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5a2d9f5e-8d5f-4555-a889-1911133d30cc | Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis is caused by : | Busulfan | Ketoprofen | Methicillin | Cyclophosphamide | 3d
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"cyclophosphamide",
"ketoprofen"
] | 62,477 |
eb91c0d0-6289-4175-86f6-c771871e2e08 | Which of the following is not an antidepressant ? | Amitriptyline | Fluoxetine | Imipramine | Chlorpromazine | 3d
| single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Chlorpromazine | Pharmacology | null | [
"fluoxetine",
"amitriptyline",
"chlorpromazine",
"imipramine"
] | 62,480 |
0fe97335-b881-45f0-9e1b-82ff881e446c | In a patient with nephrotic syndrome and hypoalbuminemia, protein binding of which drug will not be affected: | Tolbutamide | Morphine | Diazepam | Valproate | 1b
| single | - In the given options, only Morphine has less plasma protein binding (35%), whereas all others are highly plasma protein bound (>90%).
- In nephrotic syndrome, there will be protein loss resulting in hypoalbuminemia. So less plasma proteins. | Pharmacology | null | [
"morphine",
"valproate",
"diazepam",
"tolbutamide"
] | 62,483 |
3da97329-7d3a-4115-b4e7-38665659d7e6 | What will be the likely diagnosis in a child with massive hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia, whose blood glucose shows no improvement on administration of glucagon? | Von Gierke disease | McArdle disease | Cori's disease | Forbe's disease | 0a
| single | Presence of hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia along with absence of an increase in blood glucose upon administration of glucagon suggests the diagnosis of Von Gierke disease. Von Gierke disease: Children with Von gierke disease present with hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly. ? Type I glycogen storage disease ? Autosomal recessive disorder ? Caused by glucose- 6- phosphatase deficiency in liver. kidney and intestinal mucosa ? Two subtypes: Type Ia; in which the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme is defective ? Type IIb: in which the translocase that transpos glucose-6-phosphatase across the microsomal membrane is defective. Clinical features: ? Develop hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis during neonatal period. ? Present at 3-4 months of age with hepatomegaly. ? Children have doll like faces with fat cheeks, relatively thin extremities,sho stature and a protuberant abdomen which is due to massive hepatomegaly. ? Easy bruising and epistaxis. Ref: Harrison 17th Edition, Page 2459; Nelson 18th Edition, Page 603, 604, 605 | Pediatrics | null | [
"glucagon"
] | 62,496 |
eb8f67a2-5386-4c9e-ab55-f2c4b5645637 | Etanercept is a biological disease-modifying agent used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Its mechanism of action is: | TNF alpha blockade | COX-2 inhibition | IL-6 inhibition | Stabilization of mast cells | 0a
| single | Ans. (A) TNF alpha blockade(Ref: KDT 8th/e p943)TNF alpha blocking drugs are used in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease. These include*Adalimumab*Certolizumab*Etanercept*Infliximab*Golimumab | Pharmacology | Immunomodulator | [
"etanercept"
] | 62,510 |
5dc522fa-f907-424b-8c15-c0c04d5858d3 | Which of the following antidepressant drug is used in the treatment of nocturnal eneuresis? | Imipramine | Fluoxetine | Trazodone | Sealine | 0a
| single | First line of treatment for nocturnal enuresis includes behavioral strategies, when it fails medications are indicated. Drugs usually used includes desmopressin acetate and imipramine. Imipramine is the tricyclic antidepressant of choice in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), is an antidiuretic hormone analogue, which acts by decreasing urine production. Ref: Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 20e chapter 2. | Psychiatry | null | [
"trazodone",
"fluoxetine",
"imipramine"
] | 62,541 |
0b0739b0-68d3-45ff-88d3-df06b0e2cead | Which of the following is the drug of choice for sporotrichosis | Itraconazole | Ketoconazole | Miconazole | Amphotericin - B | 0a
| single | Doc for sporotrichosis is Itraconazole except for indisseminated infection here Doc is - Amphotericin-B. | Microbiology | null | [
"itraconazole",
"miconazole",
"ketoconazole"
] | 62,574 |
0fbe86f2-e04a-4b2f-9dcc-94da1380187b | Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a side effect of therapy of which of the following medication | Timolol | Brimonidine | Dorzolamide | Pilocarpine | 0a
| single | Ans. a. Timolol Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a side effect of chronic use of timolol-containing topical glaucoma therapy. "Chronic use of timolol-containing topical glaucoma therapy preparations in glaucoma patients is associated with an increased risk for the development of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLD0)."- Seider N, Miller B. Beiran I. Topical glaucoma therapy as a risk factor for nasolacrimal duct obstruction. | Ophthalmology | null | [
"dorzolamide",
"pilocarpine",
"brimonidine",
"timolol"
] | 62,581 |
34413c8d-14e9-4ca8-b013-123ec413c488 | Which of the following regimen of antenatal steroids is preferred for Fetal lung maturation? | Dexamethasone 6mg 12 hourly 4 doses | Betamethasone 6mg 12 hourly 4 doses | Betamethasone 12 mg 12 hourly 4 doses | Dexamethasone 12mg 12 hourly 4 doses | 0a
| single | Antenatal steroids are given to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in case of preterm labour.
Recommended regimens are :
Dexamethasone 6mg 12 hourly 4 doses
Betamethasone 12mg 24 hourly 2 doses | Pharmacology | null | [
"dexamethasone"
] | 62,603 |
a74256cc-9181-42d2-a1f2-07e8d31bc1ff | Monoclonal antibody used for Muckle-Wells syndrome is | Canakinumab | Catumaxomab | Ceolizumab | Cetuximab | 0a
| single | Canakinumab: Against IL-1b Used in Muckle-Wells syndrome Muckle-Wells syndrome =Sensorineural deafness =Recurrent hives =Amyloidosis Catumaxomab Bispecific mAb Used in Malignant ascites Ceolizumab: Again stTNF Used in Crohn disease Cetuximab Against EGFR Used in Colorectal cancer | Pharmacology | NSAIDs, Gout and Rheumatoid Ahritis | [
"cetuximab"
] | 62,620 |
2e10975b-091b-4028-ba99-a45a7a1c467f | Which of the following medications should not be given to a diabetic patient? | Propranolol | Theophylline | Digoxin | Glyburide | 0a
| single | Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, are contraindicated in diabetics because they are prone to hypoglycemic reactions. Blood sugar control is modulated by sympathetic-adrenergic control of the pancreatic islet cells. Glyburide, Heparin, and Digoxin and Theophylline are safe to use in diabetics. Ref: Westfall T.C., Westfall D.P. (2011). Chapter 12. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists. In L.L. Brunton, B.A. Chabner, B.C. Knollmann (Eds), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. | Pharmacology | null | [
"propranolol",
"theophylline",
"digoxin"
] | 62,623 |
b38a3d21-4ed1-4442-96b9-8dcd331f5489 | In children with cerebral oedema which one of the following coicosteriods will be effective- | Hydrocoisone | Prednisolone | Dexamethasone | Betamethasone | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dexamethasone Dexamethasone is preferred. | Pediatrics | null | [
"prednisolone",
"dexamethasone"
] | 62,625 |
531afa31-f6a2-43e4-a476-6459ce60c3d9 | Durgs used in migraine prophylaxis are all except | Flunarizine | Propranolol | Cyproheptadine | Sumatriptan | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Sumatriptan Sumatriptan is DOC for acute severe migraine. It is not indicated for prophylaxis of migraine attacks. | Pharmacology | null | [
"propranolol",
"sumatriptan",
"cyproheptadine"
] | 62,626 |
83fdeab9-e668-42a6-b642-3a8fa78052fb | Long-acting local anesthetic agent : | Procaine | Lidocaine | Bupivacaine | Etidocaine | 2c
| single | Ans: C BupivacaineRef: Ajay Yadav, Short Textbook of Anesthesia. 1st edition, pg 105.Explanation:Both C & D appear to he equally long-acting Duration of Action of Local AnestheticsIt depends on;Dose: Increasing the dose, increases the durationPharmacokinetic profile of drug: It includes Plasma protein binding (Alpha I acid glycoprotein)o Agents with high protein binding like bupivacaine have prolonged action.Metabolismo Esters are metabolized by pseudocholinesterase and amides are metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes, o Esters have a small duration of action than amidesAddition of VasoconstrictorsVasoconstrictors decrease the systemic absorption of LA in blood, so increases the concentration thereby increasing the duration of action. Eg; Adrenaline, Phenylephrine (1:20000), Noradrenaline. Felypressin (a synthetic analog of vasopressin)AdrenalineIt is used in a concentration of 1: 200000 (I in 2 lakh)Duration of both sensory and motor blockade is increased in Adrenaline + LignocaineThe only sensory blockade is prolonged without any effect on motor blockade in Adrenaline + BupivacaineAddition of Adrenaline is contraindicated ino Ring block of fingers, toes, penis, pinna (Absolute contraindication)o When an inhalational agent which sensitizes myocardium to adrenaline is usedo Myocardial ischemiao Hyperthyroid patiento Severe Hypertensiono Intravenous regional anesthesia [Bier's block)Sodium BicarbonateAdding NAHC03 (1ml of 8.4% to If) ml lignocaine) increases both onset and duration of actionIt increases the onset by making pH more alkaline so more drug is available in unionized formLater C02 is released from Soda bicarb metabolism enters intracellularly making the pH more acidic making more drug to be available in ionized form, thereby increasing duration of action also.Duration of Action of Various Local AnestheticsLocalAnestheticMean Duration of Blockade without AdrenalineMean Duration of Blockade with AdrenalineChloroprocaine30 minutes90 minutesProcaine45 minutes90 minutesPrilocaine90 minutes6 hoursLidocaine2 hours4 hoursMepivacaine3 hours6 hoursTetracaine3 hours10 hoursRopivacaine3 hours6 hoursBupivacaine4 hours8 hoursEtidocaine4 hours8 hours | Unknown | null | [
