"
] | 158,248 |
ac2100a7-e207-4865-90f8-fc78ea534a79 | Dose of which of the following muscle relaxant has to be calculated on the basis of total body weight of an obese person rather than its ideal weight | Atracurium | Vecuronium | Pancuronium | Rocuronium | 0a
| single | Ans. a. Atracurium | Anaesthesia | null | [
"atracurium",
"vecuronium",
"rocuronium",
"pancuronium"
] | 158,257 |
667cea8d-f188-443b-8313-3a34e4713e0c | Drug possessing highest efficacy to increase plasma HDL is? | Ezetimibe | Nicotinic acid | Gemfibrosil | Rosuvastatin | 1b
| single | Ans. b (Nicotinic acid) (Ref. Harrison's medicine 17th ed., Table 350-6)Statins, fibrates, and bile acid sequestrants have modest effects (5-10%), and there is no effect on HDL cholesterol with ezetimibe or omega-3 fatty acids. Nicotinic acid is the only currently available drug with predictableHDL cholesterol-raising properties. Nicotinic acid effectively raises HDL and can be used in patients with diabetes,but high doses (>2 g/d) may worsen glycemic control and increase insulin resistance.MANAGEMENT OF LOW HDL-C# Severely reduced plasma levels of HDL-C (<20 mg/dL) accompanied by triglycerides <400 mg/dL usually indicate the presence of a genetic disorder, such as a mutation in apoA-I, LCAT deficiency, or Tangier disease.# HDL-C levels <20 mg/dL are common in the setting of severe hypertriglyceridemia, in which case the primary focus should be on the management of the triglycerides.# HDL-C levels <20 mg/dL also occur in individuals using anabolic steroids.# The presence of an isolated low plasma level of HDL-C in a patient with a borderline plasma level of LDL-C should prompt consideration of LDL-lowering drug therapy in high-risk individuals.# Statins increase plasma levels of HDL-C only modestly (~5-10%).# Fibrates also have only a modest effect on plasma HDL-C levels (increasing levels ~5-15%), except in patients with coexisting hypertriglyceridemia, where they can be more effective.# Niacin is the most effective available HDL-C-raising therapeutic agent and can be associated with increases in plasma HDL-C by up to -30%.Lipid-lowering agentsDrugEffect on LDL "Bad cholesterol"Effect on HDL "Good cholesterol"Effect on triglyceridesMechanisms of actionSide effects/ problemsHMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastain, pravastatin, simvastain, atorvastain, rosuvastain)|||||Inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a cholesterol precursorHepatotoxicity (| LFTs), rhabdomyolysis (esp. when used with fibrates and niacin)Niacin (vitamin B3)|||||Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue; reduces hepatic VLDL synthesisRed, flushed face, which is | by aspirin or long-term use Hyperglycemia (acanthosis nigricans) Hyperuricemia (exacerbates gout)Bile acid resins (cholestyramine, dostipol, colesevelam)||Slightly |Slightly |Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids; liver must use cholesterol to make morePatients hate it - tastes bad and causes GI discomfort, | absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Cholesterol gallstonesCholesterol absorption blockers (ezetimibe)||----Prevent cholesterol absorption at small intestine brush borderRare - LFTs, diarrheaFibrates (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate)||||||Upregulate LPL - | TG clearance Activates PPAR-a to induce HDL synthesisMyositis (| risk with concurrent statins), hepatotoxicity (| LFTs), cholesterol gallstones (esp. with cone current bile acid resins)Educational point:NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN)# Recently a receptor for nicotinic acid called GPR109A was discovered; it is expressed in adipocytes and, when activated, suppresses the release of NEFA by adipose.# Niacin reduces plasma triglyceride and LDL-C levels and raises the plasma concentration of HDL-C.# Niacin is also the only currently available lipid-lowering drug that significantly reduces plasma levels of Lp(a).# Niacin is a safe and effective lipid-lowering agent.Side-effects# The most frequent side effect of niacin is cutaneous flushing.# Mild elevations in transaminases occur in up to 15% of patients treated.# Niacin potentiates the effect of warfarin.# Acanthosis nigricans, a dark-colored coarse skin lesion, and maculopathy are infrequent side effects of niacin.Contraindications# Peptic ulcer disease# Precipitate gouty attacks.# Can raise fasting plasma glucose levels. | Pharmacology | Hypolipidemic | [