"bupivacaine",
"procaine",
"lidocaine"
] | 62,640 |
be0bf5db-e4e0-4fc7-900c-ff59519bfe78 | Which of the following is true about gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor? | Alcohol has no effect on the flushing attacks | Occur most commonly in jejunum | Tumors most commonly produce histamine | Preoperative octreotide scanning can detect extent of the disease | 3d
| multi | Answer- D. Preoperative octreotide scanning can detect extent of the diseaseThese neuroendocrine tumours occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the appendix, ileum and rectum in decreasing order of frequency. Appendicular carcinoid tumours are most commonly noted as an incidental finding at appendicectomy.Carcinoid tumours arise from Kulchitsky cells at the base of intestinal crypts (of Lieberkuhn)The tumours can produce a number of vasoactive peptides, most commonly S-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), but also histamine, prostaglandins and kallikrein.Classically, the flushing attack are induced by alcohol.The extent of disease can be assessed preoperatively using octreotide scanning, which may detect otheise clinically apparent primary and secondary tumour. | Surgery | null | [
"octreotide"
] | 62,641 |
5e3ecff8-0cde-4d54-a8d7-712380acd240 | Which of the following enzymes is coded by X-chromosome? | alpha-L-Iduronidase | Iduronate sulfatase | b-Galactosidase | Hyaluronidase | 1b
| single | option b - Iduronate sulfatase is coded by X-chromosome Mucopolysaccharidoses Rare inborn errors in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans; Characterized by mental retardation and/or skeletal abnormalities. Classified under lysosomal storage disorders. Hunter syndrome inherited - X-linked recessive mode deficiency of enzyme Iduronate sulfatase. All the other MPS are inherited in autosomal recessive mode. | Biochemistry | Gluconeogenesis | [
"hyaluronidase"
] | 62,654 |
00b799db-0b3e-4c75-9410-9780abe88fca | Following can be used in the treatment of myoclonic seizures except | Valporate | Carbamazepine | Topiramate | Zonisamide | 1b
| multi | Myoclonic seizures occur in a variety of epilepsy syndromes ( West syndrome/ Infantile spasms, Lennox - Gastaut syndrome ) -Sodium valproate ,Topiramate,Zonisamide, Levetiracetam,Clonazepam,Nitrazepam, or Clobazam may be used in the treatment of myoclonic seizure. Ref : Ghai - 8th edition , pg no : 559 , 560 ( table 18.5) | Pediatrics | Central Nervous system | [
"zonisamide",
"topiramate",
"carbamazepine"
] | 62,675 |
9a0577e5-75e4-4632-8ba7-c3f5b874284e | Antidote for acetaminophen poisoning is? | N-Acetyl cysteine | N-Glycolamine | Penicillamine | Fomipezole | 0a
| single | ANSWER: (A) N-Acetyl cysteineREF: See APPENDIX-42 for list of "ANTIDOTES" APPENDIX - 42AntidotesAntidotePoison/drug/toxinN-AcetylcysteineAcetaminophenCarbon tetrachlorideOther hepatotoxinsAmyl nitrite, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate (Cyanide antidote kit)NitrilesBromatesChloratesCyanide (e.g., HCN, KCX and NaCN)Mustard agentsNitroprussideSmoke inhalation (combustion of synthetic materials)Antivenin, Crotalidae Polyvalent (Equine Origin)Pit viper envenomation (e.g. rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, timber rattlers and copperheads)Antivenin, Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab - Ovine (CroFab)Pit viper envenomation (e.g.. rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, timber rattlers and copperheads)Atropine sulfateAlpba2 agonists (e.g., clonidine)Alzheimer drugs (e.g., donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, tacrine)Antimyesthenk agents (e.g., pyridostigmine)Bradyarrhythmia-producing agents (e.g., beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and digitalis glycosides)Cholinergic agonists (e.g., bethanechol) .Muscarine-containing mushrooms Nerve agents (sarin, soman, tabun and VX)Organophosphate and carbamate insecticidesDigoxin immune FabCardiac glycoside-containing plants (foxglove and oleander)Digitoxin, DigoxinEthanolEthylene glycolMethanolFlumazenilBenzodiazepinesZaleplonZolpidemFolic acid and Folinic acid (Leucovorin)Formaldehyde/Formie AcidMethanolMethotrexate, trimetrexatePyrimethamineTrimethoprimFomepizoleEthylene glycolMethanolGlucagonBeta blockersCalcium channel blockersHypoglycemiaHypoglycemic agentsHydroxocobalaminNitrilesBromatesChloratesCyanide (e.g., HCN, KCN and NaCN)Mustard agents NitroprussideSmoke inhalation (combustion of synthetic materials)Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)Carbon monoxideCarbon tetrachlorideCyanideHydrogen sulfideMethemoglobinemiaMethylene blueMethemoglobin-inducing agents including;Aniline dyesDapsoneLocal anesthetics (e.g., benzocaine)MetoclopramideNaphthaleneNitrates and nitritesNitrobenzenePhenazopyridineNalmefene and NaloxoneACE inhibitorsAlpha2 agonists (e.g., clonidine)Imidazoline decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline and tetrahydrozoline) LoperamideOpioids (e.g., codeine, fentanyl, heroin, meperidine, morphine)Physostigmine salicylateAntihistaminesAtropine and other anticholinergic agentsDhatura poisoningIntrathecal baclofenPhytonadione (Vitamin Kl)Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (e.g., brodifacoum and bromadiolone) WarfarinPralidoxime chloride (2-PAM)Antimyesthenic agents (e.g., pyridostigmine)Nerve agents (sarin, soman, tabun and VX)Organophosphate insecticidesTacrineProtamine sulfateEnoxaparinHeparinPyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6)Acrylamide Ethylene glycol Hydrazine Isoniazid (INH)Sodium bicarbonateChlorine gasHyperkalemiaSerum Alkalinization:Agents producing a quinidine-like effect as noted by widened QRS complex on EKG (e.g., amantadine, carbamazepine, chloroquine,cocaine, diphenhydramine, flecainide,tricyclic antidepressants, quinidine)Urine Alkalinization:Weakly acidic agents (chlorpropamide, methotrexate, phenobarbital and salicylates)Deferoxamine and DeferasiroxAcute iron poisoningDimercaprol (BAL in oil)Hydrofluoric acid (HF)Hyperkalemia (not digoxin-induced)HypermagnesemiaCalcium disodium EDTA (Versenate)Acute arsenic poisoning,Acute mercury poisoning,Lead poisoning (in addition to EDTA)Dicobalt EDTACyanide poisoningSucdmer/ Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)Lead poisoning,Arsenic poisoning,Mercury poisoningDimercapto-propane sulfonate (DMPS)Severe acute arsenic poisoning,Severe acute mercury poisoningD-Penicillamine (Cuprimine)Mainly in: copper toxicityOccasionally adjunctive therapy in: Gold toxicity, Arsenic poisoning, Lead poisoning, Rheumatoid arthritisBotulinum antitoxin * Bivalent (types AB)<< Trivalent (types ABE)Food-borne botulismWound botulismBotulism as a biological weaponNote: Not currently recommended for infant botulismL-CarnitineValproic acidCyproheptadine HCLMedications causing serotonin symdromeDantrolene sodiumMedications causing neuroleptic malignant symdrome (NMS)Medications causing malignant hyperthermiaInsulin and dextroseBeta blockersCalcium channel blockers (diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil)Octreotide acetateSulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents (e.g., glipizide, glyburide)Sodium thiosulfateBromatesChloratesMustard agentsNitroprussideThiamineEthanolEthylene glycolPrussian blue, ferric hexacyan ofer rateRadioactive cesium (Cs-137), radioactive thallium (Tl-201), and nonradioactive thallium | Forensic Medicine | Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques | [
"penicillamine"
] | 62,679 |
8a56ef41-62d6-42a2-a8e9-9f51a2a5e11e | Drug of choice for treatment of Alzheimer's disease is: | Atropine | Donepezil | Physostigmine | Fluoxetine | 1b
| single | (Ref: Katzung 14th ed. P 1063)DOC for Alzheimer's disease: Donepezil (reversible AchEsterase inhibitor)Other Ach Esterase inhibitor used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease is Gallantamine, Rivastigmine. | Pharmacology | D.O.C | [
"fluoxetine",
"donepezil",
"atropine",
"physostigmine"
] | 62,694 |