"ezetimibe",
"rosuvastatin"
] | 158,279 |
d19e98e6-2b17-4342-81e8-086a2f7a8b6b | An 18-month-old girl is brought to you by her parents, who say she has had a fever of 104degF and has refused to walk since she awoke that morning. You obtain a hip x-ray, which shows a subtle widening of the left hip joint space. The most appropriate initial course of acting is | Close observation in the hospital | Administration of intravenous ceftriaxone | Surgical drainage of the hip joint | Administration of intravenous oxacillin | 2c
| single | This patient most likely has septic ahritis of the hip. Signs and symptoms associated with septic ahritis of the hip often are subtle and may be limited to a limp or refusal to walk. X-ray frequently shows a widening of the joint space. Septic ahritis of the hip requires immediate surgical drainage, because the blood supply to the femoral head may be compromised, causing permanent destruction to the joint. Drainage may be performed by needle aspiration or surgical excision. Cram stain and culture of the synol fluid should be obtained and appropriate antibiotic therapy begun. | Surgery | null | [
"ceftriaxone"
] | 158,284 |
fc4d0d5e-1547-4818-ad0b-845f750e4f4f | A patient has subclinical folate deficiency. All of the following drugs can precipitate megaloblastic anemia in this patient except: | Alcohol | Phenytoin | Chloroquine | Sulfasalzine | 2c
| multi | Ans. (C) Chloroquine(Ref: Harrison 17/e p649)Megaloblastic anemia can be caused by deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 . The drugs that can result in deficiency of folic acid include alcohol, phenytoin and sulfonamides | Pharmacology | Hematinics | [
"chloroquine",
"phenytoin"
] | 158,307 |
1cab2569-f283-4eb0-aa26-1bddc0213251 | A 55 years old female comes to the eye casualty with history of severe eye pain, redness and diminution of vision. On examination, the visual acuity is 6/60, there is circumcorneal congestion, corneal oedema and a shallow anterior chamber. Which of the following is the best drug of choice? | Atropine ointment | I.V. Mannitol | Ciprofloxacin eye drops | Betamethasone eye drops | 1b
| multi | Ans is 'b' i.e., I.V. Mannitol | Pharmacology | null | [
"ciprofloxacin",
"atropine",
"mannitol"
] | 158,313 |
5e424ed0-2aae-4559-a251-27664c50e833 | A 28 year old lady was admitted to the psychiatric ward after she had ran out of the house removing her clothes. She complained of feeling depressed but was speaking very fast. She did not let the resident doctor complete his questions. She was hyperactive, distractable and often confronted people on the ward. She complained about not being able to sleep and was low in mood despite being on an antidepressant. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for her condition? | Stop antidepressant and Sta Methylphenidate | Stop antidepressant and Sta Mood Stabiliser | Use antidepressant and Mood Stabiliser | Use antidepressant and Typical Antipsychotic | 1b
| single | In the scenario the young lady is presenting with disinhibition, irritability, pressure of speech, insomnia and increased energy levels. These symptoms are suggestive of a manic episode. However one would expect the mood to be 'high' in an episode of mania. In this scenario the lady has low mood. This means that the patient has a combination of manic and depressive symptoms at the same time. The likely diagnosis is Bipolar Affective Disorder (MDP), Mixed Affective State. The treatment is discontinuing antidepressant (as it worsens mania) and sta a mood stabilizers like Lithium, Sodium Valproate and Carbamazepine. Methylphenidate is used to treat ADHD. Typical Antipsychotics do not have mood stabilising effects, however can be used for rapid tranquillisation E.g. Haloperidol. | Psychiatry | null | [
"methylphenidate"
] | 158,314 |
ec07f9f9-83a8-4538-aa36-dbeb55c09b7f | Which is the shoest acting mydriatic- | Atropine | Tropicamide | Cyclopentaolate | Homatropine | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Tropicamide o Tropicamide has quickest and briefest action amongst the anticholinergic mydriatics. o It is unreliable cycloplegic. | Pharmacology | null | [