c10dae90-b293-4bbd-af23-abd32cec4170 | Local anaesthetic with maximum ionized form at physiological pH | Lignocaine | Etidocaine | Bupivacaine | Chloroprocaine | 3d
| single | Local anaesthetics with pKa value closest at physiological pH (7.4) will have a higher concentration of nonionized (unionized) base. Thus, the agent with pKa value away from physiological pH will have more concentration of ionized formChloroprocaine has highest pKa value, hence maximum ionized form at physiological pH.(Refer: Morgan and Mikhail's Clinical Anaesthesiology, 5th edition, pg no.268-270) | Anaesthesia | All India exam | [
"chloroprocaine",
"bupivacaine"
] | 62,700 |
ef7c8308-9a96-4430-9d04-526f2d368891 | A lady with 8 wks pregnancy presented with random blood glucose of 177mg/d1. The treatment is: | Phenformin | Sulfonylurea | Insulin | Glipizide | 2c
| single | null | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"glipizide"
] | 62,703 |
5d3cfb55-2db9-4269-b7a0-7abf069bb636 | H2 blocker used as anti-ulcer drug: | Pirenzepine | Famotidine | Rabeprazole | Sucralfate | 1b
| single | Ans: b (Famotidine) Ref: KDT, 6th ed,p. 629DRUGS USED IN PEPTIC ULCER1) H2 antagonists - Ranitidine, cimetidine. famotidine roxatidine and nizatidine.Nizatidine has little first-pass metabolism and a bioavailability of almost 100%. Famotidine is the most potent among them.2) Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - Omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole.They are the most effective drugs in GERD.3) Mucosal protective agents - Sucralfate, colloidal bismuth compounds4) Prostaglandin analogs - Misoprostol5) Antacids6) Anticholinergics - Pirenzipine, propantheline7) Anti-H.pylori drugs - Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tinidazole, tetracycline. | Pharmacology | Anti Histaminics | [
"famotidine",
"pirenzepine"
] | 62,707 |
48404cd0-c840-406e-a744-93d471bd5c58 | A 50-year-old chronic smoker presents with history of major depressive disorder and ischaemic hea disease. He has not received any psychiatric treatment. Which of the following medications is the best option to help him to quit smoking? | Bupropion | Naltrexone | Seraline | Nicotine replacement therapy | 0a
| multi | Bupoprion : NDRI Uses: Used most commonly for the management of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), and as an aid for smoking cessation. Effects: Insomnia Seizures: Bupropion is contraindicated in eating disorder patients who also purge because it can lower the seizure threshold Sweating Few adverse sexual effects Clinical use: Smoking cessation Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction Adult ADHD Obesit It is the best option in this case as it can overcome both depression and smoking. | Psychiatry | Substance Related and Addictive Disorders | [
"naltrexone",
"bupropion"
] | 62,721 |
112bd6b9-05e2-4487-a901-2010a04b5770 | Defective hepatic conjugation is seen in all the following except – | Neonatal jaundice | Gilbert syndrome | Crigler–Najjar syndrome | Novobiocin therapy | 3d
| multi | null | Pediatrics | null | [
"novobiocin"
] | 62,728 |
bce668dd-8974-45c6-b29a-bd0a1abd519b | which of the following agent is not a serotonin and dopaminergic blocker? | Doxepin | Amisulpiride | Seindole | Zotepine | 0a
| single | Doxepine is a tricyclic anti depressant that is neither a serotonin nor a dopaminergic blocker. REF: K D TRIPATI 8THH ED. | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system | [
"doxepin"
] | 62,737 |
c6313f83-f265-48b4-8ffa-c8044daca423 | Disulfiram is useful in: TN 11 | Alcohol dependence | Heroin dependence | Cocaine dependence | Cannabis dependence | 0a
| single | Ans. Alcohol dependence | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"disulfiram"
] | 62,752 |
48a7684b-2856-4ec2-aab9-928af256b455 | Apatient who is at risk of estrogen dependent carcinoma andhence estrogen is contraindicate d. So in order to prevent vasomotor symptoms, which drug is given? | Tamoxifen | Conjugated estrogen | Clonidine | Yombinine | 2c
| single | ANSWER: (C) ClonidineREF: Novak's gynecology 13th edition page 455In women for whom hormone replacement is contraindicated, multiple alternative treatments for hot flashes have been developed. Somewhat effective alternatives may be progestins such as medroxyprogesterone (10 to 30 mg daily orally) or megestrol acetate (20 to 40 mg daily orally). If either of these progestins results in intolerable side effects, the use of alternative progestins may be considered, although few data exist regarding their efficacy.In addition to the progestins, other nonsteroidal treatments for hot flashes have been developed. One of the best studied is the b 2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine. This drug probably works through both central and peripheral mechanisms and can be given either orally (0.05 mg twice daily) or by transdermal patch. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Pharmacology in Gynaecology | [
"tamoxifen",
"clonidine"
] | 62,760 |
c5699626-a9ba-4cc2-940a-7afb5e0f2b51 | Bacitracin sensitivity is used to differentiate ? | Group A Streptococcus from staphylococci | Group A streptococcus from other Beta hemolytic streptococci | Group A streptococcus from Gamma hemolytic streptococci. | Group A streptococcus from Alpha hemolytic streptococci | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Group A streptococcus from other Beta hemolytic streptococci The bacitracin susceptibility test is used to distinguish Group A streptococci, from other streptococci. This test is used to determine the effect of small amount of bacitracin (0.04U) on an organism. | Microbiology | null | [
"bacitracin"
] | 62,769 |
ebf61520-8960-43bc-a71c-b7a945d7a976 | Drug not used in chloroquine resistant malaria is : | Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine | Fluoroquinolones | Quinine | Artemisinins | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"quinine",
"chloroquine"
] | 62,774 |
d3d2d821-7af3-4a9f-b957-f91521813d3f | Cyclic GMP act on | Thyroxine | Insulin | Growth hormone | Atrial natriuretic peptide | 3d
| single | Cyclic GMP is the secondary messager for ANP, nitric oxide Secondary messager is required for peptide hormones Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:540,541,542 | Physiology | General physiology | [
"thyroxine"
] | 62,784 |
50366984-d7a7-4057-b9d0-08dcefc30653 | All of the following are true about atracurium, EXCEPT: | Should be avoided in asthmatic patients | Metabolism is by Hofmann degradation | Laudanosine toxicity is present | Histamine release is rare | 3d
| multi | Atracurium triggers dose-dependent histamine release that becomes significant at doses above 0.5 mg/kg. Ester hydrolysis (catalyzed by nonspecific esterases) and Hofmann elimination (spontaneous nonenzymatic chemical breakdown) are responsible for metabolism. Laudanosine, a teiary amine, is a breakdown product of atracurium's Hofmann elimination and has been associated with central nervous system excitation, resulting in elevation of the minimum alveolar concentration and even precipitation of seizures. Atracurium should be avoided in asthmatic patients because of severe bronchospasm. Ref: Butterwoh IV J.F., Mackey D.C., Wasnick J.D. (2013). Chapter 11. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. In J.F. Butterwoh IV, D.C. Mackey, J.D. Wasnick (Eds), Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology, 5e. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"atracurium"
] | 62,790 |
ab77266b-c8d2-413c-848d-54a4e57b0510 | Pilocarpine in eye causes - | Active miosis | Active mydriasis | Passive miosis | Passive mydriasis | 0a
| single | Ans: A. Active miosis(Ref: KDT 7h/e p' 114 & 6th/e p 200)Miosis (constriction of PuPil)Parasympathomimelic (muscarinic) drugs:By stimulating the contraction of circular muscles (pupillary sphincter).As miosis is due to active contraction of muscle - Called "Active miosis". | Pharmacology | null | [
"pilocarpine"
] | 62,795 |
96f91742-c413-43f7-818a-32e33f610d8b | A 30 year old pregnant woman develops tuberculosis. Which of the following antitubercular drugs should not be used | INH | Rifampicin | Streptomycin | Ethambutol | 2c
| single | Refer KDT 6/e p 748 Streptomycin is absolutely contraindicated in pregnant female | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"ethambutol"
] | 62,812 |
b6094aa7-6a54-4f0d-b23f-2a7d13ab84f7 | All of the following statements about Leukotriene modifiers in the management of bronchial asthma are true except : | May be used for acute asthma | May be used for exercise induced asthma | Zileuton is Leukotriene modifier | May uncover Churg Strauss syndrome | 0a
| multi | Answer is A (May be used for cute asthma): Leukotriene modifiers have no r le in aboing an attack of bronchial Asthma. Leukotriene Modifiers: These are new group of agents uaed for asthma and act by modifying the role of leukotrienes which are critical in the pathway of generating features of asthma. Action Leukotrienes are responsible for many of the critical elements of asthma Leukotriene modifiers act by two mechanisms to disable the deleterious effects of leukotrenes Reduce synthesis of all Leukotrienes by inhibiting enzyme involved in their formation i.e. 5 \\Lipooxygenase Zileuton Competitive blockage of principal leukotriene (LTD 4) Montelukast or Zafirulukast Uses Used as alternative to low dose inhaled coicosteroids in patients with mild persistent asthma reduces asthma morbidity diminishes nocturnal symptom Used for protection against exercise induced Asthma. Side effects: Leukotriene blockers have been associated with Churg-Strauss Syndrome e | Medicine | null | [
"zileuton"
] | 62,822 |
912d1e07-9fb3-4a7d-8055-b331e3d6e52d | Patient is known to have increased intracranial tension. Which of the following agents are safe to use in this patient? | Ketamine | Thiopentone | Halothane | Ether | 1b
| single | Thiopentone is cerebroprotective because it reduces cerebral oxygen consumption, cerebral metabolic rate and intracranial pressure. Similar agent is propofol. Ref: Ajay Yadav, 3rd Edition, Page 68 | Anaesthesia | null | [
"ketamine",
"halothane"
] | 62,823 |
025950d6-8ef9-4693-b67b-948d09111073 | The main mechanism of hyperpyrexia induced by atropine includes: | Vasodilation | Inhibition of sweating | Through central actions | Increase in basal metabolic rate | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"atropine"
] | 62,833 |
198c4870-e7fa-43f3-b4ae-ea89aa0f61ef | Which of the following anaesthetic agent is known to cause dissociative anaesthesia? | Ketamine | Thiopentone | Suxamethonium | Diazepam | 0a
| single | Ketamine is known to cause dissociative anaesthesia. Its primary sites of action are in the cerebral coex, thalamocoical pathways, and limbic system and not in the brainstem. Ketamine anaesthesia produces a trance like state with associated amnesia, sedation and analgesia. With this, patient appears dissociated from the environment but the eyes remain open and spontaneous involuntary movements can occur. The vital functions of brainstem are preserved. Side effects of ketamine includes: Hypeension Diplopia Nystagmus Dizziness Confusion Seizures Cardiac arrhythmias Nausea,vomiting and sedation Psychomimetic reactions Distressing psychic emergence phenomena Ref: Pediatric Anesthesia edited by Bruno Bissonnette page 378. | Anaesthesia | null | [
"suxamethonium",
"ketamine",
"diazepam"
] | 62,834 |
4349272f-b026-438b-837c-316e8cb6d03f | Drugs used for day care surgery are all except? | Propofol | Sevoflurane | Doxacurium | Desflurane | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Doxacurium | Anaesthesia | null | [
"sevoflurane",
"desflurane",
"propofol"
] | 62,852 |
67da034f-1946-4819-a770-03501359704d | True regarding peussis vaccine is: | 95% of vaccinated are protected | Erythromycin should be given to contacts | Neuroparalytic complication is seen in I in 15000 | Leukocytosis is diagnostic | 1b
| multi | Ans. (b) Erythromycin should be given to contacts Those known to have in contact with whooping cough should be given prophylactic erythromycin or ampicillin for 10 days. Peussis vaccine 1. Killed whole cell vaccine: Given in the form of DPT Protection 70-90% Adverse reaction: Neurologic complication 1:170000 Convulsions Prolonged screaming Hyporesponsible state. Contraindication: Epilepsy, convulsion or other CNS disorder. 2. Acellular vaccine: Contain peussis toxoid and filamentous hemagglutinin. Same efficacy but less reactogenic Two component (which contain peactin and peussis toxoid. are more effective than monocomponent acellular vaccine. The fuher addition of fimbriae appears to enhance protective efficacy. Note: In peusis lymphocytosis (not leukocytosis) is diagnostic. | Microbiology | null | [
"erythromycin"
] | 62,876 |
76423c40-8aec-4bc7-a48f-ad8fab12ac84 | Drugs use for Prophylaxis of a migraine include the following except? | Sumitriptan | Valproate | Serotonergic drugs | TCAs | 0a
| multi | *TCA,beta blockers ,calcium channel blockers, valproate,topiramate , used for prophylaxis of migraine *Sumatriptan used for treatment of acute attack of migraine . | Medicine | null | [
"valproate"
] | 62,885 |
95a6bf04-788e-47d0-9c75-93cc983ea8b2 | Which one the following does NOT primarily involve an action K+ channels? | Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction | Insulin secretion by Sulfonylurea | Carotid body discharge with reduced O2 | Dantrolene in the treatment of Malignant Hypehermia | 3d
| single | Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and carotid body discharge are brought about by the O2-sensitive K+ channel. Insulin secretion by sulfonylurea is brought about by its action the ATP-sensitive K+ channel on the pancreatic b-cell. Malignant hypehermia is a disorder of excitation-contraction coupling, resulting from genetic defect of RyR (a Ca++-release channel). Dantrolene uncouples the excitation from contraction, by acting on the Ca++ channel. | Physiology | Cell Membrane and transpo protiens | [
"dantrolene"
] | 62,891 |
3e78d0de-8ec1-4c81-9a75-e7958240bd33 | Following an appendectomy, a 28-year-old man is placed on ceftizoxime sodium (ceftizoxime). This antibiotic is unlikely to be effective against which of the following? | Pseudomonas | Staphylococcus aureus | Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Bacteroides fragilis | 0a
| single | Cefizox is not effective against many strains of Pseudomonas. If the drug is used in pseudomonas infection a higher dosage may be indicated, and the antibiotic should be changed if a quick response does not occur. Complications include cross reactions in patients who are allergic to penicillin. It does not seem to have nephrotoxic side effects. | Surgery | Small & Large Intestine | [
"ceftizoxime",
"cefizox"
] | 62,900 |
34a8c570-5f59-4373-8595-a8140646dec4 | The drug imatinib acts by the inhibition of : | Tyrosine kinase | Glutathione reductase | Thymidylate synthetase | Protein kinase | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"imatinib"
] | 62,905 |
524e3969-ca30-4337-8efe-6a816ed77020 | Best and least toxic treatment for amoebic dysentery is: | Emetine | Chloroquine | Metronidazole | Diloxanide furoate | 2c
| single | Ans: cRef: Harrison, 16thed, p. 1215 | Medicine | Infection | [
"metronidazole",
"chloroquine"
] | 62,912 |
86157416-14aa-4df8-bd1f-bac023fd9c7d | Ezetimibe acts by: | Enhancing excretion of bile acids | Decreasing absorption of cholesterol | Inhibiting HMG–CoA reductase | Inhibiting intracellular lipase | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"ezetimibe"
] | 62,913 |
5116fbd3-832b-493c-8841-b66a356c1879 | Which of the following drugs is used as an immunosuppressant but lacks anticancer activity? | Methotrexate | 6-Mercaptopurine | Azathioprine | 5-Fluorouracil | 2c
| single | Azathioprine is an antimetabolite that is used as an immunosuppressant but not as an anti-neoplastic drug. It is a prodrug and is conveed to its active metabolite (6-mercaptopurine) in the lymphoid cells only. | Pharmacology | Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs | [
"methotrexate",
"azathioprine",
"fluorouracil"
] | 62,922 |
82b05c46-894f-4d81-a9a6-1a59334b94c0 | While performing a procedure, a resident doctor injures herself with a suture needle that has been used to stitch a patient with HIV infection for 11 years. He has been complaint with therapy for several years and has recently changed tablets because of alteration in his appearance. His last CD4 count was 360 cells/mm. The doctor is offered post exposure prophylaxis. Which regimen should she take? | Zidovudine and Lamivudine | Zidovudine and Lamivudine and Indinavir | Zidovudine and Lamivudine and Stavudine | Zidovudine and Lamivudine and Abacavir | 1b
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"lamivudine",
"indinavir",
"stavudine",
"zidovudine"
] | 62,926 |
1f6f1a46-dda9-401a-acd9-105b3ad25608 | A person feels that small insects are creeping on the skin giving rise to itching sensation; the condition is seen in: Maharashtra 09; AIIMS 09, 11 | Cocaine poisoning | OPC posioning | Morphine poisoning | Alcohol withdrawal | 0a
| multi | Ans. Cocaine poisoning | Psychiatry | null | [
"morphine"
] | 62,948 |
bb43cd8f-fd2c-4f5f-ba57-f001844be1cd | 'Hand Foot' syndrome can be caused by? | Cisplatin | Capecitabine | Vincristine | Azathioprie | 1b
| single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Capecitabine Hand foot syndrome o Hand foot syndrome is a form erythromyelalgia manifested as tingling, numbness, pain, erythma, swelling and increased pigmentation of hands and feet. o Two most common drugs causing 'Hand foot' syndrome are: i) Capecitabine (most common) ii) 5-FU (2nd most common) Drugs causing 'Hand foot' syndrome Commonly associated drugs o Capecitabine o Surafenib o Cytarabin o 5-FU o Doxorubicin (liposomol) Rarely associated drugs o Cisplatin o Etoposide o 6-MP o Cyclophosphamide o Hydroxyurea o Suramin o Docetaxel o Methotrexate o Paclitaxel o Daunorubicin o Mitotane | Pharmacology | null | [
"capecitabine",