"atropine",
"tropicamide"
] | 158,315 |
1ff84538-0dac-4157-90bd-bc111224ef3c | Consumption of raw egg may lead to deficiency of | Biotin | Riboflavin | Thiamine | Avidin | 0a
| single | Biotin (formerly known as anti-egg white injury factor Boas (1927) observed that rats fed huge quantity of raw egg white developed dermatitis and nervous manifestations & retardation in growth found that feeding cooked egg did not produce any of these symptoms It was shown that the egg white injury in rats and chicks (Boas experiment) was due to the presence of an anti-vitamin in egg white The egg-white injury factor was identified as a glycoprotein- avidin and biotin was called as anti-egg white injury factor. ref Satyanarayana 4th ed page 146 | Biochemistry | vitamins | [
"biotin"
] | 158,318 |
5acfe5a3-9e76-478d-bf7b-11ccc4971f2b | A 2 year old child without fever develops bone pain, vomiting and features of increased intracranial pressure following excessive medication. The drug most likely to be responsible for this is - | VitA | Phenothiazine | Phenytoin | Vit D | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vit A o It is a case of pseudotumor cerebri. | Pediatrics | null | [
"phenytoin"
] | 158,328 |
0c1cdf7e-4de9-46e3-8680-6089018f2d71 | Arrange the following drug in sequence of their use in status epilepticus: a. Phenytoin b. Lorazepam c. Phenobarbital d. Propofol | d>b>c>a | b>a>c>d | b>c>d>a | c>a>d>b | 1b
| single | First drug used in status epilepticus is lorazepam. | Pharmacology | Epilepsy | [
"lorazepam",
"phenobarbital",
"phenytoin",
"propofol"
] | 158,329 |
dc74b989-ea02-474b-b414-845bb299580b | All of the following drug have been used for medical aboion except: | Mifepristone | Misoprostal | Methotrexate | Atosiban | 3d
| multi | Atosiban is an Oxytocin antagonist It has Tocolytic action so used for inhibition of preterm labor. Other options Mifepristone (RU 486) an Antiprogestin, degenerates the pregnancy in doses ranging from 100-600mg. This is followed by Misoprostal (prostagladin) in 400ug orally or 800ug vaginally which causes uterine contractions to expel the dead fetus. Methotrexate can be substituted for Mifepristone as the agent which degenerates the pregnancy. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Aboions, Spontaneous & Induced Emergency Contraception (Hey,whats the hurry !) | [
"methotrexate",
"mifepristone"
] | 158,361 |
c1d5f887-d970-481f-8366-72b38ab06d0a | Mivacurium false is | Hypeension | Increasing the dose produces rapid onset of action | Bronchospasm | Flushing RADIOLOGY | 0a
| multi | Hypeension Mivacurium belongs to non depolarizing blocker or competitive skeletal muscle relaxants. This class of drugs acts by competitively inhibiting the Nm receptors and thus causing relaxation. The action of these drugs can be reversed by anticholinesterase like neostigmine. Mivacurium is the only noridepglarising neuromuscular blocker that is metabolised by plasma cholinesterase. Mivacurium is the shoest acting non depolarizing muscle relaxant. The usual intubuting dose is *15-.2 mg/kg. Mivacurium causes histamine, release but it generally does not cause serious side effects except for small degree Mivacurium causes histamine release due to direct action on mast cells, release of histamine which leads to hypotension, flushing and bronchospasm. of hypotension. But when mivacurium is given in large doses to increase the onset of action it causes increased On increasing the dose, the onset of action is increased. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"mivacurium"
] | 158,367 |
7c739f94-f118-4328-ad7e-b7578e2ea715 | Which of the following drugs are believed to be effective in the treatment of post operative shivering | Ondansetron | Diclofenac sodium | Pethidine | Parcetomol | 2c
| single | Pethidine is most effective drug for treatment of post operative shivering. Other drugs that can be used for this purpose are Clonidine Doxapram Ketanserin Alfentanil Refer anaesthesiology by Longnecker 1485 | Pharmacology | Anesthesia | [
"pethidine",
"diclofenac"
] | 158,373 |
eaf7bae5-79b1-4005-b4f1-68e339e63053 | Which of the following statements about stavudine is accurate | Bone marrow suppression is done limiting limiting | It causes marked neurotoxicity | It inhibits HIV protease | It is non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors | 1b