"vincristine",
"cisplatin"
] | 62,970 |
14e7ade1-2409-4b17-8e2b-8e53053f3a6b | A 33 year old pregnant woman G3P2L0 presents at 9 weeks gestational age . She has a history of conization for CIN one year back & currently is on follow up. She also has the history of preterm bihs at 30 and 32 weeks during her last 2 pregnancies. What is the best step in the management of this patient? | USG to see cervical length & decide next management | Apply Cervical Cerclage by 12 weeks | Complete bed rest till bility is achieved | Provide low dose Tocolysis with salbutamol till bility | 1b
| multi | Management consists of doing a cerclage around 12-14 weeks. A 'post conization' cervix & previous preterm bihs are more than sufficient indications for this. Doing the cervical length assessment is pa of the work up here than the definitive management. Tocolysis or bed rest alone will not prevent an Aboion / Preterm labour in a previously challenged cervix. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Preterm Labour | [
"salbutamol"
] | 62,976 |
1a3cc0fb-c73b-4fd5-8fae-0703bffa57d0 | Which of the following is a long acting b2 selective agonist? | Formoterol | Isoprenaline | Salbutamol | Ephedrine | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Formoterol | Pharmacology | null | [
"formoterol",
"salbutamol"
] | 62,990 |
5fbe4127-91eb-49b2-abcd-7e760c6749d5 | Which of the following drugs is useful in chronic gout but is NOT a uricosuric agent? | Probenecid | Lesinurad | Sulfinpyrazone | Allopurinol | 3d
| multi | Drugs used in gout are: For acute gout NSAIDs like diclofenac, indomethacin Steroids Colchicine For chronic gout Decrease formation of uric acid: Allopurinol Febuxostat Increase excretion of uric acid (uricosuric agents): Sulfinpyrazone Probenecid Benzbromarone Lesinurad Increase metabolism of uric acid: Rasburicase Pegloticase | Pharmacology | NSAIDs, Gout and Rheumatoid Ahritis | [
"allopurinol",
"probenecid"
] | 62,995 |
6f63ce14-193b-4c35-a471-c4e7b09807a4 | Following are the side effects of apraclonidine except ? | Lid dermatitis | Follicular conjunctivitis | Eye lid retraction | Watering of mouth | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Watering of mouth Apraclonidine Topical application lowers the intra ocular pressure by 25 %. It decreases aqueous production by primary alphal and subsidiary alpha 2 action in ciliary body. Itching, lid dermatitis, follicular conjunctivitis, mydriasis, eyelid retraction, dryness of mouth and nose are common side effects. Its use is restricted to sho term control of spikes of intraocular tension after laser trabeculolasty or iridotomy. | Ophthalmology | null | [
"apraclonidine"
] | 63,008 |
39ceea4b-2234-49fe-b02b-30523cd8aa4d | Food does not interfere in absorption of - | Cimetidine | Ranitidine | Famotidine | None of the above | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cimetidine Cimetidine is adequately absorbed orally. Its absorption is not interfered by presence of food in stomach | Pharmacology | null | [
"cimetidine",
"famotidine",
"ranitidine"
] | 63,016 |
1ad8ed1e-9832-4f28-a7dc-79143f9ba1c1 | Drugs that can be used in opioid de–addiction are ? | Clonidine | Diazepam | Methadone | All of the above | 3d
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"methadone",
"diazepam",
"clonidine"
] | 63,038 |
fc102cd1-dd39-43db-bbd2-be98701513d3 | Clomiphene citrate is: | Antiandrogen | Synthetic steroid | Antiestrogen | GnRH analogue | 2c
| single | null | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | [
"clomiphene"
] | 63,056 |
0bfbbb8d-a391-4f9c-b258-13068f623b59 | Which of the following drugs are used for smoking cessation? | Bupropion | Buspirone | Venlafaxine | Fluoxetine | 0a
| single | Ans. (A) Bupropion(Ref: Harrison 16th/e p2575; Katzung 11th/e p521,1110)Drugs used for smoking cessation are:Nicotine (gum, patch, nasal inhaler, oral inhaler)BupropionClonidine (oral, patch)NortriptylineRimonabantVarenicillineAmfebutamoneMecamylamine | Pharmacology | Miscellaneous | [
"fluoxetine",
"bupropion"
] | 63,074 |
2a1799cb-1995-4b3e-b527-eb1ad0e1366e | A 45-year-old woman underwent a modified radical mastectomy 4 years ago. She was treated for multiple bone metastasis with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil for 6 months. She is complaining of exertion on exercise, swelling of the legs, and swelling around eyes in the morning. On examination, she has bilateral rates in the lungs, S1, S2, audible, S3, S5 gallop present. Her BP is 149/ 117 mmHg, PR is 80/min, and RR is 18/min. What is the most likely cause for her cardiac condition ? | Systolic dysfunction CHF | Drug induced cardiac toxicity | Metastatic cardiac disease | Pneumonia | 1b
| multi | null | Medicine | null | [
"cyclophosphamide",
"doxorubicin",
"fluorouracil"
] | 63,076 |
51da5685-e538-4c35-941b-30136e0e2ffb | A Young women with secondary amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. MRI shows a tumous of < 10 mm diameter in the pituitary fossa. Treatment is - | Hormonal therapy for withdrawal bleeding | Radiotherapy | Chemotherapy | Bromocriptine | 3d
| single | bromocriptine is a dopamine receptor agonist that suppress prolactin secretion .It rapidly lowers serum prolactin levels to normal in upto 70% of patients and tumor shrinks ( Harrison 17 pg 2206) | Medicine | Endocrinology | [
"bromocriptine"
] | 63,088 |
3ac0d6db-65ec-4157-99e8-41c41ab07797 | Which of the following LA's can cause Methemoglobinemia? | Prilocaine | Lignocaine | Benzocaine | All of the above | 3d
| multi | Prilocaine >Lignocaine, Benzocaine can oxidize hemoglobin & cause methemoglobinemia. | Pharmacology | null | [
"benzocaine"
] | 63,091 |
16438985-50e3-48ad-825c-faad77520a94 | Antacid interfere with absorption of all of the following except : | Ketoconazole | Azithromycin | Oxytetracycline | Ofloxacin | 1b
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"ofloxacin",
"azithromycin",
"ketoconazole"
] | 63,093 |
c374ddb9-594c-4ebc-82a4-c47e69bcf76a | Wof agents is often combined with local anesthetics to prevent its systemic distribution from the site of injection | Acetylcholine | Dopamine | Epinephrine | g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) | 2c
| single | Addition of a vasoconstrictor, e.g. adrenaline (1:50,000 to 1:200,000): * Prolongs duration of action of LAs by decreasing their rate of removal from the local site into the circulation: contact time of the LA with the nerve fibre is prolonged. * Enhances the intensity of nerve block. * Reduces systemic toxicity of LAs: rate of absorption is reduced and metabolism keeps the plasma concentration lower. * Provides a more bloodless field for surgery. * Increases the chances of subsequent local tissue edema and necrosis as well as delays wound healing by reducing oxygen supply and enhancing oxygen consumption in the affected area. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-363 | Pharmacology | Anesthesia | [
"epinephrine"
] | 63,110 |
b4e5321a-6530-4ac6-b507-3483cb9958ef | In a patient receiving ketogenic diet for epilepsy, which one of the following antiepileptic agents is to be avoided? | Sodium valproate | Phenytoin | Carbamazepine | Lamotrigine | 0a
| single | Valproate, and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches. They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures, paial seizures, and generalized seizures Common adverse effects of valproate include nausea, upper abdominal cramps, abnormal liver function, weight gain and diarrhoea. Neurological adverse effects such as tremor, fatigue, sedation, confusion and dizziness are often observed should not be given when patient is on ketogenic diet Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2657 | Medicine | C.N.S | [
"valproate",
"lamotrigine",
"carbamazepine",
"phenytoin"
] | 63,119 |
997433d1-b962-4078-85ec-c8abd329d64a | The site of action of vasopressin is | Ascending limb of loop of Henle | Descending limb of loop of Henle | Distal tubule | Proximal tubule | 2c
| single | Vasopressin (ADH) Increasing the water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 698 | Physiology | Renal physiology | [
"vasopressin"
] | 63,126 |
bb5fa8f1-114a-485d-b7fc-e2914900a181 | Agent causing malignant hyperthermia- | Succinylcholine | Dantrolene | Gallamine | Ketamine | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Succinylcholine o Drugs causing malignant hyperthermia are succinylcholine (most common cause). Halothane (most common cause amongst the inhalational agent), Isoflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane, MethoxyTlurane, Cyc lopropane, Ether, MAO inhibitors, TCA, Phenothiazine, Lignocaine.Malignant hyperthermiao Malignant hyperthermia is a life - threatening medical emergency which is genetically determined,o The condition occurs during or immediately after anaesthesia and may be precipitated by potent inhalation agents (enflurane, halothane, isoflurane), or suxamethonium.o The mechanism involves a sudden rise in intracellular calcium due to release of stored calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum, stimulating contraction, rhabdomyolysis and a hypermetabolic state.Clinical features areMasseter spasm -If a patient deifelops severe masseter spasm after suxomethonium, there is a significant possibility of malignant hyperthermia.Tachycardia and arrhythmiasRise in end-tidal CO2 (first sign )| temperature & unexpected change in BP.o ManagementI. Vdantroline is the DOC, it acts by preventing the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum.Others are for supportive treatment - oxygen, cooling, and insulin & dextrose are given for hyperkalemia due to potassium release from contracted muscle. | Anaesthesia | Depolarising Neuromuscular Blocking Agents | [