| multi | Ref-KDT 6/e p771 Stavudine is an n NI that is responsible for maximum peripheral neuropathy | Anatomy | Other topics and Adverse effects | [
"stavudine"
] | 158,381 |
7690c0e2-c9c4-4026-9ebb-818dc341a7a7 | A 20 year old girl was raped around 13th day of her regular cycle. The best possible emergency conctraception to be offered would be : | Centchroan tables | Cu-T inseion | Levonorgestrel tablets | Ethinylestradiol tablets | 2c
| single | Levonorgestrel tablets | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"ethinylestradiol"
] | 158,391 |
fe96ec61-280d-4726-ab35-cc150d52f62f | All of the following drugs are used for the management of postpaum haemorrhage, except: | Misoprostol | Oxytocin | Prostaglandin | Mifepristone (RU-486) | 3d
| multi | Drugs used for the management of PPH: 1. Oxytocin- DOC for prevention as well as treatment of PPH 2.Methyl Ergometrine 3. Misoprostal 4. Carboprost 5. Recombinant VII 6. Fibrinogen DRUG DOSE ROUTE Oxytocin(DOC) 10-20 units drip I.V. Methyl ergometrine 0.2 mg I.V.(Preferred),I.M. Misoprostal(PGE1) 1000 ug Per rectum Carboprost(PGF2[?]) 250 ug I.M. only Recombinant VII 90ug/kg I.V. Infusion | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Post Paum Haemorrhage (This better stop now !) | [
"oxytocin",
"misoprostol",
"mifepristone"
] | 158,395 |
a70b3d62-8282-4095-a487-283e7bd35e36 | which of the following is a SARI | miazapine | milnacipran | clozapine | nefazadone | 3d
| single | SARI * IMPOANCE antidepressant with good sleep, no sexual problems and no GI side effects. It was thought this would replace SSRI but dint do well because of notorious side effects * MECHANISM Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor * DRUGS Trazodone Nefazodone * USE low dose trazodone is used as a hypnotic * SIDE EFFECTS Trazodone----------- priapism Nefazodone ---------hepatotoxicity Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pf no. 955 | Psychiatry | Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry | [
"clozapine"
] | 158,411 |
5dd03f5c-16ad-4544-9a22-a31e7f734d6f | A 42 yrs man presenting with dizziness on standing and SBP falls by 50 mm of Hg | Gradual stockings and compression | SIL isoprenaline | Fludrocoisone | Oral indomethacin | 0a
| multi | Compression stockings are medical grade devices designed to move blood flow.. Most commonly compression suppo stockings come in mild (8-15 mmHg), Medium (15-20 mmHg), Firm (20-30 mmHg), X-Firm (30-40 mmHg) gradient compression levels. Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 456 | Medicine | C.V.S | [
"indomethacin"
] | 158,416 |
dcf8040c-832f-4671-8615-daa80303eedc | Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures is ? | Valproic acid | Phenytoin | Ethosuximide | Carbamazepine | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Valproic acid DOC for generalized tonic clonic seizure (Grand mal), absence seizure (petit mal), Atonic seizure, myoclonic epilepsy -4 valproate. 3 DOC for paial seizure -4 carbamazepine / oxcarbazepine LI DOC for status epilepticus lorazepam DOC for febrile seizures -4 Rectal Diazepam DOC for seizure of eclampsia Magnesium sulfate. DOC for infantile spasm Vigabatrin. J DOC for myoclonic epilepsy Valproic acid. | Pharmacology | null | [
"carbamazepine",
"phenytoin"
] | 158,438 |
7dc760ab-ba7a-4ace-a518-3c6081681ac5 | Enterobacteriacae is classfied based on? | Mannitol fermentation | Catalase and oxidase reaction | Oxygen requirment | Lactose fermentation | 3d
| single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Lactose fermentation Initially Enterobacteriacea was classifed on the bases of their lactose fermenting ability on MacConkey's medium, the most popular medium for the isolation of fecal bacilli. Lactose fermenters produce pink/bright red colonies on MacConkey's agar , while lactose non-fermenters produce pale colonies : i) Lactose fermenters (rapid) : These are Coliforms, e.g. Escherichia, Klebsiella and Enterobacter aerogenes. ii) Late lactose fermenters (slow) : These are Shigella Sonnei, Serratia, Citrobacter, Arizona, Providencia and Ervinia. iii) Non-lactose fermenters : Shigella except Shigella Sonnei, Salmonella, Proteus. | Microbiology | null | [