"ketamine",
"dantrolene",
"gallamine"
] | 63,134 |
db74a40c-9f4b-40ae-8834-84de9191af86 | Which disaccharide is NOT broken down in GIT when ingested: | Lactulose | Maltose | Sucrose | Lactose | 0a
| single | Lactulose is not broken down in the intestine when it is ingested Lactulose synthetic disaccharide made up of galactose & fructose, joined by ss bond. Due to ss bond, it is not broken in the intestine when it is ingested, Use- In constipation. EXCEPTIONS : If beta bond is present on the side of Galactose, then beta bond becomes easy to be broken. Any such enzyme therefore is known as Beta Galactosidase e.g. Lactase ss Galactosyl Ceramidase -breaks lactose(galactose joined to glucose by beta bond) breaks Beta-Galactosyl Ceramide,(Glycolipid in which galactose is joined to ceramide by ss bond) deficient in lactose intolerance deficient in Krabbe's disease | Biochemistry | Classification of carbohydrate | [
"lactulose"
] | 63,139 |
78124a41-2195-4e5c-b9b4-267916893a5a | Drug not used in prophylaxis of bipolar disorder ? | Haloperidol | Lithium | Carbamazepine | Valproate | 0a
| single | Ans. A. HaloperidolProphylactic treatment for bipolar disorder:Lithium (drug of choice)CarbamazepineValproateOther drugs which can be used are topiramate, Lamotrigine, atypical antipsychotics (apiprazale, olanzapine,quetiapine, risperidone, Clozapine) and Gabapentin. | Psychiatry | null | [
"valproate",
"carbamazepine"
] | 63,154 |
df91c6b1-f22f-448b-9506-726f35341f42 | Drug of Choice for Digoxin induced Ventricular Tachycardia | Verapamil | Diltiazem | Propranolol | Lignocaine | 3d
| single | * Lignocaine is the drug of choice for Digoxin induced Ventricular Tachycardia. * Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside - used in treatment of hea failure and in control of ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation/flutter. * It has low margin of safety and high toxicity index. (Therapeutic Index: 1.5-3). * About 25% of patients on Digoxin therapy develop toxicity features. * Digoxin toxicity can induce almost any cardiac dysrrhythmia except rapidly conducted atrial arrhythmias like atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Mobitz type II AV block is also a rare phenomenon in digoxin toxicity. Second-degree AV block (Type 2) is usually caused by structural damage to the distal conduction system located in the ventricular poion of the myocardium- linked to an infarction/idiopathic Fibrosis/cardiac surgery/ infections/ inflammations/ auto-immune disease. * Digoxin- specific Fab antibody is a specific antidote for Digoxin Overdosage. (~40mg of Fab = 1mg Digoxin ). Ref:- KD Tripathi Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 8th Ed; Pg num:- 560 | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | [
"propranolol",
"digoxin",
"diltiazem",
"verapamil"
] | 63,165 |
813594f3-7aa7-42e6-9bd3-ff7b99b51a84 | Liver granulation may be associated with all of the following except: | Candida | Halothane | Sarcoidosis | Hepatic metastasis | 3d
| multi | The most common causes of hepatic granuloma are tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, drug reactions and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatic granuloma can be caused by a number of other causes such as: Systemic Diseases Infections Drugs ? Idiopathic ? Berylliosis ? Sarcoidosis ? Crohn's Disease ? Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ? Wegner's Granulomatosis ? Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ? TB ? MAC ? EBV ? CMV ? Leprosy ? Q fever ? Syphilis ? Brucellosis ? Histoplasmosis ? Isoniazid ? Quinidine ? Halothane ? Allopurinol ? Methyldopa ? Sulfonamides Ref: Tropical Hepato-Gastroenterology By Tandon, Page 355; Liver: A Complete Book on Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases By Mahtab, Page 97 | Pathology | null | [
"halothane"
] | 63,168 |
338316b8-527e-452d-87d0-0915c734c1fd | Weight gain is seen with all of the following antipsychiatric medications except ? | Quitiapine | Resperidone | Clozapine | Molindone | 3d
| multi | Ans. is `d' i.e., Molindone Antipsychotics usually cause weight gain. Quitiapine, olanzapine, clozapine and resperidone, all have been implicated in weight gain. Molindone has often been repoed to cause weight loss rather than weight gain. | Pharmacology | null | [
"clozapine"
] | 63,171 |
39876436-f78c-4dc0-8e88-1fcc17fa02dc | Anti-hypertensive drug contraindicated in pregnancy is? | Enalapril | Cardio selective Beta blockers | Methyl dopa | Hydralazine | 0a
| single | 89).ANSWER: (A) EnalaprilREF: KDT 7th edp. 553Also asked in June 2008 (OBG), December 2008 (pharm)Anti-hypertensive to be avoided in pregnancyAnti-hypertensive to be given in pregnancy* ACE-I, AT-1 blockers ( absolutely c/i)* Diuretics* Non selective beta blockers* Sodium nitroprusside* Hydralazine* Methyl dopa* Dihydropyridine CCBs* Cardio selective beta blockers and those with intrinsic sympathomimetic activities* Prazosine and clonidine | Pharmacology | Pregnancy | [
"hydralazine",
"enalapril"
] | 63,180 |
ca66b81d-3249-4e97-86fa-74f0bd81d3c1 | A 55-year-old female on methotrexate presents with continuous pain and swelling of bilateral hand joints. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? | Double the dose of methotrexate | Methotrexate + high potency Oral steroids | Methotrexate + Sulphasalazine + Hydroxychloroquine | Stop methotrexate and sta Monotherapy with anti-TNF- drugs | 2c
| single | The image shows subluxation at first MCP of both hands with deformity in fingers on right hand. Coupled with the clinical history, the diagnosis is Z line deformity of Rheumatoid ahritis with persistent disease activity. She is already on methotrexate and should now be put on triple therapy of methotrexate with sulphasalazine and hydroxychloroquine. Choice A will lead to higher side effects of methotrexate. Choice B will lead to increased incidence of osteoporosis. Choice D: anti- TNF drugs are used not alone but in conjunction with methotrexate. Failure to achieve remission with methotrexate calls for change in DMARD therapy as follows: 1. Oral triple therapy (Methotrexate + sulphasalazine + Hydroxychloroquine) 2. Methotrexate and leflunomide 3. Methotrexate and biologicals like ceolizumab | Medicine | Rheumatoid Ahritis | [
"methotrexate",
"hydroxychloroquine"
] | 63,201 |
048416fe-a9b1-446a-bb73-0abc29d70a10 | Drug of choice in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (type II lepra reaction): | Steroid | Thalidomide | Clofazimine | Aspirin | 0a
| single | A i.e. Steroid | Skin | null | [
"clofazimine",
"thalidomide"
] | 63,202 |
fd45007c-9422-4d9a-b805-8167b274a0fb | Dysguesia is side effect of | Captopril | Enalapril | Ramipril | Lisinopril | 0a
| single | Ans. a (Captopril). (Ref. Harrison's medicine, 16th ed., Table 230-8, Pg 1474)ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CAPTOPRIL =# Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuria, Taste changes, hypOtension, Pregnancy problems (fetal renal damage), Rash, Increased renin, Lower angiotensin II. Also hyperkalemia, Leukopenia>Pancytopenia, Urticarial rash and ARF in bilateral RASEducational point:# Fosinopril excreted more in bile than others.# Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. It is not an ACE inhibitor and does not cause cough. | Pharmacology | ACE Inhibitors | [
"captopril",
"lisinopril",
"ramipril",
"enalapril"
] | 63,207 |
7cd61fa1-8686-427b-a917-a2c3810ffb78 | Spironolactone should not be given with: | Chlorothiazide | Beta blockers | ACE inhibitors | Amlodipine | 2c
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"spironolactone",
"chlorothiazide",
"amlodipine"
] | 63,211 |
89de5d90-750f-4297-a5f7-cd78e68128b7 | Alteplase is a/an - | Anticoagulant | Antplatelet | Fibrinolytic | Anti fibrinolytic | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Fibrinolytic Drugs affecting the lysis of fibrin clot|| |Fibrinolytic drugs Antifibrinolytic drugso Streptokinaseo Alteplase (rt-PA)o Tenecteplaseo Urokinaseo Reteplaseo Recombinant prourokinaseo Epsilon aminocaproic acido Tranexaemic acido Aprotinin | Pharmacology | Antiplatelets and Fibrinolytics | [
"alteplase"
] | 63,212 |
c855d3ba-be14-42a0-8ab6-4751be6b0043 | The following agents may be used as prophylaxis in high altitude pulmonary edema - | ACE inhibitor | Acetazolamide | Nifedipine | Digoxin | 2c