"mannitol"
] | 158,451 |
fa183b7b-e97e-4550-b3a7-7ce930b942bb | Furosemide causes all except: | Hyperglycemia | Hypomagnecemia | Hypokalemia | Acidosis | 3d
| multi | Furosemid is a high efficacy diuretic. they inhibit Na-K-2CL co transpo at the thick ascending limb of loop of henle. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may occur with any diuretic.Headache, giddiness, weakness, paresthesias,impotence are occasional complaints with thiazides as well as loop diuretics. Complications of high ceiling and thiazide diuretics 1. Hypokalemia 2. Acute saline depletion 3. Dilutional hyponatremia 4. Hearing loss 6. Hyperuricemia 7. Hypercalcemia 8. hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia 9. Magnesium depletion- mg lost in the urine 10.metabolic alkalosis in the body- due to increased excretion of chloride and hydrogen ions Thiazides also produce metabolic alkalosis carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and potassium-sparing diuretics produce metabolic acidosis ( Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, K.D Tripathi,6th edition ) | Pharmacology | Kidney | [
"furosemide"
] | 158,453 |
d9d6eaa2-eb49-42e6-a007-a8889fd0ea0c | Most commonly used cordiotoxic anticancer drug- | Doxorubicin | Vincristine | L-Asparginase | Paclitaxol | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Doxorubicin o Cardiotoxicity is characteristically seen with Antracyclines (Doxorubicin & Daunorubicin). | Pharmacology | Anti-Neoplastic Agents | [
"vincristine",
"doxorubicin"
] | 158,455 |
6cb03f76-0ac2-4d4c-a72d-eb6388273db5 | Which of the following are not local anesthetics – a) Bupivacaineb) Mepivacaine c) Mivacuriumd) Butorphenole) Buprenorphine | cde | acd | bde | ade | 0a
| single | Amongst the given options bupivacaine and mepivacaine are local anaesthetics. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"mepivacaine"
] | 158,466 |
8b591a0e-80fb-406c-8efa-a00a2ab78e01 | A 10 yr old boy, unconscious with 2 days h/o fever, comes to pediatric ICU with R.R. 46/min, B.P. 110/ 80 and El V1 M3 on Glasgow coma scale, next step of Mx includes - | Intubate and ventilate | Give 0.9% NaC1 | Sta dopamine at the rate of 1-2 g / min / kg | Dopamine at the rate of 1-2 g / min / kg & furosemide | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Intubate and ventilate Management of unconscious child o Unconsciousness (coma) is usually graded according to a standard scale so that changes in the level of consciousness can be evaluated accurately. o Glasgow coma scale is commonly used evaluation system. In this scale : ? Total score = Eye opening + motor response + verbal response o The best response is scored. The lowest score is 3, and the highest is 15 (fully conscious child). A score of 8 or less suggests severe brain dysfunction, a score of 9-12 moderate brain dysfunction and a score of 13-15 minor brain dysfunction. Investigations o If the cause of coma is unknown, following investigations may be required : - i) Lumbar puncture ECG iii) Skull radiography/CT/MR' iv) Cervical spine imaging o Blood is drawn for a CBC, electrolyte determination, toxicology tests, blood gas analysis, BUN and cross matching. Management o Care of the child in coma is directed towards maintaining body function in optimal state until the child regains consciousness. Management includes : ? 1) Airway As a general rule, place the child on his/her side to reduce the risk of aspiration. Oral suctioning to remove mucus from the mouth and pharynx may be necessary. If Glassgow score is 8 or less and clinical circumstances do not suggests improvement then intubation is indicated to secure airway. 2) Breathing Oxygen is given especially when oxygen saturation is low. 3) Circulation Venous access is obtained. Signs of shock are assessed and treated as indicated. 4) Drugs and specific therapy After maintenance of breathing and circulation, specific therapy is given e.g., antibiotics for infection, dextrose in hypoglycemia, naloxone in opiates poisoning etc. | Pediatrics | null | [
"furosemide"
] | 158,469 |
c4e34931-4ee5-4192-a567-e37cf4eba8db | In treatment of Parkinsonism, L-Dopa is combined with carbidopa mainly: | To decrease the treatment duration | To decrease central side effects of L-Dopa | To decrease effectiveness of L-Dopa | To increase crossing of L-Dopa through BBB | 3d
| single | Administered along with levodopa, they increase its W2 ir. :periphery and make more of it available to cross blood-brain barrier to reach its site of action REF: KD TRIPATHI ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system | [
"carbidopa"
] | 85,330 |
492b0c2b-b397-4416-9f54-9f51521fb794 | Which of the following is an aminoneuro-transmitter | Acetylcholine | GABA | Lignocaine | Epinephrine | 1b
| multi | B i.e. GABA | Physiology | null | [
"epinephrine"
] | 85,345 |
22e88f32-37bf-4e13-ae45-390e04511463 | One of your patients who was diagnosed to have malaria was treated with chloroquine and doxycycline for 7 days. Though his fever subsided in a few days after staing the treatment, his peripheral smear showed plasmodium gametocytes even after 7 days of treatment. As per WHO guidelines this type of drug resistance is: | S type | R1 type | R2 type | R3 type | 2c
| single | The WHO classification of antimalarial drug resistance is given below: S.sensitive - If asexual parasite have cleared by day 6 from the beginning of treatment without subsequent recrudescence until 28 days. R1 - Low Grade resistance - Recrudescence of infection between 7 - 28 day of completing treatment. R2 - High grade resistance - Reduction of parasitemia by more than 75% at 48 hours of completing treatment but failure to clear the organism within 7 days. R3 - Parasitemia does not fall by more than 75% within 48 hours of completing treatment and there is no subsequent clearance of asexual parasites. Ref: O.P.Ghai, Edition - 6, Page - 240. | Pediatrics | null | [
"chloroquine",
"doxycycline"
] | 85,358 |
90c8b413-6002-4b37-adc3-9f8e63cc0e3a | Drug used to reverse the effect of dtubocurarine is: | Neostigmine | Physostigmine | Dantrolene | Scoline | 0a
| single | Neostigmine | Anaesthesia | null | [
"dantrolene",
"neostigmine",
"physostigmine"
] | 85,386 |
717accf9-98c3-4a28-a3ea-64be84ddb4a3 | After Renal transplantaton, which drug is given:a) Cyclophosphamideb) Corticosteroidsc) Interferond) Cyclosporine | c | d | ab | bd | 3d
| single | null | Surgery | null | [
"cyclosporine"
] | 85,387 |
0aa300bf-2739-4f13-ab8a-fc891f27986f | An 11-year-old boy was brought to the ER by some of his friends because he "staed going crazy" after eating seeds from a plant while "trying to get high." The boy was incoherent; his skin was hot and dry. His pupils were dilated and unresponsive to light. Blood pressure was 180/105 mm Hg, pulse 150/min, and rectal temp 40 C (104 F). The presumptive diagnosis was drug toxicity due to the ingestion of wof | digoxin | phencyclidine | Belladonna | cannabis | 2c
| single | Belladonna poisoning:- Occurs due to drug overdose or consumption of seeds and berries of belladonna/datura plant. Children are highly susceptible. Manifestations:- are due to exaggerated pharmacological actions. Dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing and talking. Dry, flushed and hot skin (especially over face and neck), fever, difficulty in micturition, decreased bowel sounds. A scarlet rash may appear. Dilated pupil, photophobia, blurring of near vision, palpitation. Excitement, psychotic behaviour, ataxia, delirium, dreadful visual hallucinations. Hypotension, weak and rapid pulse, cardiovascular collapse with respiratory depression. Convulsions and coma occur only in severe poisoning. Treatment:- If poison has been ingested, gastric lavage should be done with tannic acid (KMnO4 is ineffective in oxidizing atropine). The patient should be kept in a dark quiet room. Cold sponging or ice bags are applied to reduce body temperature. Physostigmine 1-3 mg s.c. or i.v. antagonises both central and peripheral effects. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-120 | Pharmacology | Autonomic nervous system | [
"digoxin"
] | 85,413 |
bff31a31-ae03-4427-8e3e-ad2b80cf42cd | Cis atracurium is prefferd over atracurium due to advantage of - | Rapid onset | Sho duration of action | No histamine release | All | 2c
| multi | C i.e. No histamine release | Anaesthesia | null | [
"atracurium"
] | 85,416 |