| single | null | Medicine | null | [
"digoxin",
"nifedipine",
"acetazolamide"
] | 63,222 |
6f689c7c-b534-4124-8f42-936651956945 | Clostridium difficile infection risk increases on use of | Ciprofloxacin | Metronidazole | Vancomycin | Teicoplanin | 0a
| single | Ciprofloxacin increases risk of C.difficile enterocolitis.Metronidazole, vancomycin, teicoplanin are effective agaist C. difficile in cases of pseudomembranous colitis.Ref: Bailey and Love 27e pg: 56 | Surgery | General surgery | [
"metronidazole",
"ciprofloxacin",
"vancomycin",
"teicoplanin"
] | 63,232 |
5c685fd5-4806-4ae2-9f54-79863ab9fe9c | A 1.5 year old female is brought to the clinic with complaints of excessive enlargement of head, intolerance to feeds and severe malnourishment. MRI imaging was suggestive of a medulloblastoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Which of the following is an example of irrational management of the patient? | Craniotomy and sub-total excision of the tumour. Surgeon leaves the layer of the tumour adherent with colliculus | First ventriculoperitoneal shunt was done | CCNU and vincristine were given as chemotherapy | Radiotherapy 35-40 Gy was given to the whole craniospinal axis | 3d
| single | Ans. d. Radiotherapy 35-40 Gy was given to the whole craniospinal axis (Ref: Harrison 19/e p602, 18/e p3388; Sabiston 19/e p1888; Schwartz 9/e p1540: healthprofessionals/page5)In this child of age 1.5 years suffering from medulloblastoma, efforts should be made to omit or delay the radiation, given the profound impact of radiation at this age, so the example of irrational management should be radiotherapy 35-40 Gray given to the whole craniospinal axis.Medulloblastoma:Surgery is considered a standard part of treatment for histologic confirmation of tumor type and as a means to improve outcome.Total or near-total resections are considered optimal, if they can be performed safely.For children younger than 3 years, efforts should be made to omit or delay the radiation, given the profound impact of radiation at this age.BCNU and vincristine are primarily used for recurrences, in poor-risk patients, and in children < 3 years to avoid radiation therapyQ.Palliative ventriculoperitoneal shunt is done in pediatric patients of medulloblastoma with hydrocephalus (www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/.../19327082/)MedulloblastomaHighly malignant tumor found in cerebellumQ and infratentorial locationOccur predominantly in childrenQ (peak incidence at 3-4 yearsQ)Medulloblastoma is most radiosensitive brain tumorQMC site: Vermis (75%)MC site in adults: Lateral cerebellar hemisphereClinical Characteristics:Child usually presents with features of increased intracranial tensionQ.Adults present with ataxia and unilateral dysmetria as lateral origin is more commonQ.Metastasis:Dissemination through CSF is common leading to drop metastasisQ.Metastasis outside CNSQ affects bone, lymph node and liver.Tumor dissemination is most important prognostic factorQ.Treatment:Despite of extreme radiosensitivity, it should be surgically excisedQ.Surgical excision should be followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapyQ.BCNU and vincristine are primarily used for recurrences, in poor-risk patients, and in children < 3 years to avoid radiation therapyQ.Prognosis:Patients without a residual tumor and negative CSF seeding have 5-year survival rate > 75%. | Pediatrics | Central Nervous System | [
"vincristine"
] | 63,236 |
3a4c9c18-e93d-4b80-9451-aa9c6162584f | Cytotoxic agent with maximum emetogenic potential: March 2012, March 2013 | Cisplatin | Daunorubicin | Bleomycin | Methotrexate | 0a
| single | Ans: A i.e. Cisplatin Emetogenic potential of drugs Emetogenic potential of cisplatin is high (other drugs are cyclophosphamide, actinomycin-D) Daunorubicin has moderate emetogenic potential Bleomycin and Methorexate has mild emetogenic potential | Pharmacology | null | [
"methotrexate",
"cisplatin"
] | 63,238 |
6e92d385-edb0-45b4-92fd-fe2b5725971d | All of the following drugs alter calcium hemostasis except - | Flouride | Indomethacin | Mithramycin | Thiazides | 1b
| multi | null | Medicine | null | [
"indomethacin"
] | 63,251 |
5a41da0b-74c3-4c7e-aafa-d075fd3b1e67 | All of the following anticancer agents cause bone marrow suppression except | Chlorambucil | Danorubicin | Doxorubicin | Flutamide | 3d
| multi | Refer KDT 6/e p828 Flutamide is an anti androgen .most hormonal agents Alkylating agents ,Antimetabolites b, natural products and other directly cytotoxic agents are Myelosuprresants. Vincristine and Bleomycin are marrow sparing | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"flutamide",
"chlorambucil",
"doxorubicin"
] | 63,300 |
9d463674-0d1c-423c-bbe3-480a53baa0ff | All of the given drugs are positive inotropes EXCEPT | Dopamine | dobutamine | Digoxin | Doxepin | 3d
| multi | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"digoxin",
"doxepin",
"dobutamine"
] | 63,311 |
ba6d592d-6bd5-4086-9be3-07b4a2d675d2 | Drugs used in Heroin withdrawl are A/E | Buprenorphine | Clonidine | Dextropropoxyphene | Haloperidol | 3d
| single | D i.e. Haloperidol | Psychiatry | null | [
"clonidine"
] | 63,342 |
7b536c35-f97f-47ee-9504-55d4b24026e6 | Which is produced by Phaeochromocytoma in M.E.N 2A Sipple syndrome? | Epinephrine | Norepinephrine | Dopamine | 5- H.I. | 0a
| single | Ans. (a) EpinephrineRef: Robbin's pathology 9th ed. /1134-36* Phaeochromocytoma < 5 cm and associated with MEN 2A can produce epinephrine due to sufficient methy transferase enzyme.* However if phaeochromocytoma > 5 cm and in extradrenal phaeochromocytoma due to absence of methyl trans- ferase enzyme, only nor-epinephrine is produced. | Pathology | Adrenal Cortex and Medulla | [
"epinephrine"
] | 63,345 |
4ed540b8-411d-47db-b3f8-edc86de1c05f | In transection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, the production of which hormone remains unaffected? | Testosterone | Oxytocin | Thyroxine | Cortisol | 1b
| single | (B) Oxytocin # Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hprmone and rest are hormones regulated by releasing hormones of hypothalamus and thence anterior pituitary therefore transection btw hypothalamus and anterior pituitary does not effect the production of posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin. | Medicine | Miscellaneous | [
"oxytocin",
"thyroxine"
] | 63,348 |
e5e72788-f197-4634-8581-23e293173450 | True about pilocarpine is - | It acts by decreasing secretion from ciliary epithelium | Side effects include bitter taste and renal calculi | It is drug of choice for treatment of Angle closure Glaucoma | It is a hyperosmotic agent | 2c
| multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., It is drug of choice for treatment of Angle closure Glaucoma Pilocarpine:o Class-cholinomimetic.o Mechanism of Action- increased Aqueous Outflow Due To Opening Of Trabecular Meshwork Due To Ciliary Muscle Contraction.o Systemic Side Effects- Sweating, Salivation, Urinary Frequency, Diarrhea, Bronchospasm. o Ocular Side Effects- Blurred Vision, Miosis, Accommodative Spasm, Browache. o Drug of Choice For Acute Congestive Glaucoma is pilocarpine. | Ophthalmology | Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | [
"pilocarpine"
] | 63,350 |
6cd6229d-09ba-4937-9905-89e5bb80ef8e | Anticholinergic which can be used as sedative and antiemetic premedication is | Atropine | Glycopyrrolate | Hyoscine | Edrophonium | 2c
| single | Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is a medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting. It is also sometimes used before surgery to decrease saliva. When used by injection, effects begin after about 20 minutes and last for up to 8 hours. | Anaesthesia | Intravenous Anesthetic Agents | [
"atropine",
"edrophonium"
] | 63,370 |
b6c3601c-6dbe-41e1-b06a-7ac4b436494f | Why is Clopidogrel preferred over Ticlodipine? | Cost | Drug interaction | Side effect | Efficacy | 2c
| single | (C) Side effect# TICLOPIDINE like clopidogrel, it is an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor.> Clopidogrel due to simpler dosing regimen, the absence of neutropenia, bone marrow aplasia and the lower frequency of other side effects make it a safe alternative to ticlopidinel. | Pharmacology | Miscellaneous (Pharmacology) | [
"clopidogrel"
] | 63,384 |
1bef94e6-d3ab-4c2e-906a-1e286bd2dca6 | Preferred drug for the treatment of a 48 year old man with uncomplicated grade 2 hypeension without any associated co-morbidity is | Chlohalidone | Triamterene | Spironolactone | Furosemide | 0a
| single | According to ACC Guidelines and JNC 8 Guidelines - DOC for hypeension is Thiazides (preferred diuretic). The other first line drugs for hypeension are- - ACE Inhibitors - Angiotensin receptor blockers - Calcium channel blockers Triamterene and Spironolactone are K+ Sparing Diuretics - mainly used along with other diuretics to prevent hypokalemia. Furosemide - is a loop diuretic - used for conditions like congestive hea failure. | Pharmacology | Hypeension, Arrhythmias, Dyslipidemia | [