3cbbe9a9-2085-4224-bcb6-43d321df9f77 | Which of the following is first line vasopressor in case of cardiogenic shock? | Epinephrine | Nor-epinephrine | Dopamine | Dobutamine | 1b
| single | No vasopressor has been demonstrated to change outcome in large clinical trials. Norepinephrine is first line vasopressor for cardiogenic shock.It has less adverse events like arrythmias. Dopamine should be avoided as first line therapy for cardiogenic shock. Dopamine causes hemodynamic changes according to the dose used -->proarrythmogenic effects. Dobutamine have positive inotropic effect but its vasodilatory action limits its use whenever vasoconstriction effect is required. | Medicine | Hea failure | [
"epinephrine",
"dobutamine"
] | 85,434 |
79bb1a4a-1078-4489-bfb0-6dcdcae62835 | Tolerance and physical dependence may occur after chronic use of all of the following agents Except | Meperidine | Phenobarbital | Diazepam | Clomipramine | 3d
| multi | Tolerance and physical dependence can occur after chronic administration of most central nervous system depressants, including ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (diazepam), and opiates (meperidine). Tolerance and physical dependence are not associated with most antiepileptics, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and lithium. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | Pharmacology | General pharmacology | [
"clomipramine",
"diazepam",
"phenobarbital"
] | 85,440 |
328b1d39-9c69-4796-9f85-24a7f1f6afce | An oral hypoglycemic agent used to treat obesity is: September 2008 | Tolbutamide | Glipizide | Gliclazide | Metformin | 3d
| single | Ans. D: Metformin Agents used for treating obesity Orlistat reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Orlistat may cause frequent, oily bowel movements (steatorrhea), but if fat in the diet is reduced, symptoms often improve. Sibutramine is an anorectic or appetite suppressant, reducing the desire to eat. Sibutramine may increase blood pressure and may cause dry mouth, constipation, headache, and insomnia. Rimonabant is a recently developed anti-obesity medication. It is cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist that acts centrally on the brain thus decreasing appetite. It may also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore increasing energy expenditure. In people with Diabetes mellitus type 2, the drug metformin can reduce weight. olestra is a sucrose polyester which can be used as a cooking medium in place of fat. Leptin analogues are under investigation. | Pharmacology | null | [
"glipizide",
"metformin",
"tolbutamide"
] | 85,443 |
403f0450-0c76-498c-b2cf-61991956ead6 | Drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis is? | Tetracyclins | Penicillins | Aminoglycosides | Chloramphenicol | 1b
| multi | ANSWER: (B) PenicillinREF: KDT 6th edition page 688MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS:Cell wall synthesis inhibitorsBeta lactams , cycloserine . fosfomvcin , bacitracin , vancomycinProtein synthesis inhibitors * freeze initiation * inhibit elongation* inhibit translocationAminoglycosidesTetracyclines , puromycins , chloramphenicolClindamycin, erythromycinMisreading of RNA codeAminoglycosidesInhibit DNA gyraseNalidixic acid and nitrofurantoinDrugs binding to ribosomes* 30 S - Tetracycline, streptomycin* 50 S - chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin* Both 30 S and 50 S - Aminoglycosides except streptomycin | Pharmacology | Penicillin & Cephalosporin | [
"chloramphenicol"
] | 85,448 |
b03de615-10d0-4b64-91a8-e7a8febcdd9e | 21 year old female presents with history of mild bilateral ptosis, proximal muscle weakness and easy fatiguability which among the following is best in diagnosing this condition - | Muscle biopsy | Edrophonium test | Repetitive nerve stimulation | Electro myography | 1b
| single | null | Medicine | null | [
"edrophonium"
] | 85,451 |
b36fd994-b74e-437b-8d19-23b81c6ec47e | Antidote for belladonna poisoning: | Neostigmine | Physostigmine | Pilocarpine | Methacholine | 1b
| single | Ans. B. PhysostigmineBeing tertiary amine, Physostigmine can reverse the CNS manifestation of belladonna poisoning. Whereas neostigmine has very less CNS penetration. | Pharmacology | A.N.S. | [
"pilocarpine",
"neostigmine",
"physostigmine"
] | 85,456 |
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