"furosemide",
"spironolactone",
"triamterene"
] | 63,385 |
75d82a63-d51e-43c3-8e22-8306d2743324 | Peripheral neuropathy not caused by which anti–retroviral drug ? | Lamivudine | Didanosine | Zidovudine | Zalcitabine | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"lamivudine",
"zidovudine"
] | 63,395 |
934cebab-12ca-44d4-9371-1737a7bb1764 | Anticancer drug that causes lung fibrosis is : | Bleomycin | Cisplatin | Fulvestrant | Tamoxifen | 0a
| single | null | Pharmacology | null | [
"fulvestrant",
"tamoxifen",
"cisplatin"
] | 63,402 |
0225e260-96a5-4399-b156-ba76e7780700 | All are effective against Tinea versicolor except: | Fluconaozole | Clotrimazole | Ketoconazole | Griseofulvin | 3d
| multi | IMIDAZOLES AND TRIAZOLES These are presently the most extensively used antifungal drugs. Four imidazoles are entirely topical, while ketoconazole is used both orally and topically. Two triazoles fluconazole and itraconazole have largely replaced ketoconazole for systemic mycosis because of greater efficacy, longer half life fewer side effects and drug interactions. The imidazoles and triazoles have broadspectrum antifungal activity covering dermatophytes, Candida, other fungi involved in deep mycosis (except mucor), Nocardia, some grampositive and anaerobic bacteria, e.g. Staph. aureus, Strep. faecalis, Bac. fragilis and Leishmania. The mechanism of action of imidazoles and triazoles is the same. They inhibit the fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme &;lanosterol l4--demethylase&; and thus impair ergosterol synthesis leading to a cascade of membrane abnormalities in the fungus. HETEROCYCLIC BENZOFURAN: Griseofulvin: It was one of the early antibiotics extracted from Penicillium griseofulvum. However, because of lack of antibacterial activity, little attention was paid to it: clinical utility in dermatophytosis was demonstrated only around 1960. Griseofulvin is active against most dermatophytes, including Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum, etc., but not against Candida and other fungi causing deep mycosis. Bacteria are also insensitive. Dermatophytes actively concentrate it: this feature probably accounts for its selective toxicity. Resistance can be induced in vitro and this is associated with loss of concentrating ability. However, emergence of resistance during clinical use is rare. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:760,761 | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy | [
"clotrimazole",
"griseofulvin",
"ketoconazole"
] | 63,423 |
ef2188d6-1b78-458c-96ca-3ab8d91da326 | All are true regarding PCOS EXCEPT | Increased SHBG ratio | Metformin is alone the drug of choice | Increased LH/FSH ratio | Cause of infertility in women | 1b
| multi | (B) Metformin is alone the drug of choice# PCOS:> Serum levels of androgens (androstenedione & testosterone) may be elevated. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels above 700-800 pg/dL are highly suggestive of adrenal dysfunction because DHEA-S is made exclusively by the adrenal glands> Free testosterone level is thought to be the best measure, with -60% of PCOS patients demonstrating supranormal levels.> Free androgen index (FAI) of the ratio of testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is high and is meant to be a predictor of free testosterone, but is a poor parameter for this and is no better than testosterone alone as a marker for PCOS, possibly because FAI is correlated with the degree of obesity.> Ratio of LH to FSH is elevated in women with PCOS.> Common cut-offs to designate abnormally high LH/FSH ratios are 2:1 or 3:1 as tested on Day 3 of the menstrual cycle. Pattern is not very sensitive; a ratio of 2:1 or higher was present in less than 50% of women with PCOS in one study. Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, in particular among obese or overweight women.> Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is increased in PCOS, and may become part of its diagnostic criteria> Infertility generally results directly from chronic anovulation (lack of ovulation) in PCOS.> Medications for PCOS include both oral contraceptives and metformin.> Oral contraceptives increase sex hormone binding globulin production, which increases binding of free testosterone. This reduces the symptoms of hirsutism caused by high testosterone and regulates return to normal menstrual periods.> Metformin is a drug commonly used in type 2 diabetes to reduce insulin resistance, and is used off label to treat insulin resistance seen in PCOS.> In many cases, metformin also supports ovarian function and return to normal ovulation. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Miscellaneous (Gynae) | [
"metformin"
] | 63,445 |
91606c7d-7b88-454c-ba11-df6aeee963d5 | Drug of choice in type I lepra reaction with severe neuritis is: | Systemic steroid | Clofazimine | Thalidomide | Chloroquine | 0a
| single | Therapy for Reactions Type 1 lepra reactions are best treated with glucocoicoids (e.g., prednisone, initially at doses of 40-60 mg/d). As the inflammation subsides, the glucocoicoid dose can be tapered, but steroid therapy must be continued for at least 6 months Type 2 Lepra reaction: If ENL is mild (i.e., without fever or other organ involvement), it may be treated with antipyretics alone. In cases with many skin lesions, fever, malaise, and other tissue involvement, brief courses (1-2 weeks) of glucocoicoids are effective. If, despite two courses of glucocoicoid therapy ENL appears to be recurring and persisting, treatment with thalidomide should be initiated | Medicine | Bacterial infection | [
"clofazimine",
"thalidomide",
"chloroquine"
] | 63,460 |
3af74d83-98b3-4eef-a9ba-40ca5521da0d | Remifentanil is : | Useful for short painful procedures | Metabolized by plasma esterases | Equipotent as fentanyl | All of these | 3d
| multi | Remifentanil is shortest acting opioid due to its metabolism by plasma esterases.
Due to its short duration of action, it is indicated for short-term painful procedures.
Intravenous bolus dosing is not practical because of the short duration of action, rather it is administered by constant i.v. infusion.
Potency is equal to fentanyl and similarly, it can also cause post-operative muscle rigidity. | Pharmacology | null | [
"remifentanil",
"fentanyl"
] | 63,468 |
fbf984f5-2c39-4b02-830b-aba39133aebf | True statement about clonidine are all except- | Increases parasympathetic outflow | Decreases sympathetic outflow by blocking central alpha receptor | Used in Hypertension | Prazosin is used to antagonize side effects of clonidine | 3d
| multi | Ans-D Clonidine is an alpha-2 agonist that acts by decreasing the central sympathetic outflow.Sedation, dry mouth and rebound hypertension are the principal adverse effects associated with clonidine. Prazosin is an a1 selective blocker, therefore it is not able to block alpha-2 mediated actions. | Unknown | null | [
"prazosin",
"clonidine"
] | 63,475 |
8031404b-a7aa-4c62-86ae-bbae1deccfa1 | Select the antimicrobial drug which is used orally only for urinary tract infection or for bacterial diarrhoeas | Bacampicillin | Nalidixic acid | Azithromycin | Pefloxacin | 1b
| multi | QUINOLONES Nalidixic acid It is active against gram-negative bacteria, especially coliforms: E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Shigella but not Pseudomonas. mech of action:- It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and is bactericidal. Use s:- 1. Nalidixic acid is primarily used as a urinary antiseptic. 2. It has also been employed in diarrhoea caused by Proteus, E. coli, Shigella or Salmonella, but norfloxacin/ciproloxacin are more commonly used now. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-709 | Pharmacology | Antibiotics | [
"azithromycin"
] | 63,479 |
c6c19623-12c8-4185-b7a6-055fd1404507 | Which of the following condition respond well with Clonidine? | Opiate withdrawal | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Tourette's disorder | All of the above | 3d
| multi | Ans. D. All of the aboveClinically, clonidine has been useful and effective in a series of medical and psychiatric conditions. Among them are Tourette's disorder, other tic disorders, opiate withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal, autism spectrum disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety disorders. Clonidine was synthesized in the early 1960s and was found to produce vasoconstriction mediated by -receptors. Clonidine is well absorbed after oral administration, and its bioavailability is nearly 100 percent. | Psychiatry | Miscellaneous | [
"clonidine"
] | 63,491 |
23542165-f48c-441a-a0f7-9ef27010d940 | Hemodialysis is used in poisoning with all except- | Salicylates | Methyl alcohol | Diazepam | Barbiturates | 2c
| multi | Hemodialysis is not useful in benzodiazepine (e.g. diazepam) poisoning. | Forensic Medicine | null | [
"diazepam"
] | 63,496 |
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